scholarly journals Integrated Solutions for the Water-Energy-Land Nexus: Are Global Models Rising to the Challenge?

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Johnson ◽  
Peter Burek ◽  
Edward Byers ◽  
Giacomo Falchetta ◽  
Martina Flörke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
Trade Offs

Increasing human demands for water, energy, food and materials, are expected to accentuate resource supply challenges over the coming decades. Experience suggests that long-term strategies for a single sector could yield both trade-offs and synergies for other sectors. Thus, long-term transition pathways for linked resource systems should be informed using nexus approaches. Global integrated assessment models can represent the synergies and trade-offs inherent in the exploitation of water, energy and land (WEL) resources, including the impacts of international trade and climate policies. In this study, we review the current state-of-the-science in global integrated assessment modeling with an emphasis on how models have incorporated integrated WEL solutions. A large-scale assessment of the relevant literature was performed using online databases and structured keyword search queries. The results point to the following main opportunities for future research and model development: (1) improving the temporal and spatial resolution of economic models for the energy and water sectors; (2) balancing energy and land requirements across sectors; (3) integrated representation of the role of distribution infrastructure in alleviating resource challenges; (4) modeling of solution impacts on downstream environmental quality; (5) improved representation of the implementation challenges stemming from regional financial and institutional capacity; (6) enabling dynamic multi-sectoral vulnerability and adaptation needs assessment; and (7) the development of fully-coupled assessment frameworks based on consistent, scalable, and regionally-transferable platforms. Improved database management and computational power are needed to address many of these modeling challenges at a global-scale.

Private ethical fund investors across countries and time: a survey-based review

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anett Wins ◽  
Bernhard Zwergel
Keyword(s):  
Keyword Search ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Screening Criteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Responsible Investment ◽  
Private Investors ◽  
Ethical Funds ◽  
Fund Portfolio

Purpose – This paper aims to provide an overview of the literature to point out similarities and differences among private ethical investors across countries and time. Over the past three decades, many surveys have been conducted to advance the understanding of the demographic characteristics, motivation and morals of private ethical investors across countries and time. To date, the survey-based evidence on private investors into ethical funds is geographically rather segmented, and the research questions are fairly diverse. This permits only very temporally or regionally selective conclusions. Thereby, the authors identify interesting topics for future research. Design/methodology/approach – To identify the relevant literature for our review, the authors carried out a structured Boolean keyword search using major library services and databases. Findings – When questions about negative screening criteria are presented in a direct investment context, the consensus of private ethical investors “worldwide” (on average) is that social screening issues are most important, followed by ecological and moral topics. The percentage of ethical funds in the fund portfolio of the average private ethical investor in Europe seems to increase when the investor exhibits high degrees of pro-social attitudes and perceived consumer effectiveness. European private ethical investors are of the opinion that ethical funds perform worse but are less risky than conventional funds. Practical implications – The authors make suggestions on how investment companies should design their funds so that they can attract more socially responsible investors. Originality/value – The paper is of particular value because it focuses on private investors in the fast growing retail market of socially responsible investment funds.

Understanding ethical/unethical behavior in pharmaceutical companies: a literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-394
Author(s):  
Geeta Marmat ◽  
Pooja Jain ◽  
P.N. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Keyword Search ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unethical Behaviour ◽  
The Past

