Impacts of Sea Level Rise and River Discharge on the Hydrodynamics Characteristics of Jakarta Bay (Indonesia)

Jakarta city has been vulnerable to sea level rise and flooding for many years. A Giant Seawall (GSW) was proposed in Jakarta Bay to protect the city. The impacts of sea level rise and river discharge on the tidal dynamics in Jakarta Bay and flooding areas in Jakarta city were investigated using the finite-volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM). Model results showed that the bay is diurnally dominated by the K1 tidal component. The diurnal tides propagate westward, while the semidiurnal tides propagate eastward in the bay. The rise of sea level increases the diurnal tidal component and the inundation areas due to the increased tidal forcing: when considering a sea level rise of 0.6 m, the K1 amplitude increases by ~1% (0.25 cm) near the coastline and the current magnitude increases by 16.6% (0.05 m/s). The inundation area increases with the sea level rise in the low land elevation areas occurring near the coastlines: the inundation area increased by 29.68 km2 (7.1%) with a sea level rise of 0.6 m. The increase of river discharge amplified the diurnal tidal component as well as the inundation areas at the river mouth due to increased fluvial forcing: if 10 times the mean river discharge occurs, the K1 amplitude increases by ~1% (0.25 cm) and the current magnitude increases by 100% (0.4 m/s), and the inundation areas increase by 26.61 km2 (6.2%). The K1 tidal phase remains almost unchanged under both the sea level rise and river discharge conditions. The combined increase of sea level rise and the river discharge amplifies the inundation areas and the tidal currents due to increased tidal and fluvial forcing. The construction of GSW would decrease the tidal prism and dissipation effects of the bay, thus slightly increasing the K1 amplitude of the tidal level: by less than 1% (0.2 cm). There would be no significant change of phase lag for the K1 component. Although this study is site specific, the findings could be applied more widely to any open-type bays.

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Effects of River Discharge and Tide Driven Sea Level Variation on Saltwater Intrusion in Sumjin River Estuary: An Application of Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model

Journal of Coastal Research ◽

10.2112/jcoastres-d-12-00135.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 287 ◽

pp. 460-470 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Dinesh Chandra Shaha ◽

Yang-Ki Cho ◽

Tae-Wan Kim

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

Finite Volume ◽

River Discharge ◽

Saltwater Intrusion ◽

River Estuary ◽

Coastal Ocean ◽

Ocean Model ◽

Level Variation ◽

Sea Level Variation ◽

Coastal Ocean Model

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Long-term challenge to mangrove in the National park Xuanthuy – data released from shallow subsidence monitoring

VNU Journal of Science Earth and Environmental Sciences ◽

10.25073/2588-1094/vnuees.4221 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Le Xuan Thuyen

Keyword(s):

Sea Level Rise ◽

Sea Level ◽

National Park ◽

Low Cost ◽

River Mouth ◽

Biosphere Reserve ◽

The United States ◽

Red River ◽

United States Geological Survey ◽

The Core

A small mangrove colony growing for several decades on a mud flat on the left side of Balat River mouth has become today a large and healthy forest, containing a high ecosystem service value in the core of the Red River biosphere reserve. As a pioneer ecosystem located at land– water interface in the tropic, there exist always risks to mangroves, especially due to climate change and sea level rise. Sea level rise is a worldwide process, but subsidence is a local problem that can exacerbate these geo-hazards. A monitoring of shallow subsidence has been carried out by using SET-MH technique (developed by the United States Geological Survey) to track the both accretion and land sinking in the core zone of the National Park. The measurement shows the average sedimentation rate of 2.9 cm / yr and the sinking rate of 3.4 cm / yr, since Dec. 30th 2012. This is the first ground-based observation of shallow subsidence under mangroves in the Tonkin Gulf. As a simple and low cost method, so further expansion of this monitoring could provide more useful information to help identify the generally sinking trend of coastal areas in the Red River Delta and also to protect its own biosphere reserve.

