The carrot and the stick

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Bartneck ◽  
Juliane Reichenbach ◽  
Julie Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Human Partner ◽  
Collaborative Game ◽  
Real Robot ◽  
Very High ◽  
Insight Into

This paper presents two studies that investigate how people praise and punish robots in a collaborative game scenario. In a first study, subjects played a game together with humans, computers, and anthropomorphic and zoomorphic robots. The different partners and the game itself were presented on a computer screen. Results showed that praise and punishment were used the same way for computer and human partners. Yet robots, which are essentially computers with a different embodiment, were treated differently. Very machine-like robots were treated just like the computer and the human; robots very high on anthropomorphism / zoomorphism were praised more and punished less. However, barely any of the participants believed that they actually played together with a robot. After this first study, we refined the method and also tested if the presence of a real robot, in comparison to a screen representation, would influence the measurements. The robot, in the form of an AIBO, would either be present in the room or only be represented on the participants’ computer screen (presence). Furthermore, the robot would either make 20% errors or 40% errors (error rate) in the collaborative game. We automatically measured the praising and punishing behavior of the participants towards the robot and also asked the participant to estimate their own behavior. Results show that even the presence of the robot in the room did not convince all participants that they played together with the robot. To gain full insight into this human–robot relationship it might be necessary to directly interact with the robot. The participants unconsciously praised AIBO more than the human partner, but punished it just as much. Robots that adapt to the users’ behavior should therefore pay extra attention to the users’ praises, compared to their punishments.

Insight into the formation of a continuous sheath structure for the PS phase in tri-continuous PVDF/PS/HDPE blends

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Dou ◽  
Shuanglin Li ◽  
Yan Shao ◽  
Bo Yin ◽  
Mingbo Yang
Keyword(s):  
Ternary Blends ◽  
Continuous Structure ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Sheath Structure

A hierarchical tri-continuous structure is formed and controlled in PVDF/PS/HDPE ternary blends. A very high level of PS continuity, about 80%, is achieved only with a PS volume composition as low as 11 vol%.

scholarly journals Dental calculus: Nano-characterization

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-159
Author(s):  
Djurica Grga ◽  
Marina Marjanovic ◽  
Igor Hut ◽  
Bojan Dzeletovic ◽  
Djuro Koruga
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field Gradient ◽  
Dental Calculus ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Light Matter Interaction ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Very High ◽  
Insight Into

Emerging technologies and new nanoscale information have potential to transform dental practice by improving all aspects of diagnostics and therapy. Nanocharacterization allows understanding of oral diseases at molecular and cellular levels which eventually can increase the success of prevention and treatment. Opto-magnetic spectroscopy (OMS) is a promising new technique based on light-matter interaction which allows insight into the quantum state of matter. Since biomolecules and tissues are usually paramagnetic or diamagnetic materials it is possible to determine the dynamics of para-and diamagnetism at different teeth structures using that method. The topography of the surface of a sample can be obtained with a very high resolution using atomic force microscopy (AFM), which allows observation of minimal changes up to 10 nm, while magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is used to record the magnetic field gradient and its distribution over the surface of a sample. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of AFM and MFM for the characterization of dental calculus, and a potential application of OMS for the detection of subgingival dental calculus.

Abstract WP82: Transcranial Doppler Detection of Microembolic Signals During the Advancement and Deployment of Pipeline Embolization Devices in Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm Repair

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Hughes ◽  
Mark J Dannenbaum ◽  
Peng R Chen ◽  
Arthur L Day ◽  
Huimahn A Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Doppler ◽  
Neurological Complication ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Relative Safety ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Device Placement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Aneurysm Repair ◽  
Very High ◽  
Insight Into