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine and review the available literature on ethical/unethical behaviour of pharmaceutical companies and to determine the ethical issues, unethical behaviour by analysing, summarising and categorising the factors related to these issues and unethical behaviour as were studied during the period 2008-2017. Essentially, this paper presents a critical analysis of the available literature on the subject and avenues for future research. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopted the systematic review approach to achieve the purpose of this study and examines the most relevant literature from online existing database sources, available between 2008-2017 by using the keyword search method. Then studies are categorised and summarised, using previously developed theories and frameworks, which have provided evidence to the universal consensus that ethical behavioural outcomes are dependent on the interplay of individual, organisational and environmental factors and have reordered to fulfil the purpose. Findings The findings identify that ethical issues related to pharmaceutical companies as were studied during the period 2008-2017 are drug pricing, drug safety and gift-giving. The organisational variables appeared to be the dominant cause of these ethical issues and unethical practices along with other determinants such as environmental and stakeholders. A large number of studies were in the western country context. Theoretical research has studied more comparatively empirical studies. Research limitations/implications This review provides insights for understanding the ethical issues, unethical behaviour and determinants related to these issues of pharmaceutical companies and provides insights where the literature is standing. This review only includes studies between 2008-2017, which are related to the ethical issue of pharmaceutical companies, therefore, the view is only of the past 10 years papers. This review provides gaps and insight into the source of ideas for future research and will help the researchers in guiding ethics-related information in the context of pharmaceutical companies. Practical implications This study will help the practitioners and policymakers in informing about the issues that required the urgent need to solve and will shed some light to focus and formulate strategies for successful competitive advantage. This study will help researchers who are seeking information related to ethics and ethical behaviour in pharmaceutical companies. Originality/value To the best of my knowledge, this review of understanding ethical/unethical behaviour in pharmaceutical companies of the past 10 years between 2008-2017 has not been done to date. This study is filling the gap by bringing all the information about ethics in pharmaceutical companies at one place, which works as an index of ethics-related study in this specific pharmaceutical company context.

scholarly journals Long‐term predictability of soil moisture dynamics at the global scale: Persistence versus large‐scale drivers

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (16) ◽  
pp. 8554-8562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Nicolai‐Shaw ◽  
Lukas Gudmundsson ◽  
Martin Hirschi ◽  
Sonia I. Seneviratne
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Soil Moisture Dynamics ◽  
Moisture Dynamics

scholarly journals Artificial intelligence in business-to-business marketing: a bibliometric analysis of current research status, development and future directions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Runyue Han ◽  
Hugo K.S. Lam ◽  
Yuanzhu Zhan ◽  
Yichuan Wang ◽  
Yogesh K. Dwivedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
B2b Marketing ◽  
Marketing Innovation ◽  
Business To Business

PurposeAlthough the value of artificial intelligence (AI) has been acknowledged by companies, the literature shows challenges concerning AI-enabled business-to-business (B2B) marketing innovation, as well as the diversity of roles AI can play in this regard. Accordingly, this study investigates the approaches that AI can be used for enabling B2B marketing innovation.Design/methodology/approachApplying a bibliometric research method, this study systematically investigates the literature regarding AI-enabled B2B marketing. It synthesises state-of-the-art knowledge from 221 journal articles published between 1990 and 2021.FindingsApart from offering specific information regarding the most influential authors and most frequently cited articles, the study further categorises the use of AI for innovation in B2B marketing into five domains, identifying the main trends in the literature and suggesting directions for future research.Practical implicationsThrough the five identified domains, practitioners can assess their current use of AI and identify their future needs in the relevant domains in order to make appropriate decisions on how to invest in AI. Thus, the research enables companies to realise their digital marketing innovation strategies through AI.Originality/valueThe research represents one of the first large-scale reviews of relevant literature on AI in B2B marketing by (1) obtaining and comparing the most influential works based on a series of analyses; (2) identifying five domains of research into how AI can be used for facilitating B2B marketing innovation and (3) classifying relevant articles into five different time periods in order to identify both past trends and future directions in this specific field.

scholarly journals Restoration ecologists might not get what they want: Global change shifts trade-offs among ecosystem functions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Fiedler ◽  
José A.F. Monteiro ◽  
Kristin B. Hulvey ◽  
Rachel J. Standish ◽  
Michael P. Perring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
List Type ◽  
Trade Offs