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Dynamic Sea Level Variability Due to Seasonal River Discharge: A Preliminary Global Ocean Model Study

Geophysical Research Letters ◽

10.1029/2020gl086984 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christopher G. Piecuch ◽

Riley Wadehra

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

River Discharge ◽

Ocean Model ◽

Global Ocean ◽

Sea Level Variability ◽

Model Study ◽

Dynamic Sea Level

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Impact of Barrier Breaching on Wetland Ecosystems under the Influence of Storm Surge, Sea-Level Rise and Freshwater Discharge

Wetlands ◽

10.1007/s13157-019-01219-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 771-785 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiaorong Li ◽

Nicoletta Leonardi ◽

Andrew J. Plater

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Sea Level Rise ◽

Sea Level ◽

River Discharge ◽

Coastal Wetland ◽

Storm Surges ◽

Wetland Ecology ◽

Barrier Beach ◽

Wetland Ecosystems ◽

Wetland Habitats

Abstract Coastal wetland ecosystems and biodiversity are susceptible to changes in salinity brought about by the local effects of climate change, meteorological extremes, coastal evolution and human intervention. This study investigates changes in the salinity of surface water and the associated impacts on back-barrier wetlands as a result of breaching of a barrier beach and under the compound action of different surge heights, accelerated sea-level rise (SLR), river discharge and rainfall. We show that barrier breaching can have significant effects in terms of vegetation die-back even without the occurrence of large storm surges or in the absence of SLR, and that rainfall alone is unlikely to be sufficient to mitigate increased salinity due to direct tidal flushing. Results demonstrate that an increase in sea level corresponding to the RCP8.5 scenario for year 2100 causes a greater impact in terms of reedbed loss than storm surges up to 2 m with no SLR. In mitigation of the consequent changes in wetland ecology, regulation of relatively small and continuous river discharge can be regarded as a strategy for the management of coastal back-barrier wetland habitats and for the maintenance of brackish ecosystems. As such, this study provides a tool for scoping the potential impacts of storms, climate change and alternative management strategies on existing wetland habitats and species.

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An evaluation of the surface climatology over the Totten region (Antarctica) using COSMO-CLM2

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-5211 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Samuel Helsen ◽

Sam Vanden Broucke ◽

Alexandra Gossart ◽

Niels Souverijns ◽

Nicole van Lipzig

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Sea Level Rise ◽

Sea Level ◽

Climate Models ◽

Climate Model ◽

Ice Sheet ◽

Ocean Model ◽

Precipitation Pattern ◽

Outlet Glacier ◽

The Antarctic

The Totten glacier is a highly dynamic outlet glacier, situated in E-Antarctica, that contains a potential sea level rise of about 3.5 meters. During recent years, this area has been influenced by sub-shelf intrusion of warm ocean currents, contributing to higher basal melt rates. Moreover, most of the ice over this area is grounded below sea level, which makes the ice shelf potentially vulnerable to the marine ice sheet instability mechanism. It is expected that, as a result of climate change, the latter mechanisms may contribute to significant ice losses in this region within the next decades, thereby contributing to future sea level rise. Up to now, most studies have been focusing on sub-shelf melt rates and the influence of the ocean, with much less attention for atmospheric processes (often ignored), which also play a key-role in determining the climatic conditions over this region. For example: surface melt is important because it contributes to hydrofracturing, a process that may lead to ice cliff instabilities. Also precipitation is an important atmospheric process, since it determines the input of mass to the ice sheet and contributes directly to the surface mass balance. In order to perform detailed studies on these processes, we need a well-evaluated climate model that represents all these processes well. Recently, the COSMO-CLM2 (CCLM2) model was adapted to the climatological conditions over Antarctica. The model was evaluated by comparing a 30 year Antarctic-wide hindcast run (1986-2016) at 25 km resolution with meteorological observational products (Souverijns et al., 2019). It was shown that the model performance is comparable to other state-of-the-art regional climate models over the Antarctic region. We now applied the CCLM2 model in a regional configuration over the Totten glacier area (E-Antarctica) at 5 km resolution and evaluated its performance over this region by comparing it to climatological observations from different stations. We show that the performance for temperature in the high resolution run is comparable to the performance of the Antarctic-wide run. Precipitation is, however, overestimated in the high-resolution run, especially over dome structures (Law-Dome). Therefore, we applied an orographic smoothening, which clearly improves the precipitation pattern with respect to observations. Wind speed is overestimated in some places, which is solved by increasing the surface roughness. This research frames in the context of the PARAMOUR project. Within PARAMOUR, CCLM2 is currently being coupled to an ocean model (NEMO) and an ice sheet model (f.ETISh/BISICLES) in order to understand decadal predictability over this region.

