scholarly journals Weed seed bank emergence across the Corn Belt

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Forcella ◽  
Robert G. Wilson ◽  
Jack Dekker ◽  
Robert J. Kremer ◽  
John Cardina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Secondary Dormancy ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Common Purslane

Field experiments, conducted from 1991 to 1994, generated information on weed seedbank emergence for 22 site-years from Ohio to Colorado and Minnesota to Missouri. Early spring seedbank densities were estimated through direct extraction of viable seeds from soil cores. Emerged seedlings were recorded periodically, as were daily values for air and soil temperature, and precipitation. Percentages of weed seedbanks that emerged as seedlings were calculated from seedbank and seedling data for each species, and relationships between seedbank emergence and microclimatic variables were sought. Fifteen species were found in 3 or more site-years. Average emergence percentages (and coefficients of variation) of these species were as follows: giant foxtail, 31.2 (84%); velvetleaf, 28.2 (66); kochia, 25.7 (79); Pennsylvania smartweed, 25.1 (65); common purslane, 15.4 (135); common ragweed, 15.0 (110); green foxtail, 8.5 (72); wild proso millet, 6.6 (104); hairy nightshade, 5.2 (62); common sunflower, 5.0 (26); yellow foxtail, 3.4 (67); pigweed species, 3.3 (103); common lambsquarters, 2.7 (111); wild buckwheat, 2.5 (63), and prostrate knotweed, 0.6 (79). Variation among site-years, for some species, could be attributed to microclimate variables thought to induce secondary dormancy in spring. For example, total seasonal emergence percentage of giant foxtail was related positively to the 1st date at which average daily soil temperature at 5 to 10 cm soil depth reached 16 C. Thus, if soil warmed before mid April, secondary dormancy was induced and few seedlings emerged, whereas many seedlings emerged if soil remained cool until June.

Weed Management in Conventional- and No-Till Soybean Using Flumioxazin/Pyroxasulfone

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris J. Mahoney ◽  
Christy Shropshire ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
No Till ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Almost All

Eleven field experiments were conducted over a 3-yr period (2010, 2011, and 2012) in conventional- and no-till soybean with a flumioxazin and pyroxasulfone premix. PRE and preplant applications were evaluated for soybean injury, weed control, and yield compared to standard herbicides. Early-season soybean injury from flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone ranged from 1 to 19%; however, by harvest, soybean yields were similar across labeled rates (160 and 200 g ai ha−1), standard treatments, and the nontreated control. Flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone provided excellent control (99 to 100%) of velvetleaf, pigweed species (redroot pigweed and smooth pigweed), and common lambsquarters across almost all rates tested (80 to 480 g ai ha−1). Common ragweed, green foxtail, and giant foxtail control increased with flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone rate. The biologically effective rates varied between tillage systems. The flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone rate required to provide 80% control (R80) of pigweed was 3 and 273 g ai ha−1under conventional- and no-till, respectively. For common ragweed, the R80was 158 g ai ha−1under conventional tillage; yet, under no-till, the rate was nonestimable. The results indicate that flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone can provide effective weed control as a setup for subsequent herbicide applications.

Postemergence Weed Control in Acetolactate Synthase–Resistant Grain Sorghum

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Shane Hennigh ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Mitchell R. Tuinstra
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Metsulfuron Methyl ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides

