Effects of Biochar Application and Irrigation Methods on Soil Temperature in Farmland

Soil temperature plays a vital role in determining crop yield. Excessive irrigation may result in low soil temperature and a waste of water resources. In this paper, field experiments were carried out to evaluate the influence of irrigation methods and biochar application on soil temperature. The experiment included six treatments: (a) YB: biochar application in border irrigation with Yellow River water; (b) GB: biochar application in border irrigation with groundwater; (c) DB: biochar application in drip irrigation with groundwater; (d) Y(CK): border irrigation with Yellow River water; (e) G(CK): border irrigation with groundwater; (f) D(CK): drip irrigation with groundwater. The results are as follows: coupling drip irrigation and biochar, soil temperature increased by 1.20–3.87%. In the biochar application in border irrigation with Yellow River water and groundwater, soil temperature increased by 0.80–2.40% and 1.01–5.15%, respectively. Biochar is a medium for reducing the heat exchange of soil and atmosphere, as it hinders bi-directional heat movement. This mechanism was especially apparent at a 0–10 cm soil depth in the treatments of border irrigation using Yellow River water and groundwater. Biochar may help stabilize the fluctuation of soil temperature and improve the soil accumulated temperature. The effect of drip irrigation at 5–10 cm depth, border irrigation using the groundwater and the Yellow River water was great on soil temperatures above the 10 cm level but less on deep soil temperatures. After applying biochar to soil, the soil temperature was more sensitive to external temperature changes, such as air temperature and water temperature. Therefore, in the Hetao irrigation area, applying a proper amount of biochar to farmland soil was shown to improve the water and heat environment and improve the effectiveness of traditional border irrigation in synchronizing water and heat, especially under the drip irrigation condition. The results here suggest that using biochar under drip irrigation can promote growth and increase yield.

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Soil Temperature in the Peanut Pod Zone with Subsurface Drip Irrigation

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/pnut.29.2.0007 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 115-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. B. Sorensen ◽

F. S. Wright

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Subsurface Drip ◽

Maximum Air Temperature

Abstract Maintaining soil temperatures at specified levels (below 29 C) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is vital to crop growth, development, and pod yield. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems are not designed to wet the soil surface. Possible lack of moisture in the pod zone could result in elevated soil temperatures that could be detrimental to the peanut crop. The objective of this study was to document the response of pod zone soil temperature when irrigated with a SDI system. Thermocouple sensors were inserted at 5-cm soil depth in the crop row and at specified distances from the crop row in SDI and nonirrigated (NI) treatments. Maximum hourly and daily soil temperature data were measured at three locations, one in Virginia and two in Georgia. The maximum daily soil temperature decreased as plant canopy increased. During the first 50 d after planting (DAP), the average maximum soil temperature was 1 to 2 C cooler for both the SDI and NI treatments than the average maximum air temperature. From 50 DAP to harvest, the average maximum soil temperatures for SDI and NI treatments were 6 C cooler than the average maximum air temperature. During pod filling and maturation, the average maximum soil temperature was about 5 C cooler (27 C) for SDI treatments than the maximum air temperature and 2 C cooler than the recommended 29 C. Soil temperature in the NI treatments did exceed 29 C during periods of drought but decreased to values similar to SDI treatments immediately following a rainfall event. Overall, SDI can maintain maximum soil temperatures below critical values (29 C) during peanut fruit initiation to crop harvest.

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Soil Temperature Estimation with Meteorological Parameters by Using Tree-Based Hybrid Data Mining Models

Mathematics ◽

10.3390/math8091407 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 1407

Author(s):

Mohammad Taghi Sattari ◽

Anca Avram ◽

Halit Apaydin ◽

Oliviu Matei

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Sunshine Duration ◽

Evaluation Criteria ◽

Nonlinear Problems ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Different Depths ◽