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River discharge contribution to sea-level rise in the Yangtze River Estuary, China

Continental Shelf Research ◽

10.1016/j.csr.2017.01.004 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 134 ◽

pp. 63-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Cuiping Kuang ◽

Wei Chen ◽

Jie Gu ◽

Tsung-Chow Su ◽

Hongling Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Level Rise ◽

Sea Level ◽

River Discharge ◽

Yangtze River ◽

River Estuary ◽

Yangtze River Estuary ◽

The Yangtze River ◽

The Yangtze River Estuary

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The role of an interactive Greenland Ice Sheet in abrupt 4xCO2 forcing experiments.

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-13327 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Victoria Lee ◽

Robin S. Smith ◽

Antony J. Payne

Keyword(s):

Sea Level Rise ◽

Sea Level ◽

Ice Sheet ◽

Greenland Ice Sheet ◽

Ocean Model ◽

Surface Melting ◽

Surface Mass ◽

Meltwater Runoff ◽

Iceberg Calving

We compare the response of a coupled atmosphere-ocean-Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) model forced with an abrupt quadrupling of CO2 from greenhouse gas concentrations in 1970 with the response of the atmosphere-ocean model with a static GrIS . The model, UKESM1.ice.N96.ORCA1, consists of HadGEM GC3.1 coupled to the BISICLES ice sheet model with mean annual surface mass balance (SMB) passed to BISICLES and orography and cumulated iceberg flux passed back to the atmosphere and ocean, respectively, at the end of each year. The differences in the surface temperature and atmospheric fields between the two experiments are confined to Greenland, with no discernible global effects from the evolving orography. The volume of the GrIS decreases by 15 % in 330 years. The surface height decreases the most (over 800m in 330 years) in southwest&#160;GrIS due to surface melting enhanced by feedbacks between elevation, air temperature and albedo. The input of freshwater to the ocean from Greenland is enhanced due to increased meltwater runoff, but the flux from melting icebergs decays to zero as calving from glaciers declines. The resulting sea level rise is dominated by SMB, where the equivalent sea level rise is 1179 mm (5.0 mm/yr) for the static GrIS and 1120 mm (4.4 mm/yr) for the interactive ice sheet at 2300.&#160; There is less sea level rise in the interactive GrIS experiment, even though more mass is lost through surface melting, because the amount lost through iceberg calving decreases as the grounding line of marine-terminating glaciers retreat inland whereas calving in the static experiment is constant.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;

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Composition and Flux of Holocene Sediments on the Eastern Laptev Sea Shelf, Arctic Siberia

Quaternary Research ◽

10.1006/qres.2000.2223 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 344-351 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Henning A. Bauch ◽

Heidemarie Kassens ◽

Olga D. Naidina ◽

Martina Kunz-Pirrung ◽

Jörn Thiede

Keyword(s):

Sea Level Rise ◽

Sea Level ◽

River Mouth ◽

Sediment Flux ◽

Sediment Type ◽

Laptev Sea ◽

The Core ◽

Clayey Silt ◽

Marine Fossils ◽

Total Sediment

AbstractA 467-cm-long core from the inner shelf of the eastern Laptev Sea provides a depositional history since 9400 cal yr. B.P. The history involves temporal changes in the fluvial runoff as well as postglacial sea-level rise and southward retreat of the coastline. Although the core contains marine fossils back to 8900 cal yr B.P., abundant plant debris in a sandy facies low in the core shows that a river influenced the study site until ∼8100 cal yr B.P. As sea level rose and the distance to the coast increased, this riverine influence diminished gradually and the sediment type changed, by 7400 cal yr B.P., from sandy silt to clayey silt. Although total sediment input decreased in a step-like fashion from 7600 to 4000 cal yr B.P., this interval had the highest average sedimentation rates and the greatest fluxes in most sedimentary components. While this maximum probably resulted from middle Holocene climate warming, the low input of sand to the site after 7400 cal yr B.P. probably resulted from further southward retreat of the coastline and river mouth. Since about 4000 cal yr B.P., total sediment flux has remained rather constant in this part of the Laptev Sea shelf due to a gradual stabilization of the depositional regime after completion of the Holocene sea-level rise.