Postemergence herbicides to control grass weeds in grain sorghum are limited. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) –inhibiting herbicides are very effective at controlling many grass species in many crops; unfortunately, use of ALS-inhibiting herbicides is not an option in conventional grain sorghum because of its susceptibility to these herbicides. With the development of ALS-resistant grain sorghum, several POST ALS-inhibiting herbicides can be used to control weeds in grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the efficacy of tank mixtures of nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied alone or in combination with bromoxynil, carfentrazone–ethyl, halosulfuron + dicamba, prosulfuron, 2,4-D, or metsulfuron methyl + 2,4-D. In addition, these treatments were applied with and without atrazine. Nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron controlled barnyardgrass, green foxtail, and giant foxtail 99, 86, and 91% 6 wk after treatment (WAT), respectively. A decrease in annual grass control was observed when nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron was tank mixed with some broadleaf herbicides, although the differences were not always significant. In addition, nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron controlled velvetleaf and ivyleaf moringglory 64 and 78% 6 WAT, respectively. Control of velvetleaf was improved when nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron was tank mixed with all broadleaf herbicides included in this study with the exception of atrazine, bromoxynil, and prosulfuron + atrazine. Control of ivyleaf morningglory was improved when nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron was tank mixed with all of the herbicides included in this study with the exception of metsulfuron methyl + 2,4-D. Weed populations and biomass were lower when nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron were applied with various broadleaf herbicides than when it was applied alone. Grain sorghum yield was greater in all herbicide treatments than in the weedy check, with the highest grain yield from nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron + prosulfuron. This research showed that postemergence application of nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron effectively controls grass weeds, including barnyardgrass, green foxtail, and giant foxtail. The research also showed that velvetleaf and ivyleaf morningglory control was more effective when nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron were applied with other broadleaf herbicides.

Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) Competition with Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dallas E. Peterson ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Green Foxtail

Yield reductions due to green foxtail competition with hard red spring wheat varied with environment in field experiments conducted in 1984, 1985, and 1986 at Oakes, Langdon, Prosper, and Fargo, North Dakota. Wheat yield reductions ranged from 0 to 47% from 720 green foxtail plants per m2. Inclusion of early season temperature and precipitation, soil texture, and foxtail density into multiple regression analysis of wheat yield reductions significantly increased the coefficient of determination to 0.62 compared with 0.12 for regression based on green foxtail density alone. Wheat yield reduction decreased as green foxtail seeding was delayed after wheat seeding in 1986. Wheat yield generally decreased as time of diclofop application was delayed from 2 to 6 wk after wheat emergence in 1986.

Weed Control and Yield are Equal in Conventional, Reduced-, and No-Tillage Soybean (Glycine max) After 11 Years

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Kapusta ◽  
Ronald F. Krausz
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
No Till ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Excellent Control

Field experiments were conducted from 1979 to 1989 to determine the influence of conventional, reduced, and no-tillage systems and different herbicide combinations on weed species and population, weed control, and soybean injury, population, and yield. In no-till (NT) non-treated plots, there was an abrupt shift from horseweed as the dominant early spring emerging weed to gray goldenrod in 1985. Following its initial observation, gray goldenrod became the dominant species within 2 yr, with giant foxtail as the only other species observed in these plots. Giant foxtail was the dominant weed species from 1980 to 1989 in conventional till (CT) and reduced-till (RT) plots. There also was a shift in the frequency of occurrence and in density of several broadleaf weed species during the 11-yr study. Most herbicides provided excellent control of all weeds in all tillage systems, especially those that included POST herbicides. There was little difference between glyphosate and paraquat in controlling weeds present at the time of planting in NT. PRE herbicides caused 2 to 9% soybean injury with slightly greater injury occurring in CT and RT than in NT. The POST broadleaf herbicides did not significantly increase soybean injury. There were no differences in soybean population or yield among the herbicide treatments regardless of tillage. There also was no difference in soybean population or yield in NT compared with CT when averaged over all herbicide treatments.

Banana Pepper Response and Annual Weed Control with S-metolachlor and Clomazone

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Mohseni-Moghadam ◽  
Douglas Doohan
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Research Station ◽  
The North ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Late Emergence ◽  
Initial Control ◽  
Common Purslane