Introduction: Pipeline embolization devices (PED) have become an essential tool in the endovascular treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms. A high-density stent like device, the PED functions to redirect blood flow and facilitate the growth and remodeling of the artery. Postoperative ischemic stroke proves to be the most common neurological complication associated with treatment, ranging from about 3-6% with most occurring within 30 days. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring has been used in the past to evaluate similar procedures by measuring the occurrence of microembolic signals (MES). Due to the delivery and manipulation of the PED and its thrombotic nature, microembolic events have been postulated to form during device placement and contribute to thromboembolism. Our initial study is the first to detect and measure MES during a PED procedure. Methods: Patients undergoing endovascular PED treatment were simultaneously monitored with TCD. MES were detected, separated from artifacts, and counted for each step. Results: Embolic signals were detected in all patients and were highest during deployment. With 3 PED deployments in the paraophthalmic ICA of 2 patients, the mean MES during PED deployment was 515 +/- 46. Average emboli per second during deployment was 1.62 +/- 0.59 verses 0.30 +/- 0.12 emboli per second observed prior to microcatheter insertion and manipulation. Conclusion: A very high incidence of MES was observed during the procedure and PED deployment. The little success thus far in elucidating a possible mechanism to account for PED’s associated complications warrants more investigation. Determining the occurrence of MES might reveal insight into the relative safety of each step and on the formation of distal thromboembolisms.

scholarly journals Future Facilities for Gamma-Ray Pulsar Studies

2004 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 399-406
Author(s):  
D. J. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Acceleration ◽  
Neutron Stars ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Space Telescope ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Interaction Processes ◽  
Very High ◽  
Insight Into

Pulsars seen at gamma-ray energies offer insight into particle acceleration to very high energies, along with information about the geometry and interaction processes in the magnetospheres of these rotating neutron stars. During the next decade, a number of new gamma-ray facilities will become available for pulsar studies. This brief review describes the motivation for gamma-ray pulsar studies, the opportunities for such studies, and some specific discussion of the capabilities of the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) Large Area Telescope (LAT) for pulsar measurements.

In-Situ Observations of the Effect of Electron Irradiation on the Defect Microstructure of Alumina

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 601-602
Author(s):  
S.-J. Chen ◽  
U. Dahmen ◽  
D.G. Howitt
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Electron Irradiation ◽  
Shear Bands ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
High Velocity Impact ◽  
Dislocation Densities ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Very High ◽  
Insight Into

The interaction of radiation produced point defects with a dislocation microstructure at high temperature is of considerable interest and careful high voltage microscopy experiments can provide valuable insight into the mechanisms. Veyssière and Westmacott carried out in-situ experiments monitoring the partial dislocation climbs in Ni3Al induced by thermal vacancies as well as by Frenkel pairs produced during irradiation.1 We report here the results of some preliminary experiments we performed on alumina (A12O3) single crystals with high dislocation densities to study the modification of the microstructure by electron irradiation at high temperature.The dislocation microstructures were produced by shock wave deformation using a high-velocity impact technique. The technique is capable of producing a very high density of defects consisting primarily of basal twins, and slips on the basal, pyramidal and rhombohedral planes in alumina. The dislocations are all of glide type, mostly forming shear bands. A typical microstructure prior to irradiation is shown in figure la.

scholarly journals Text Entry by Gazing and Smiling

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Outi Tuisku ◽  
Veikko Surakka ◽  
Ville Rantanen ◽  
Toni Vanhala ◽  
Jukka Lekkala
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Text Entry ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
String Distance ◽  
Keyboard Layout

Face Interface is a wearable prototype that combines the use of voluntary gaze direction and facial activations, for pointing and selecting objects on a computer screen, respectively. The aim was to investigate the functionality of the prototype for entering text. First, three on-screen keyboard layout designs were developed and tested (n=10) to find a layout that would be more suitable for text entry with the prototype than traditional QWERTY layout. The task was to enter one word ten times with each of the layouts by pointing letters with gaze and select them by smiling. Subjective ratings showed that a layout with large keys on the edge and small keys near the center of the keyboard was rated as the most enjoyable, clearest, and most functional. Second, using this layout, the aim of the second experiment (n=12) was to compare entering text with Face Interface to entering text with mouse. The results showed that text entry rate for Face Interface was 20 characters per minute (cpm) and 27 cpm for the mouse. For Face Interface, keystrokes per character (KSPC) value was 1.1 and minimum string distance (MSD) error rate was 0.12. These values compare especially well with other similar techniques.

scholarly journals FAILURE IN IMPLANTS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhana Shamsuddeen ◽  
Vino Kurien
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implants ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Implant Failure ◽  
Missing Teeth ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Implant Dentistry ◽  
Very High ◽  
Insight Into

