scholarly journals Aquatic Microplastic Research—A Critique and Suggestions for the Future

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith S. Weis
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
High Error Rate ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Very High ◽  
Analytical Equipment ◽  
Whole Water

While there are numerous papers on microplastics (mps) being published every week, there is a need for improvement for the field to mature. The papers reporting numbers found in water bodies cannot be compared because there are no standard methods for collection and analysis. It is clear that using nets for sampling misses most of the microfibers, which are the most abundant form when whole water samples are analyzed, and that microscopic identification has a very high error rate compared to chemical analytical equipment which can also identify the polymers. It is clear that most animals studied eat mps; we should learn what attracts the animals to the mps and what proportion pass right through and are defecated vs those that move into the tissues. It is considered that mps are a vector for transfer of toxic chemicals into the food chain. Let us investigate to what degree what proportion of contaminants are removed in the digestive system vs. staying bound tightly to the mps. Experimental studies should also use environmentally relevant doses and the shapes and sizes of mps that are most abundant in the environment.

A Comparison of three Methods of Character Entry on Pen-Based Computers

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Scott MacKenzie ◽  
R. Blair Nonnecke ◽  
J. Craig McQueen ◽  
Stan Riddersma ◽  
Malcolm Meltz
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Character Recognition ◽  
The Other ◽  
User Preference ◽  
High Error Rate ◽  
Input Method ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Very High

Methods for entering text on pen-based computers were compared with respect to speed, accuracy, and user preference. Fifteen subjects entered text on a digitizing display tablet using three methods: hand printing, QWERTY-tapping, and ABC-tapping. The tapping methods used display-based keyboards, one with a QWERTY layout, the other with two alphabetic rows of 13 characters. ABC-tapping had the lowest error rate (0.6%) but was the slowest entry method (12.9 wpm). It was also the least preferred input method. The QWERTY-tapping condition was the most preferred, the fastest (22.9 wpm), and had a low error rate (1.1%). Although subjects also liked hand printing, it was 41% slower than QWERTY-tapping and had a very high error rate (8.1%). The results suggest that character recognition on pen-based computers must improve to attract walk-up users, and that alternatives such as tapping on a QWERTY soft keyboard are effective input methods.

The Origins and Shape of Plato's Six-Book Republic

Antichthon ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 52-78
Author(s):  
Harold Tarrant
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
High Error Rate ◽  
Book Order ◽  
Final Version ◽  
Very High ◽  
Opposite Extreme

AbstractThis paper argues that the six-book Republic used by the lexical author known as the Antiatticista is not, as hitherto conveniently assumed, our Republic arranged in fewer books, but a sub-final version lacking certain parts, most obviously VIII and most of IX, and possessing interesting variations. The argument rests on what would otherwise be a very high error-rate (38%) compared with the more reliable citations of other Platonic works, and with the citations of Herodotus and Thucydides. It demonstrates that VIII and most of IX belong stylistically to the opposite extreme from I, and may therefore be the last composed. It argues that the Platonic collection used by the Antiatticista antedates hiatus-avoiding dialogues, and belongs to a location other than Athens or Alexandria, and probably in Sicily or Italy. It concludes that one cannot trust any attempt to arrange our Republic by the notional six-book order.

Repeated convolutional codes for high-error-rate channels

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 852-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Wang ◽  
G. Li ◽  
V.K. Bhargava ◽  
L.J. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Convolutional Codes ◽  
High Error Rate

scholarly journals Accurate measurement of microsatellite length by disrupting its tandem repeat structure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Levy ◽  
Zihua Wang ◽  
Andrea Moffitt ◽  
Michael H. Wigler
Keyword(s):  
Tandem Repeat ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Sequence Motifs ◽  
High Error Rate ◽  
Repeat Structure ◽  
Flanking Regions ◽  
Simple Sequence

Replication of tandem repeats of simple sequence motifs, also known as microsatellites, is error prone and variable lengths frequently occur during population expansions. Therefore, microsatellite length variations could serve as markers for cancer. However, accurate error-free quantitation of microsatellite lengths is difficult with current methods because of a high error rate during amplification and sequencing. We have solved this problem by using partial mutagenesis to disrupt enough of the repeat structure so that it can replicate faithfully, yet not so much that the flanking regions cannot be reliably identified. In this work we use bisulfite mutagenesis to convert a C to a U, later read as T. Compared to untreated templates, we achieve three orders of magnitude reduction in the error rate per round of replication. By requiring two independent first copies of an initial template, we reach error rates below one in a million. We discuss potential clinical applications of this method.