ABSTRACTEcological restoration increasingly aims at improving ecosystem multifunctionality and making landscapes resilient to future threats, especially in biodiversity hotspots such as Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Successful realisation of such a strategy requires a fundamental mechanistic understanding of the link between ecosystem plant composition, plant traits and related ecosystem functions and services, as well as how climate change affects these relationships. An integrated approach of empirical research and simulation modelling with focus on plant traits can allow this understanding.Based on empirical data from a large-scale restoration project in a Mediterranean-type climate in Western Australia, we developed and validated the spatially explicit simulation model ModEST, which calculates coupled dynamics of nutrients, water and individual plants characterised by traits. We then simulated all possible combinations of eight plant species with different levels of diversity to assess the role of plant diversity and traits on multifunctionality, the provision of six ecosystem functions (covering three ecosystem services), as well as trade-offs and synergies among the functions under current and future climatic conditions.Our results show that multifunctionality cannot fully be achieved because of trade-offs among functions that are attributable to sets of traits that affect functions differently. Our measure of multifunctionality was increased by higher levels of planted species richness under current, but not future climatic conditions. In contrast, single functions were differently impacted by increased plant diversity. In addition, we found that trade-offs and synergies among functions shifted with climate change.Synthesis and application. Our results imply that restoration ecologists will face a clear challenge to achieve their targets with respect to multifunctionality not only under current conditions, but also in the long-term. However, once ModEST is parameterized and validated for a specific restoration site, managers can assess which target goals can be achieved given the set of available plant species and site-specific conditions. It can also highlight which species combinations can best achieve long-term improved multifunctionality due to their trait diversity.

scholarly journals Development of a global dataset of Wetland Area and Dynamics for Methane Modeling (WAD2M)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Etienne Fluet-Chouinard ◽  
Katherine Jensen ◽  
Kyle McDonald ◽  
Gustaf Hugelius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Microwave Remote Sensing ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Annual Maximum ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Wetland Area ◽  
Wetland Extent

Abstract. Seasonal and interannual variations in global wetland area is a strong driver of fluctuations in global methane (CH4) emissions. Current maps of global wetland extent vary with wetland definition, causing substantial disagreement and large uncertainty in estimates of wetland methane emissions. To reconcile these differences for large-scale wetland CH4 modeling, we developed a global Wetland Area and Dynamics for Methane Modeling (WAD2M) dataset at ~25 km resolution at equator (0.25 arc-degree) at monthly time-step for 2000–2018. WAD2M combines a time series of surface inundation based on active and passive microwave remote sensing at coarse resolution (~25 km) with six static datasets that discriminate inland waters, agriculture, shoreline, and non-inundated wetlands. We exclude all permanent water bodies (e.g. lakes, ponds, rivers, and reservoirs), coastal wetlands (e.g., mangroves and sea grasses), and rice paddies to only represent spatiotemporal patterns of inundated and non-inundated vegetated wetlands. Globally, WAD2M estimates the long-term maximum wetland area at 13.0 million km2 (Mkm2), which can be separated into three categories: mean annual minimum of inundated and non-inundated wetlands at 3.5 Mkm2, seasonally inundated wetlands at 4.0 Mkm2 (mean annual maximum minus mean annual minimum), and intermittently inundated wetlands at 5.5 Mkm2 (long-term maximum minus mean annual maximum). WAD2M has good spatial agreements with independent wetland inventories for major wetland complexes, i.e., the Amazon Lowland Basin and West Siberian Lowlands, with high Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.54 and 0.70 respectively among multiple wetlands products. By evaluating the temporal variation of WAD2M against modeled prognostic inundation (i.e., TOPMODEL) and satellite observations of inundation and soil moisture, we show that it adequately represents interannual variation as well as the effect of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on global wetland extent. This wetland extent dataset will improve estimates of wetland CH4 fluxes for global-scale land surface modeling. The dataset can be found at http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998454 (Zhang et al., 2020).

