scholarly journals The Suspected Contradictory Role of Parental Care in the Adaption of Planktonic Calanoida to Temporary Freshwater

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Genuario Belmonte
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Resting Eggs ◽  
Weak Point ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
Freshwater Plankton

Calanoida have the highest number of species among Copepoda in marine plankton, but not in fresh water, where the greatest number are Cyclopoida. Freshwater Cyclopoida also live in more freshwater sites than Calanoida. This could be a consequence of an invasion of freshwater by marine Cyclopoida before Calanoida. Similar to Cyclopoida, but different from marine Calanoida, freshwater Calanoida females produce egg sacs and care for eggs. This strategy is common among all freshwater plankton, suggesting that the evolution of parental care is an obliged adaption to conquer fresh water. Calanoida, different from Cyclopoida, survive adverse conditions as resting eggs. This life-cycle constraint obliges eggs to survive their mother’s death and wait in the benthos for a certain period. The necessity of completing embryonic development and the hatching of eggs far from the mother’s protection may be responsible for the relatively lower evolutionary success of Calanoida in fresh water compared to Cyclopoida (which rest as juveniles, thus protecting eggs in any moment of their development). Therefore, the brooding of eggs appears to be the obliged solution for Calanoida’s final establishment in fresh water, but the dispersion of eggs on the bottom after the mother’s death and during the rest period is probably the weak point in Calanoida’s competition with Cyclopoida.

DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUMONCOBOTHRIUM SINGHII N.SP. FROM CLARIAS BATRACUS OF SAVITRI RIVER AT DAPOLI DISTRICT RATNAGIRI (M.S.) INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R. DANDAWATE
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Water Fish

Present paper deals with study of cestode parasites of genus Circumoncobothrium from fresh water fish Clarius batracus at Savitri river, (Dapoli) for the percentages of infection occurance during summer season,minimum during winter and tolarate during rainy season.The parasite mainly infected the intestine of host and fed on nutrients from digested food. It completed its life cycle in the intestine of host. By camparing different characters of it to identify that the species is new

ASPECTS IN BUILDING A COMPANY WEB-SITE AND ITS ROLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS

2018 ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
Petar Halachev ◽  
Victoria Radeva ◽  
Albena Nikiforova ◽  
Miglena Veneva
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Web Site ◽  
The Internet ◽  
A Company ◽  
The Web ◽  
Design Construction ◽  
Made In ◽  
Site Types

This report is dedicated to the role of the web site as an important tool for presenting business on the Internet. Classification of site types has been made in terms of their application in the business and the types of structures in their construction. The Models of the Life Cycle for designing business websites are analyzed and are outlined their strengths and weaknesses. The stages in the design, construction, commissioning, and maintenance of a business website are distinguished and the activities and requirements of each stage are specified.

The role of hormones

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Frederik Nijhout ◽  
Emily Laub
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Plastic Trait

Many behaviors of insects are stimulated, modified, or modulated by hormones. The principal hormones involved are the same as the ones that control moulting, metamorphosis, and other aspects of development, principally ecdysone and juvenile hormone. In addition, a small handful of neurosecretory hormones are involved in the control of specific behaviors. Because behavior is a plastic trait, this chapter begins by outlining the biology and hormonal control of phenotypic plasticity in insects, and how the hormonal control of behavior fits in with other aspects of the control of phenotypic plasticity. The rest of the chapter is organized around the diversity of behaviors that are known to be controlled by or affected by hormones. These include eclosion and moulting behavior, the synthesis and release of pheromones, migration, parental care, dominance, reproductive behavior, and social behavior.

scholarly journals Role of Virally-Encoded Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Regulation of the Virus Life Cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4438
Author(s):  
Jessica Proulx ◽  
Kathleen Borgmann ◽  
In-Woo Park
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Deubiquitinating Enzyme ◽  
Deubiquitinating Enzymes ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Virus Life Cycle ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Dependent Processes

The ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome system (UPS) plays a pivotal role in regulation of numerous cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immune responses that are essential for restriction of the virus life cycle in the infected cells. Deubiquitination by the deubiquitinating enzyme, deubiquitinase (DUB), is a reversible molecular process to remove Ub or Ub chains from the target proteins. Deubiquitination is an integral strategy within the UPS in regulating survival and proliferation of the infecting virus and the virus-invaded cells. Many viruses in the infected cells are reported to encode viral DUB, and these vial DUBs actively disrupt cellular Ub-dependent processes to suppress host antiviral immune response, enhancing virus replication and thus proliferation. This review surveys the types of DUBs encoded by different viruses and their molecular processes for how the infecting viruses take advantage of the DUB system to evade the host immune response and expedite their replication.