Windowing Technique ◽

Using Data ◽

Research Decision

The temperature of the soil at different depths is one of the most important factors used in different disciplines, such as hydrology, soil science, civil engineering, construction, geotechnology, ecology, meteorology, agriculture, and environmental studies. In addition to physical and spatial variables, meteorological elements are also effective in changing soil temperatures at different depths. The use of machine-learning models is increasing day by day in many complex and nonlinear branches of science. These data-driven models seek solutions to complex and nonlinear problems using data observed in the past. In this research, decision tree (DT), gradient boosted trees (GBT), and hybrid DT–GBT models were used to estimate soil temperature. The soil temperatures at 5, 10, and 20 cm depths were estimated using the daily minimum, maximum, and mean temperature; sunshine intensity and duration, and precipitation data measured between 1993 and 2018 at Divrigi station in Sivas province in Turkey. To predict the soil temperature at different depths, the time windowing technique was used on the input data. According to the results, hybrid DT–GBT, GBT, and DT methods estimated the soil temperature at 5 cm depth the most successfully, respectively. However, the best estimate was obtained with the DT model at soil depths of 10 and 20 cm. According to the results of the research, the accuracy rate of the models has also increased with increasing soil depth. In the prediction of soil temperature, sunshine duration and air temperature were determined as the most important factors and precipitation was the most insignificant meteorological variable. According to the evaluation criteria, such as Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, R, MAE, RMSE, and Taylor diagrams used, it is recommended that all three (DT, GBT, and hybrid DT–GBT) data-based models can be used for predicting soil temperature.

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Non-stationary temporal characterization of the temperature profile of a soil exposed to frost in south-eastern Canada

Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics ◽

10.5194/npg-15-409-2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 409-416 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

F. Anctil ◽

A. Pratte ◽

L. E. Parent ◽

M. A. Bolinder

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Temperature Profile ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Time Lag ◽

Power Spectra ◽

Temperature Time Series ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Temperature Time

Abstract. The objective of this work was to compare time and frequency fluctuations of air and soil temperatures (2-, 5-, 10-, 20- and 50-cm below the soil surface) using the continuous wavelet transform, with a particular emphasis on the daily cycle. The analysis of wavelet power spectra and cross power spectra provided detailed non-stationary accounts with respect to frequencies (or periods) and to time of the structure of the data and also of the relationships that exist between time series. For this particular application to the temperature profile of a soil exposed to frost, both the air temperature and the 2-cm depth soil temperature time series exhibited a dominant power peak at 1-d periodicity, prominent from spring to autumn. This feature was gradually damped as it propagated deeper into the soil and was weak for the 20-cm depth. Influence of the incoming solar radiation was also revealed in the wavelet power spectra analysis by a weaker intensity of the 1-d peak. The principal divergence between air and soil temperatures, besides damping, occurred in winter from the latent heat release associated to the freezing of the soil water and the insulation effect of snowpack that cease the dependence of the soil temperature to the air temperature. Attenuation and phase-shifting of the 1-d periodicity could be quantified through scale-averaged power spectra and time-lag estimations. Air temperature variance was only partly transferred to the 2-cm soil temperature time series and much less so to the 20-cm soil depth.

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Weed seed bank emergence across the Corn Belt

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500092493 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 67-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

Frank Forcella ◽

Robert G. Wilson ◽

Jack Dekker ◽

Robert J. Kremer ◽

John Cardina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Early Spring ◽

Temperature And Precipitation ◽

Secondary Dormancy ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Green Foxtail ◽

Viable Seeds ◽

Common Purslane

Field experiments, conducted from 1991 to 1994, generated information on weed seedbank emergence for 22 site-years from Ohio to Colorado and Minnesota to Missouri. Early spring seedbank densities were estimated through direct extraction of viable seeds from soil cores. Emerged seedlings were recorded periodically, as were daily values for air and soil temperature, and precipitation. Percentages of weed seedbanks that emerged as seedlings were calculated from seedbank and seedling data for each species, and relationships between seedbank emergence and microclimatic variables were sought. Fifteen species were found in 3 or more site-years. Average emergence percentages (and coefficients of variation) of these species were as follows: giant foxtail, 31.2 (84%); velvetleaf, 28.2 (66); kochia, 25.7 (79); Pennsylvania smartweed, 25.1 (65); common purslane, 15.4 (135); common ragweed, 15.0 (110); green foxtail, 8.5 (72); wild proso millet, 6.6 (104); hairy nightshade, 5.2 (62); common sunflower, 5.0 (26); yellow foxtail, 3.4 (67); pigweed species, 3.3 (103); common lambsquarters, 2.7 (111); wild buckwheat, 2.5 (63), and prostrate knotweed, 0.6 (79). Variation among site-years, for some species, could be attributed to microclimate variables thought to induce secondary dormancy in spring. For example, total seasonal emergence percentage of giant foxtail was related positively to the 1st date at which average daily soil temperature at 5 to 10 cm soil depth reached 16 C. Thus, if soil warmed before mid April, secondary dormancy was induced and few seedlings emerged, whereas many seedlings emerged if soil remained cool until June.