scholarly journals Integrating Agricultural Practices into the TRIPLEX-GHG Model v2.0 for Simulating Global Cropland Nitrous Oxide Emissions: Model Development and Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanxiong Song ◽  
Changhui Peng ◽  
Kerou Zhang ◽  
Qiuan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from croplands are one of the most important greenhouse gas sources, and it is difficult to simulate on a large scale. In order to simulate N2O emissions from global croplands, a new version of the process-based TRIPLEX-GHG model was developed by coupling the major agricultural activities. The coefficient of the NO3− consumption rate for denitrification (COEdNO3) was found to be the most sensitive parameter based on sensitivity analysis, and it was calibrated using field data from 39 observation sites across major croplands globally. The model performed well when simulating the magnitude of the daily N2O emissions and was able to capture the temporal patterns of the N2O emissions. The COEdNO3 ranged from 0.01 to 0.05, and the continental mean of the parameter was used for the model validation. The validation results indicate that the means of the measured daily N2O fluxes during the experiment periods are highly correlated with the modeled results (R2 = 0.87). Consequently, our model simulation results demonstrate that the new version of the TRIPLEX-GHG model can reliably simulate N2O emissions from various croplands at the global scale.

scholarly journals The Role of Business Models in Developing Business Networks

2011 ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Heikkila ◽  
Marikka Heikkila ◽  
Markku Tinnila
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Customer Relationship ◽  
Business Networks ◽  
Geographical Distances ◽  
Business Model Development

Business models have received a substantial amount of interest recently. Also, various research studies have discussed business models, especially in the context of a single company operating in mass markets. Unfortunately, these models often are not applicable for complex products or services that build on long-term knowledge about customer tastes, facilities, and skills. Especially on global markets, the asset specificity and vast geographical distances make it difficult for any single company to provide this kind of service cost-efficiently on a large scale. Instead, it calls for cooperation among multiple firms. Creation of a joint business model for a collaborative network is a necessary means by which companies can coordinate cooperation in practice. The CSOFT metamodel proposed in this chapter provides guidance for joint business model development by emphasizing customer relationship and adjustment processes needed within the network.

A Bioecological Model of Mass Trauma

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1087-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Hoffman ◽  
Theresa Kruczek
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Catastrophic Events ◽  
Mass Trauma ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Bioecological Model ◽  
The Individual

Biopsychosocial consequences of catastrophic events create an ongoing need for research that examines the effects of mass traumas, developing psychosocial interventions, and advocacy to address the needs of affected individuals, systems, and communities. Because it is neither possible nor necessarily desirable to intervene with all touched by disasters at an individual level, a systems approach that allows conceptualization and response at the individual, family, community, and societal levels seems optimal. Many of the models commonly used in counseling psychology to explain coping with difficult events focus on individual effects and do not adequately capture the complex, multisystemic effects of large-scale catastrophic events and disasters. A bioecological model of mass trauma, which provides a conceptual framework for understanding the effects, intervening in the aftermath, addressing prevention, and researching aspects of large-scale disasters, catastrophes, and mass traumas, is presented. Relevant literature and illustrative examples from three categories of mass traumas or catastrophic events (disasters, war, and terrorism or violence) that currently contribute to a persistent atmosphere of stress for many are reviewed using the bioecological model. Recommendations for future research are provided.

A STRATEGIC ADVOCACY ROLE IN SEA FOR SUSTAINABILITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. 1550015 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA ROSARIO PARTIDARIO
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Strategic Processes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Advocacy Role

In this paper I advocate SEA as an instrument of change towards more sustainable patterns of behaviour and development, by following strategic thinking and constructive approaches. I recommend that the future research agenda of SEA should contribute to make SEA a matured, full-fleshed instrument with a clear identity, and coherent functions and forms. This may be achieved by exploring how to engage all actors in a fundamental new attitude in understanding and addressing the complexity of strategic processes, enabling dialogues towards mutual understanding, offering flexibility, ensuring a long-term and large scale perspectives when exploring development options.

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