Risks of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) for Sustainable Water Recycling via Aquifers

The prediction of the fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water recycling with urban stormwater and treated wastewater is important since PFAS are widely used, persistent, and have potential impacts on human health and the environment. These alternative water sources have been utilized for water recycling via aquifers or managed aquifer recharge (MAR). However, the fate of these chemicals in MAR schemes and the potential impact in terms of regulation have not been studied. PFAS can potentially be transported long distances in the subsurface during MAR. This article reviews the potential risks to MAR systems using recycled water and urban stormwater. To date, there are insufficient data to determine if PFAS can be degraded by natural processes or retained in the aquifer and become suitable pre-treatment or post-treatment technologies that will need to be employed depending upon the end use of the recovered water. The use of engineered pre-treatment or post-treatment methods needs to be based on a ‘fit for purpose’ principle and carefully integrated with the proposed water end use to ensure that human and environmental health risks are appropriately managed.

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Evolution of water recycling in Australian cities since 2003

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2010.362 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 792-802 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

J. C. Radcliffe

Keyword(s):

Water Quality Management ◽

Water Reservoir ◽

Managed Aquifer Recharge ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Water Recycling ◽

Aquifer Recharge ◽

Recycled Water ◽

Government Grants ◽

Desalination Plants ◽

National Water

The prolonged Australian drought which commenced in 2002, and the agreement between Australia's Commonwealth and States/Territories governments to progress water reform through the National Water Initiative, has resulted in many new recycling projects in Australia's capital cities. Dual reticulation systems are being advanced in new subdivision developments in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide. Brisbane has installed three large Advanced Water Treatment Plants that are designed to send indirect potable recycled water to the Wivenhoe Dam which is Brisbane's principal water reservoir. Numerous water recycling projects are serving industry and agriculture. Experimental managed aquifer recharge is being undertaken with wetland-treated stormwater in Adelaide and reverse osmosis treated wastewater in Perth. New National Water Quality Management Strategy recycled water guidelines have been developed for managing environmental risks, for augmentation of drinking water supplies, for managed aquifer recharge and for stormwater harvesting and reuse. Many recent investments are part-supported through Commonwealth government grants. Desalination plants are being established in Melbourne and Adelaide and a second one in Perth in addition to the newly-operational plants in Perth, South-East Queensland and Sydney. Despite there being numerous examples of unplanned indirect potable recycling, most governments remain reluctant about moving towards planned potable recycling. There is evidence of some policy bans still being maintained by governments but the National Water Commission continues to reinforce the necessity of an even-handed objective consideration of all water supply options.

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Australian exemplars of sustainable and economic managed aquifer recharge

Water e-Journal ◽

10.21139/wej.2020.024 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Joanne Vanderzalm ◽

Bruce Naumann ◽

Simon Higginson ◽

Declan Page ◽

Andrew Jones ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Potable Water ◽

Water Security ◽

Managed Aquifer Recharge ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Urban Water Supply ◽

Aquifer Recharge ◽

Recycled Water ◽

Urban Stormwater ◽

Potable Water Supply

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can improve water security by using aquifers to store water when it is abundant until required for future use and can increase the use of urban stormwater and treated wastewater to reduce the demand on traditional surface water and groundwater supplies. Recently, two Australian examples were showcased internationally as sustainable and economic MAR: Perth’s groundwater replenishment scheme (GWRS) with recycled water to increase security of urban water supply and a multi-site urban stormwater MAR scheme for suburban non-potable water supply in Salisbury, Adelaide. This paper provides a synopsis of these Australian exemplars of sustainable and economic MAR.

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Current status of water reuse systems in Korea

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2004.0146 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 309-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Noh ◽

I. Kwon ◽

H.-M. Yang ◽

H.-L. Choi ◽

H. Kim

Keyword(s):

Water Reuse ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Current Status ◽

Water Recycling ◽

Recycled Water ◽

Produce Water ◽

Service Water ◽

Site Water ◽

Recycling Systems

In Korea, the current water resources will fall short by 2.6 billion tons to meet the 38 billion ton water demand in the year 2020. To overcome the future water shortage, it is desirable to minimize water consumption and to reuse treated wastewater. There are a total of 99 on-site water-recycling systems in the country. The potential capacity of the 99 systems is 429 thousands tons/day, which is 3.6% of the total service water. Compared to other industrialized countries, the number of the water recycling systems in Korea is extremely small. This is mainly due to the following reasons. First, in Korea, any building with more than 60,000 m2 of total floor space is required to install a water reuse system by law. However, only less than 0.5% of the total buildings have more than 10,000 m2. Therefore, the regulation is ineffective and merely nominal. Second, service water is supplied at low charge (0.20 US-dollar/m3 water). The inexpensive service water often discourages people to recycle treated wastewater. Third, people still think recycled water is not clean enough and can cause diseases. Therefore, they should be informed that a well-maintained recycling system does not fail to produce water with high quality.