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VARIATION OF SUNFLOWER GROWTH, SOIL MOISTURE AND SOIL TEMPERATURE IN RELATION TO PLANTING PATTERNS AT A HIGH LATITUDE SITE

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.49.2001.3.8 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 273-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Long ◽

H. Eiszner

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Soil Water ◽

High Latitude ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Hyperbolic Model ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Deep Soil

HALLE-WITTENBERG, HALLE(SAALE), GERMANY Received: 13 June, 2001; accepted: 6 August, 2001 Field experiments were conducted at a high latitude site for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production in central Germany (51 o 24' N, 11 o 53' E) in 1996, 1997 and 1998. The responses of sunflower development to various planting patterns differed in the duration from emergence to the middle of the linear growth period as calculated via a tangent hyperbolic model F(t)=(. +ß)×tanh[. ×(t–.)]. Final dry matter accumulation showed few differences among the planting patterns: 12 plants m –2 at 50 cm row spacing at 75 cm row spacing (RS2PD2) and 4 plants m –2 at 100 cm row spacing (RS3PD1). The actual and simulated values for final dry matter were close to 1200 g m –2 . The responses of soil moisture and temperature to planting patterns changed from the upper to the deep soil layers. In a normal year, e.g. 1997, the soil water to 150 cm depth was sufficient for sunflower growth. In a drought year, e.g. 1998, soil water deeper than 150 cm was used by sunflower crops. The soil temperature was mostly lower in RS1PD3 and RS2PD2 than in RS3PD1, particularly in the upper soil, at depths of 5 and 20 cm. The most important factor defining the responses of soil moisture and temperature to planting patterns seems to be the amount of radiation penetrating the ground, which may depend on latitude, wind and row orientation.

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THE ANALYSIS OF SOIL TEMPERATURES IN DIFFERENT DEPTHS USING SPEARMAN’S RHO AND MANN-KENDALL CORRELATION TESTS: THE CASE STUDY OF NIGDE CENTER IN TURKEY

International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research ◽

10.29121/ijetmr.v7.i5.2020.679 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 38-55

Author(s):

M. Cüneyt Bagdatlı ◽

Yiğitcan Ballı

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Research Result ◽

Significant Trend ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Average Maximum Temperature ◽

Maximum Temperatures ◽

Kendall Correlation

This research was conducted to determine soil temperatures in different soil depths in located Turkey’s Anatolia Region in Center of Nigde Province. In the study, the maximum, minimum and average soil temperature values of 10 cm, 50 cm and 100 cm depths observed between 1970-2019 were examined. All soil temperature data were evaluated monthly within the scope of the study. In the study, Mann-Kendall, Sperman's Rho correlation test and Sen's slope method were used. According to the research result; The average of maximum soil temperatures in 10 cm depth was calculated as 6,8 0C in winter months and 20,7 0C in spring months. The average minimum soil temperature was calculated as 0,3 0C in winter and 5,0 0C in spring Months in long periods Generally, it was observed that there was an increasingly significant trend at maximum temperatures of 10 cm depth. According to the Mann-Kendal facility, a significant increase trend was observed in minimum soil temperatures in spring, winter and Summer months except for the months of autumn. Considering the average maximum temperature values in 50 cm; It was calculated as 6,6 °C in winter and 13,6 °C in spring months. The minimum soil temperature average was calculated as 3,5 0C in winter and 8,3 0C in spring months in long period (50 year, 600 months). In general, it was observed that there was an increasingly significant trend at maximum temperatures of 50 cm soil depth. According to Mann-Kendall and Sperman Rho test, a significant increase trend was observed in minimum soil temperatures in all seasons except for autumn months. According to the average maximum temperature values in 100 cm depth; It was calculated as 9,2 0C in winter and 11,5 0C in spring. The minimum soil temperature average was calculated as 7,1 0C in winter and 8.7 0C in spring months. It has been observed that there is a significant increase trend in the increasing of maximum and minimum soil temperatures of 100 cm soil depth.