Field experiments were conducted at the North Central Agricultural Research Station in Fremont, OH, in 2006 and 2007, to evaluate tolerance of banana pepper to S-metolachlor and clomazone, and the efficacy of these herbicides on green and giant foxtail, common lambsquarters, and common purslane. The crop was machine-transplanted in late spring of each year. Pretransplant (PRETP) herbicide treatments included two S-metolachlor rates (534 and 1,070 g ai ha−1), two clomazone rates (560 and 1,120 g ai ha−1), and four tank mixes of S-metolachlor plus clomazone (534 + 560 g ha−1, 1,070 + 560 g ha−1, 534 + 1,120 g ha−1, and 1,070 + 1,120 g ha−1). Crop injury and weed control data were collected at 2 and 4 wk after treatment (WAT). The crop was harvested two times from August to September. Minor crop injury was observed at 2 WAT only in 2006 and in plots treated with S-metolachlor, alone or in combination with clomazone. In 2007, slight crop injury at 6 WAT in most herbicide-treated plots was mostly related to weeds that grew regardless of herbicide treatment. In general, S-metolachlor provided less weed control than did clomazone or tank mixes of S-metolachlor plus clomazone. Clomazone did not reduce yield of banana pepper. Registration of clomazone would provide banana pepper growers an opportunity to control weeds caused by late emergence or poor initial control following a burndown herbicide application.

Soil Organic Matter Effect on Activity of Acetanilides, CDAA, and Atrazine

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Parochetti
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Matter Effect

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the influence of soil organic matter on herbicidal activity using four Pocomoke soils with organic matter contents of 4.8, 7.0, 11.9, and 17.0%. In field experiments, control of giant green foxtail [Setaria viridisvar.major(Gaud.) Posp.] was greater than 75% from all treatments of 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor), 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide (propachlor), andN,N-diallyl-2-chloroacetamide (CDAA) with no statistical differences between chemicals, rates, or organic matter levels. Control was statistically lower from all 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) treatments except 2.6 kg/ha at 7% organic matter and 4.4 kg/ha at 7 and 17% organic matter. Under greenhouse conditions, giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHermm.) was used to establish GR50values on soils or soil mixtures containing 0.8, 1.9, 3.9, 6.4, 11.0, and 18.7% organic matter for the herbicides used in the field study and for 2-chloro-N-(1-methyl-2-propynyl)acetanilide (prynachlor). Generally as organic matter levels increased, the GR50values for herbicides increased; the rate of GR50increase varied with herbicides. A ranking of herbicides from most toxic to least toxic is: propachlor>alachlor>prynachlor>CDAA. Atrazine GR50values varied from a low similar to propachlor at 0.8% organic matter to 20 times greater than propachlor at 17% organic matter.

scholarly journals Effects of Biochar Application and Irrigation Methods on Soil Temperature in Farmland

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhong Ding ◽  
Xiaoyu Gao ◽  
Zhongyi Qu ◽  
Yonglin Jia ◽  
Min Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
River Water ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Soil temperature plays a vital role in determining crop yield. Excessive irrigation may result in low soil temperature and a waste of water resources. In this paper, field experiments were carried out to evaluate the influence of irrigation methods and biochar application on soil temperature. The experiment included six treatments: (a) YB: biochar application in border irrigation with Yellow River water; (b) GB: biochar application in border irrigation with groundwater; (c) DB: biochar application in drip irrigation with groundwater; (d) Y(CK): border irrigation with Yellow River water; (e) G(CK): border irrigation with groundwater; (f) D(CK): drip irrigation with groundwater. The results are as follows: coupling drip irrigation and biochar, soil temperature increased by 1.20–3.87%. In the biochar application in border irrigation with Yellow River water and groundwater, soil temperature increased by 0.80–2.40% and 1.01–5.15%, respectively. Biochar is a medium for reducing the heat exchange of soil and atmosphere, as it hinders bi-directional heat movement. This mechanism was especially apparent at a 0–10 cm soil depth in the treatments of border irrigation using Yellow River water and groundwater. Biochar may help stabilize the fluctuation of soil temperature and improve the soil accumulated temperature. The effect of drip irrigation at 5–10 cm depth, border irrigation using the groundwater and the Yellow River water was great on soil temperatures above the 10 cm level but less on deep soil temperatures. After applying biochar to soil, the soil temperature was more sensitive to external temperature changes, such as air temperature and water temperature. Therefore, in the Hetao irrigation area, applying a proper amount of biochar to farmland soil was shown to improve the water and heat environment and improve the effectiveness of traditional border irrigation in synchronizing water and heat, especially under the drip irrigation condition. The results here suggest that using biochar under drip irrigation can promote growth and increase yield.