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Microbiological risks of recycling urban stormwater via aquifers

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2012.069 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 65 (9) ◽

pp. 1692-1695 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

D. Page ◽

D. Gonzalez ◽

P. Dillon

Keyword(s):

Water Systems ◽

Managed Aquifer Recharge ◽

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽

Confined Aquifer ◽

Aquifer Recharge ◽

Recycled Water ◽

Urban Stormwater ◽

Microbial Risk Assessment ◽

Microbial Risk ◽

Detailed Assessment

With the release of the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR), aquifers are now being included as a treatment barrier when assessing risk of recycled water systems. A MAR research site recharging urban stormwater in a confined aquifer was used in conjunction with a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment to assess the microbial pathogen risk in the recovered water for different end uses. The assessment involved undertaking a detailed assessment of the treatment steps and exposure controls, including the aquifer, to achieve the microbial health-based targets.

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Characterising aquifer treatment for pathogens in managed aquifer recharge

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2010.539 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 62 (9) ◽

pp. 2009-2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

D. Page ◽

P. Dillon ◽

S. Toze ◽

J. P. S. Sidhu

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Human Health ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Aquifer Recharge ◽

Urban Stormwater ◽

Aquifer Storage ◽

Life Years ◽

Treatment Train

In this study the value of subsurface treatment of urban stormwater during Aquifer Storage Transfer Recovery (ASTR) is characterised using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) methodology. The ASTR project utilizes a multi-barrier treatment train to treat urban stormwater but to date the role of the aquifer has not been quantified. In this study it was estimated that the aquifer barrier provided 1.4, 2.6, >6.0 log10 removals for rotavirus, Cryptosporidium and Campylobacter respectively based on pathogen diffusion chamber results. The aquifer treatment barrier was found to vary in importance vis-à-vis the pre-treatment via a constructed wetland and potential post-treatment options of UV-disinfection and chlorination for the reference pathogens. The risk assessment demonstrated that the human health risk associated with potable reuse of stormwater can be mitigated (disability adjusted life years, DALYs <1 × 10−6) if the aquifer is integrated with suitable post treatment options into a treatment train to attenuate pathogens and protect human health.

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PEMASYARAKATAN DAUR ULANG AIR LIMBAH UNTUK MENGANTISIPASI KELANGKAAN AIR AKIBAT PERUBAHAN IKLIM GLOBAL

Jurnal Air Indonesia ◽

10.29122/jai.v7i1.2392 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rudi Nugroho

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Waste Water ◽

Global Climate ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Water Recycling ◽

Process Selection ◽

Recycled Water ◽

Technical Barrier ◽

Product Water

Climate change has impact on many sectors in the earth such as on the water resources sector. For example, the occurrence of floods and droughts in Indonesia that needs to be anticipated. In the Technology Needs Assessment document of the Republic of Indonesia, there are three priorities technology of the water sector to anticipate the climate change. One of the technologies is recycling domestic wastewater. The recycling of waste water can be done through two consecutive stages. First, wastewater treatment processes itself to produce the quality standard limits allowed to be discharged into the environment. Second is processing the treated wastewater till the product water can be used for particular purpose. There are many technologies can be used for water recycling process. Selection of technology depends on the type of waste water and product water quality targets. The utilization of recycled water in the community is still very little due to the barriers of technical and non-technical factors (social, economic, regulatory and others) which need to be anticipated along. Technical barrier include technology that is relatively more expensive to treat wastewater into products that can be utilized. While the non-technical barrier is many people are still reluctant to use the recycled water due to psychological factors. Therefore sosialization of waste water recycling to be expected can eliminate such barriers. Keywords: Water recycling, domestic waste, global climate change.

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Cytoprotective Effect of Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction and α-Tocopherol Vitamin E Isoforms Against Glutamate-Induced Cell Death in Neuronal Cells

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000201 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 84 (3-4) ◽

pp. 0140-0151 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Thilaga Rati Selvaraju ◽

Huzwah Khaza’ai ◽

Sharmili Vidyadaran ◽

Mohd Sokhini Abd Mutalib ◽

Vasudevan Ramachandran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Cell Viability ◽

Neuronal Cells ◽

Positive Control ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Mitochondrial Activity ◽

Before And After ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Tocotrienol Rich Fraction ◽