Dental implants are commonly used to replace the missing teeth in partially and completely edentulous ridges. While the overall success rate of implant dentistry is very high, dental implants seldom fail. The occurrence of implant failure is a matter of great concern for implantologists and awareness of such unavoidable fact is clinically important. The purpose of this review was to offer a critical evaluation of the literature and to provide the clinician with scientifically-based diagnostic criteria for monitoring the implant condition. Aetiologies and factors associated with implant failure should be elucidated for further improvement of the treatment outcome. This information may be necessary to develop effective strategies for treatment and prevention. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide an insight into different aspects of implant failures by highlighting various classifications put forward by different authors Key Words : Classification, Osseointegration, Implant failures.

scholarly journals Initial collection, characterization, and storage of tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) sperm offers insight into their unique reproductive system

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0253628
Author(s):  
Sarah K. Lamar ◽  
Nicola J. Nelson ◽  
Jennifer A. Moore ◽  
Helen R. Taylor ◽  
Susan N. Keall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Cell ◽  
Sperm Cells ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
Sphenodon Punctatus ◽  
Viable Sperm ◽  
First Time ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Very High ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Scanning Electron

Successful reproduction is critical to the persistence of at-risk species; however, reproductive characteristics are understudied in many wild species. New Zealand’s endemic tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), the sole surviving member of the reptile order Rhynchocephalia, is restricted to 10% of its historic range. To complement ongoing conservation efforts, we collected and characterized mature sperm from male tuatara for the first time. Semen collected both during mating and from urine after courting contained motile sperm and had the potential for a very high percentage of viable sperm cells (98%). Scanning electron microscopy revealed a filiform sperm cell with distinct divisions: head, midpiece, tail, and reduced end piece. Finally, our initial curvilinear velocity estimates for tuatara sperm are 2–4 times faster than any previously studied reptile. Further work is needed to examine these trends at a larger scale; however, this research provides valuable information regarding reproduction in this basal reptile.

Confucian Conceptions of Human Intelligence

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiguo Pang ◽  
Amber Esping ◽  
Jonathan A. Plucker
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Western Theory ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Very High ◽  
Insight Into

The work of Confucius has been—and continues to be—part of the foundation of Chinese culture. Understanding his work provides insights into many aspects of Chinese societies, ranging from politics to the arts, from economies to education systems. The present article summarizes Confucius’ view of human intelligence, comparing and contrasting it with Western theory and research on related constructs. Confucius’ formulation encompassed qualities such as (a) the ability to identify areas of intelligence in others, (b) self-knowledge, (c) problem-solving skills, (d) verbal fluency, (e) the ability to think actively and flexibly, and (f) the capacity to make healthy personal decisions. Confucius and his followers also developed classification systems for categorizing individuals based on their intelligence. For average people, Confucius held an incremental view of intelligence that relied heavily on extensive study, inquiry, reflection, and transfer. For people with very high or very low intelligence, however, he saw intelligence as being determined by heaven or their inborn nature. A thorough understanding of Confucian conceptions of intelligence provides insight into the present-day study of intelligence within China.

Proof Discontinuities and Civil Settlements

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-262
Author(s):  
Mark Spottswood
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Step Function ◽  
Simulation Approach ◽  
Data Simulation ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
Linear Rule ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
Nonlinear Form ◽  
Very High

Abstract This Article explores settlement incentives under three different burden of proof rules. The conventional burden of proof is a discontinuous step-function, jumping from no damages to full damages at the 0.5 jury confidence level. Continuous burdens of proof, by contrast, would permit sanctions to steadily increase as juror confidence rises from 0 to 1, with no discontinuity. Linear burdens, which have received extensive attention in prior literature, escalate sanctions steadily across the whole range of confidence levels, while the logistic burden takes a nonlinear form. Using a data simulation approach guided by the empirical realities of American civil litigation, I consider the incentives that each of these rules creates for parties contemplating settlement, using a model in which parties make divergent forecasts of their expected outcomes at trial due to optimism bias. Based on this analysis, I conclude that a linear burden would likely raise our settlement rate by a modest amount, except in very large cases and in “easy” cases, in which an unbiased person would predict that a trial factfinder would have a level of confidence in liability quite close to either zero or one. I also compare the expected error rate of the settlements that each rule produces, and find that the linear rule modestly lowers the expected error rate of settlement overall, although this benefit does not hold for easy cases or those with very high damages. Lastly, I conduct a similar analysis for the logistic burden, finding that it induces a similar quality and quantity of settlements as we currently achieve using conventional burdens.

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