The carrot and the stick

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Bartneck ◽  
Juliane Reichenbach ◽  
Julie Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Human Partner ◽  
Collaborative Game ◽  
Real Robot ◽  
Very High ◽  
Insight Into

This paper presents two studies that investigate how people praise and punish robots in a collaborative game scenario. In a first study, subjects played a game together with humans, computers, and anthropomorphic and zoomorphic robots. The different partners and the game itself were presented on a computer screen. Results showed that praise and punishment were used the same way for computer and human partners. Yet robots, which are essentially computers with a different embodiment, were treated differently. Very machine-like robots were treated just like the computer and the human; robots very high on anthropomorphism / zoomorphism were praised more and punished less. However, barely any of the participants believed that they actually played together with a robot. After this first study, we refined the method and also tested if the presence of a real robot, in comparison to a screen representation, would influence the measurements. The robot, in the form of an AIBO, would either be present in the room or only be represented on the participants’ computer screen (presence). Furthermore, the robot would either make 20% errors or 40% errors (error rate) in the collaborative game. We automatically measured the praising and punishing behavior of the participants towards the robot and also asked the participant to estimate their own behavior. Results show that even the presence of the robot in the room did not convince all participants that they played together with the robot. To gain full insight into this human–robot relationship it might be necessary to directly interact with the robot. The participants unconsciously praised AIBO more than the human partner, but punished it just as much. Robots that adapt to the users’ behavior should therefore pay extra attention to the users’ praises, compared to their punishments.

Efficient ARQ scheme for high error rate channels

1984 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 986 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Moeneclaey ◽  
H. Bruneel
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
High Error Rate

Experimental Studies on Galling Onset in OCTG Connections: A Review

Tribology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ekwaro-Osire ◽  
F. Karpat
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Performance Properties ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
Mode Of Failure ◽  
Very High

With today's high prices for natural gas and oil, the demand for oil and country tubular goods (OCTG), with superior performance properties, is very high. Failures in OCTG can be attributed to numerous sources, for example, makeup torque, corrosion, and galling. Thread galling is the most common mode of failure. This failure often leads to leakage, corrosion of the material, and loss of mechanical integrity. The failure of OCTG eventually amounts to excessive operational costs for the gas and oil industry. The have been numerous approaches taken to improve the galling resistance of OCTG connections. The advocacy of these approaches is often achieved through experimental studies using galling testers. In this paper, it is proposed to classify the galling testers in seven distinct groups. There is a need to design and use effective galling testers to understand and improve the performance of OCTG connections. Thus, the objective of this paper was to present a concise review of literature related to the galling testers that may have applications to OCTG.

scholarly journals The Pathophysiology of Post-Traumatic Glioma

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donata Simińska ◽  
Klaudyna Kojder ◽  
Dariusz Jeżewski ◽  
Ireneusz Kojder ◽  
Marta Skórka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Specific Morphology ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Very High

Malignant glioma is a brain tumor with a very high mortality rate resulting from the specific morphology of its infiltrative growth and poor early detection rates. The causes of one of its very specific types, i.e., post-traumatic glioma, have been discussed for many years, with some studies providing evidence for mechanisms where the reaction to an injury may in some cases lead to the onset of carcinogenesis in the brain. In this review of the available literature, we discuss the consequences of breaking the blood–brain barrier and consequences of the influx of immune-system cells to the site of injury. We also analyze the influence of inflammatory mediators on the expression of genes controlling the process of apoptosis and the effect of chemical mutagenic factors on glial cells in the brain. We present the results of experimental studies indicating a relationship between injury and glioma development. However, epidemiological studies on post-traumatic glioma, of which only a few confirm the conclusions of experimental research, indicate that any potential relationship between injury and glioma, if any, is indirect.

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