Major Mediator

Glutamate is the major mediator of excitatory signals in the mammalian central nervous system. Extreme amounts of glutamate in the extracellular spaces can lead to numerous neurodegenerative diseases. We aimed to clarify the potential of the following vitamin E isomers, tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) and α-tocopherol (α-TCP), as potent neuroprotective agents against glutamate-induced injury in neuronal SK-N-SH cells. Cells were treated before and after glutamate injury (pre- and post-treatment, respectively) with 100 - 300 ng/ml TRF/α-TCP. Exposure to 120 mM glutamate significantly reduced cell viability to 76 % and 79 % in the pre- and post-treatment studies, respectively; however, pre- and post-treatment with TRF/α-TCP attenuated the cytotoxic effect of glutamate. Compared to the positive control (glutamate-injured cells not treated with TRF/α-TCP), pre-treatment with 100, 200, and 300 ng/ml TRF significantly improved cell viability following glutamate injury to 95.2 %, 95.0 %, and 95.6 %, respectively (p < 0.05).The isomers not only conferred neuroprotection by enhancing mitochondrial activity and depleting free radical production, but also increased cell viability and recovery upon glutamate insult. Our results suggest that vitamin E has potent antioxidant potential for protecting against glutamate injury and recovering glutamate-injured neuronal cells. Our findings also indicate that both TRF and α-TCP could play key roles as anti-apoptotic agents with neuroprotective properties.

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CONTRACEPTION BY AN INJECTABLE LONG-ACTING OESTROGEN-PROGESTOGEN AGENT. III

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0690067 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 67-76

Author(s):

Rolf Plesner

Keyword(s):

Treatment Period ◽

Treatment Cycle ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Mixed Phase ◽

Discontinuation Of Treatment ◽

Phase Type ◽

Secretory Type ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Long Acting ◽

Fertile Women

ABSTRACT Twenty-two fertile women were treated cyclically in from 4–30 cycles (mean 15.5) with a total of 341 injections of Deladroxate®, an injectable, long-acting oestrogen-progestogen. The injections were administered on the 8th (7th–9th) day of each cycle. Before treatment, the last pre-treatment cycle was controlled by means of daily recordings of the basal body temperature (BBT), urinary excretion of pregnanediol and total pituitary gonadotrophins at certain intervals, and by endometrial biopsies obtained late in the cycle. The effects of Deladroxate® on ovulation, on pituitary gonadotrophic function, and on the endometrium were controlled by the above mentioned parameters during cycles 1, 3, and 6, and all assessments were repeated after discontinuation of treatment. During treatment, there was a statistically significant fall in gonadotrophin excretion values (as compared with the pre-treatment values), and the fall was found to be gradually progressive during treatment. After discontinuation of treatment, there seemed to be a tendency towards an increase in the excretion values. Suppression of ovulation as determined by means of the pregnanediol excretion during treatment, was effective in nearly all of the treatment cycles checked. The fall in pregnanediol excretion was also gradually progressive during treatment, while there was a slight increase in excretion values in the post-treatment period. During treatment, 79 BBT curves were recorded. Nearly 50 % were monophasic, indicating anovulatory cycles, 17 curves were biphasic, but with the rise in temperature occurring at non-characteristic times in the cycles, 18 curves were classified as thermogenic because of a rise in temperature occurring within 24 hours after the injection, and 5 curves were not assessable. During the first month after discontinuation of treatment, 8 out of 10 recorded curves were monophasic. Out of 53 endometrial biopsies obtained around the 23rd day of the cycle, 31 were of the mixed phase type, but showing a predominance of proliferative patterns, 15 were of the secretory type, and 7 were purely proliferative. Out of 15 biopsies obtained in the post-treatment period, only two were of the mixed phase type, 12 were proliferative and one was purely secretory.

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Structure-Based Virtual Screening of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) as Endocrine Disruptors of Androgen Receptor Activity Using Molecular Docking and Machine Learning

10.26434/chemrxiv.11886702.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Azhagiya Singam Ettayapuram Ramaprasad ◽

Phum Tachachartvanich ◽

Denis Fourches ◽

Anatoly Soshilov ◽

Jennifer C.Y. Hsieh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Molecular Docking ◽

Androgen Receptor ◽

Endocrine Disruptors ◽

Hormone Receptors ◽

Steroid Hormone Receptors ◽

Machine Learning Techniques ◽

Support Vector ◽

Polyfluoroalkyl Substances ◽

Perfluoroalkyl And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) pose a substantial threat as endocrine disruptors, and thus early identification of those that may interact with steroid hormone receptors, such as the androgen receptor (AR), is critical. In this study we screened 5,206 PFASs from the CompTox database against the different binding sites on the AR using both molecular docking and machine learning techniques. We developed support vector machine models trained on Tox21 data to classify the active and inactive PFASs for AR using different chemical fingerprints as features. The maximum accuracy was 95.01% and Matthew’s correlation coefficient (MCC) was 0.76 respectively, based on MACCS fingerprints (MACCSFP). The combination of docking-based screening and machine learning models identified 29 PFASs that have strong potential for activity against the AR and should be considered priority chemicals for biological toxicity testing.

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