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HOW SOIL TEMPERATURE REGIMES CHANGE AS THE CLIMATE WARMS – SHORT COMMUNICATION

Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities ◽

10.30825/5.ejpau.184.2020.23.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Juha Karvonen ◽

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Climate Warming ◽

Short Communication ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Agricultural Use

Finnish soil temperature regimes have been pergelic, cryic, and frigid, where pergelic is coldest and unsuitable for agricultural use. The study monitored soil temperatures at a soil depth of 50 cm in 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2019 to look at how the soil temperature regimes have changed. Probably, as a result of climate warming the soil temperature regimes in Southern Finland in the Helsinki region at a latitude of 60–61°N have raised from cryic and pergelic to warmer mesic over a period of ten years.

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EFFETS DES TEMPERATURES DU SOL, DES DATES DE SEMIS ET DES MAUVAISES HERBES SUR LES COMPOSANTES DU RENDEMENT DE L’AVOINE

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps80-009 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 61-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. M. DESCHENES ◽

C. A. ST-PIERRE

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Soil Types ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Weed Infestation ◽

Hand Weeding

On a St-André sandy loam and on a Kamouraska clay, the effect of soil temperature on oats (Avena sativa L.) was measured in the greenhouse using a system described by Deschênes et al. in 1974 and in the field, using two dates of seeding. The effect of weeds was measured by using un weeded and hand-weeded treatments. In the greenhouse, cool soil temperatures have delayed maturity and decreased straw and grain yields as well as total phytomass of oats on the two soil types. The dry weight of weeds in un weeded pots increased slightly. The effect of hand-weeding on oats was especially noticeable on the St-André sandy loam where three times as many weeds were observed. The straw yield and the total phytomass of oats were higher in the field experiment following an early seeding of oats on both soil types. On the other hand, grain yield was lower on plots seeded early and located on St-André sandy loam while the opposite was true on Kamouraska clay. The dry weight of weeds was lower on unweeded plots seeded early. The weeds reduced straw and grain yields on the St-André sandy loam but had no effect on Kamouraska clay because of the low weed infestation on the latter. The greenhouse and field experiments suggest that soil temperature is not the main factor in explaining the increase in grain yield observed with early-seeded cereals.

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Recognition of Changes in Air and Soil Temperatures at a Station Typical of China’s Subtropical Monsoon Region (1961–2018)

Advances in Meteorology ◽

10.1155/2019/6927045 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ming-jin Zhan ◽

Lingjun Xia ◽

Longfei Zhan ◽

Yuanhao Wang

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Different Depths ◽

Change Impact ◽

The Mean ◽

Autumn And Winter

Trends in soil temperature are important but rarely reported indicators of climate change. Based on daily air and soil temperatures (depth: 0, 20, 80, and 320 cm) recorded at the Nanchang Weather Station (1961–2018), this study investigated the variation trend, abrupt changes, and years of anomalous annual and seasonal mean air and soil temperatures. The differences and relationships between annual air and soil temperatures were also analyzed. The results showed close correlations between air temperature and soil temperature at different depths. Annual and seasonal mean air and soil temperatures mainly displayed significant trends of increase over the past 58 years, although the rise of the mean air temperature and the mean soil temperature was asymmetric. The rates of increase in air temperature and soil temperature (depth: 0, 20, and 80 cm) were most obvious in spring; the most significant increase in soil temperature at the depth of 320 cm was in summer. Mean soil temperature displayed a decreasing trend with increasing soil depth in both spring and summer. Air temperature was lower than the soil temperature at depths of 0 and 20 cm but higher than the soil temperature at depths of 80 and 320 cm in spring and summer. Mean ground temperature had a rising trend with increasing soil depth in autumn and winter. Air temperature was lower than the soil temperature at all depths in autumn and winter. Years with anomalously low air temperature and soil temperature at depths of 0, 20, 80, and 320 cm were relatively consistent in winter. Years with anomalous air and soil temperatures (depths: 0, 20, and 80 cm) were generally consistent; however, the relationship between air temperature and soil temperature at 320 cm depth was less consistent. The findings provide a basis for understanding and assessing climate change impact on terrestrial ecosystems.

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