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Ensemble projection of the sea level rise impact on storm surge and inundation at the coast of Bangladesh

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-18-351-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 351-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mansur Ali Jisan ◽

Shaowu Bao ◽

Leonard J. Pietrafesa

Keyword(s):

Sea Level Rise ◽

Sea Level ◽

Storm Surge ◽

21St Century ◽

Coastal Region ◽

Climate Scenario ◽

Future Change ◽

Inundation Area ◽

Projected Changes ◽

The Impact

Abstract. The hydrodynamic model Delft3D is used to study the impact of sea level rise (SLR) on storm surge and inundation in the coastal region of Bangladesh. To study the present-day inundation scenario, the tracks of two known tropical cyclones (TC) were used: Aila (Category 1; 2009) and Sidr (Category 5; 2007). Model results were validated with the available observations. Future inundation scenarios were generated by using the strength of TC Sidr, TC Aila and an ensemble of historical TC tracks but incorporating the effect of SLR. Since future change in storm surge inundation under SLR impact is a probabilistic incident, a probable range of future change in the inundated area was calculated by taking into consideration the uncertainties associated with TC tracks, intensities and landfall timing. The model outputs showed that the inundated area for TC Sidr, which was calculated as 1860 km2, would become 31 % larger than the present-day scenario if a SLR of 0.26 m occurred during the mid-21st-century climate scenario. Similarly to that, an increasing trend was found for the end-21st-century climate scenario. It was found that with a SLR of 0.54 m, the inundated area would become 53 % larger than the present-day case. Along with the inundation area, the impact of SLR was examined for changes in future storm surge level. A significant increase of 14 % was found in storm surge level for the case of TC Sidr at Barisal station if a SLR of 0.26 m occurred in the mid-21st century. Similarly to that, an increase of 29 % was found at storm surge level with a SLR of 0.54 m in this location for the end-21st-century climate scenario. Ensemble projections based on uncertainties of future TC events also showed that, for a change of 0.54 m in SLR, the inundated area would range between 3500 and 3750 km2, whereas for present-day SLR simulations it was found within the range of 1000–1250 km2. These results revealed that even if the future TCs remain at the same strength as at present, the projected changes in SLR will generate more severe threats in terms of surge height and the extent of the inundated area.

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Sea Level Variability around Japan during the Twentieth Century Simulated by a Regional Ocean Model

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-16-0497.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (14) ◽

pp. 5585-5595 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yoshi N. Sasaki ◽

Ryosuke Washizu ◽

Tamaki Yasuda ◽

Shoshiro Minobe

Keyword(s):

Sea Level Rise ◽

Sea Level ◽

Ocean Model ◽

Freshwater Flux ◽

Wind Stress Curl ◽

Sea Level Variability ◽

The North ◽

Japanese Coast ◽

Regional Ocean Model ◽

Regional Sea Level

Sea level variability around Japan from 1906 to 2010 is examined using a regional ocean model, along with observational data and the CMIP5 historical simulations. The regional model reproduces observed interdecadal sea level variability, for example, high sea level around 1950, low sea level in the 1970s, and sea level rise during the most recent three decades, along the Japanese coast. Sensitivity runs reveal that the high sea level around 1950 was induced by the wind stress curl changes over the North Pacific, characterized by a weakening of the Aleutian low. In contrast, the recent sea level rise is primarily caused by heat and freshwater flux forcings. That the wind-induced sea level rise along the Japanese coast around 1950 is as large as the recent sea level rise highlights the importance of natural variability in understanding regional sea level change on interdecadal time scales.

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