Response of Seed of 10 Weed Species to Fresnel-lens-concentrated Solar Radiation

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Johnson ◽  
James M. Krall ◽  
Ronald H. Delaney ◽  
David S. Thiel
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fresnel Lens ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Fresnel Lenses ◽  
Concentrated Solar Radiation ◽  
Common Purslane

A curved-linear Fresnel lens was investigated to test the effect of concentrated solar radiation on surface and buried weed seed. The lens produced a line focus 1 by 150 cm with a mean temperature of 309 C. A 20-s exposure to seed on the soil surface was 100% lethal to green foxtail, kochia, common lambsquarters, common purslane, and wild buckwheat. In a separate study, emergence from kochia and yellow foxtail seed was reduced 100% at 10 mm soil depth after 15 min in soil of 35 and 93 g/kg moisture and 20 to 40% at 178 g/kg moisture content. Concentrated solar radiation from a Fresnel lens has the greatest potential for affecting weed seed on the soil surface. A series of Fresnel lenses and/or larger lenses may be required for many practical field applications.

Fungi Associated with Caryopses ofSetariaSpecies from Field-Harvested Seeds and from Soil Under Two Tillage Systems

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abelino Pitty ◽  
David W. Staniforth ◽  
Lois H. Tiffany
Keyword(s):  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Lower Depth ◽  
Sterile Mycelium

Seeds of green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) P. Beauv. # SETVI] and giant foxtail (S. faberiHerrm. # SETFA) were collected from mature plants in the field and recovered from three soil depths under two types of tillage. Fungi colonizing the caryopses were isolated to determine the effect of tillage and soil depth on fungal colonization and the field flora.Alternaria alternata(Fr.) Keissler andEpicoccum purpurascensEhrenb. ex Schlecht. were the two fungi most frequently isolated from the hand-harvested seeds. Percentages of fungal colonization were directly related to size of the caryopses. The most frequently isolated fungus species recovered from seeds from soil wereA. alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides(Fresen.) de Vries,E. purpurascens, and two unidentified fungi with sterile mycelium. One sterile fungus had white rough mycelium, and the other had dark mycelium. These two sterile fungi had a detrimental effect on foxtail seed germination in the laboratory. Caryopsis colonization seems to be related to the placement of the crop residues in the soil. In reduced-tillage plots, more caryopses were colonized in the top soil layer (0 to 7.5 cm) than in the 7.5- to 15-cm layer. In plowed soils, greater colonization occurred at the lower depth.

The Storage of Antecedent Precipitation and Air Temperature Signals in Soil Temperature over China

2022 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Weather Forecast ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Antecedent Precipitation ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Atmospheric Changes ◽  
Monthly Variations

Abstract Soil temperature (ST) is one of the key variables in land-atmosphere interactions. The response of ST to atmospheric changes and subsequent influence of ST on atmosphere can be recognized as the processes of signals propagation. Understanding the storing and releasing of atmosphere signals in ST favors the improvement of climate prediction and weather forecast. However the current understanding of the lagging response of ST to atmospheric changes is very insufficient. The analysis based on observation shows that both the storage of air temperature signals in deep ST even after four months and the storage of precipitation signals in shallow ST after one month are widespread phenomena in China. Air temperature signals at 2m can propagate to the soil depths of 160 cm and 320 cm after 1 month and 2 months, respectively. The storage of antecedent air temperature and precipitation signals in ST is slightly weaker and stronger during April to September, respectively, which is related to more precipitation during growing season. The precipitation signals in ST rapidly weaken after 2 months. Moreover, the effects of accumulated precipitation and air temperature on the signal storage in ST have significant monthly variations and vary linearly with soil depth and latitude. The storage of antecedent air temperature or precipitation signals in ST exhibits an obvious decadal variation with a period of more than 50 years, and it may be resulted from the modulation of the global climate patterns which largely affect local air temperature and precipitation.

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