scholarly journals Cysteine-Rich Hydrophobin Gene Family: Genome Wide Analysis, Phylogeny and Transcript Profiling in Cordyceps militaris

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 643
Author(s):  
Xiao Li ◽  
Fen Wang ◽  
Yanyan Xu ◽  
Guijun Liu ◽  
Caihong Dong
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Cordyceps Militaris ◽  
Transcript Profiling ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Genome Wide Analysis ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Encoding Genes

Hydrophobins are a family of small secreted proteins found exclusively in fungi, and they play various roles in the life cycle. In the present study, genome wide analysis and transcript profiling of the hydrophobin family in Cordyceps militaris, a well-known edible and medicinal mushroom, were studied. The distribution of hydrophobins in ascomycetes with different lifestyles showed that pathogenic fungi had significantly more hydrophobins than saprotrophic fungi, and class II members accounted for the majority. Phylogenetic analysis of hydrophobin proteins from the species of Cordyceps s.l. indicated that there was more variability among the class II members than class I. Only a few hydrophobin-encoding genes evolved by duplication in Cordyceps s.l., which was inconsistent with the important role of gene duplication in basidiomycetes. Different transcript patterns of four hydrophobin-encoding genes during the life cycle indicated the possible different functions for each. The transcripts of Cmhyd2, 3 and 4 can respond to light and were related with the photoreceptors. CmQHYD, with four hydrophobin II domains, was first found in C. militaris, and multi-domain hydrophobins were only distributed in the species of Cordycipitaceae and Clavicipitaceae. These results could be helpful for further function research of hydrophobins and could provide valuable information for the evolution of hydrophobins.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Expression Patterns of Rhoptry Kinases during the Eimeria tenella Life-Cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1621
Author(s):  
Adeline Ribeiro E Silva ◽  
Alix Sausset ◽  
Françoise I. Bussière ◽  
Fabrice Laurent ◽  
Sonia Lacroix-Lamandé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Catalytic Triad ◽  
Eimeria Tenella ◽  
Apicomplexan Parasites ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
First And Second Generation

Kinome from apicomplexan parasites is composed of eukaryotic protein kinases and Apicomplexa specific kinases, such as rhoptry kinases (ROPK). Ropk is a gene family that is known to play important roles in host–pathogen interaction in Toxoplasma gondii but is still poorly described in Eimeria tenella, the parasite responsible for avian coccidiosis worldwide. In the E. tenella genome, 28 ropk genes are predicted and could be classified as active (n = 7), inactive (incomplete catalytic triad, n = 12), and non-canonical kinases (active kinase with a modified catalytic triad, n = 9). We characterized the ropk gene expression patterns by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, normalized by parasite housekeeping genes, during the E. tenella life-cycle. Analyzed stages were: non-sporulated oocysts, sporulated oocysts, extracellular and intracellular sporozoites, immature and mature schizonts I, first- and second-generation merozoites, and gametes. Transcription of all those predicted ropk was confirmed. The mean intensity of transcription was higher in extracellular stages and 7–9 ropk were specifically transcribed in merozoites in comparison with sporozoites. Transcriptional profiles of intracellular stages were closely related to each other, suggesting a probable common role of ROPKs in hijacking signaling pathways and immune responses in infected cells. These results provide a solid basis for future functional analysis of ROPK from E. tenella.

scholarly journals Role of DegQ in differential stability of flagellin subunits in Vibrio vulnificus

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
You-Chul Jung ◽  
Mi-Ae Lee ◽  
Han-Shin Kim ◽  
Kyu-Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Differential Regulation ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Differential Stability ◽  
Methionine Residues

AbstractBiofilm formation of Vibrio vulnificus is initiated by adherence of flagellated cells to surfaces, and then flagellum-driven motility is not necessary during biofilm maturation. Once matured biofilms are constructed, cells become flagellated and swim to disperse from biofilms. As a consequence, timely regulations of the flagellar components’ expression are crucial to complete a biofilm life-cycle. In this study, we demonstrated that flagellins’ production is regulated in a biofilm stage-specific manner, via activities of a protease DegQ and a chaperone FlaJ. Among four flagellin subunits for V. vulnificus filament, FlaC had the highest affinities to hook-associated proteins, and is critical for maturating flagellum, showed the least susceptibility to DegQ due to the presence of methionine residues in its DegQ-sensitive domains, ND1 and CD0. Therefore, differential regulation by DegQ and FlaJ controls the cytoplasmic stability of flagellins, which further determines the motility-dependent, stage-specific development of biofilms.

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