scholarly journals Roman Aqueducts in Crete, Greece: Learning From the Past

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1069
Author(s):  
Andreas N. Angelakis ◽  
Yannis Christodoulakos ◽  
Vasileios A. Tzanakakis
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
The Future ◽  
Ancient Civilizations

The Romans were well aware of the strategic importance of Crete and tried, by any means possible, its final conquest. The island was under Roman rule over four centuries (ca 67 BC–330 AD). Under Roman rule, Crete witnessed a growth of its population and prosperity and an increase in its connectivity with other parts of the Empire. In addition, Gortys, Chersonisos, Elyros, Lyttos, Kissamos and other cities flourished under their rule. At that prosperous time, several luxurious infrastructures, such as hydraulic works, were developed. In this paper, we wish to examine the principles and the technical characteristics of major aqueducts built at that time. They constructed impressive hydro-works, such as aqueducts, by using the knowledge gained from earlier Greek civilizations in Minoan and Classical and Hellenistic times. However, they mainly increased the scale of applied technologies to support the increased population water demand. Water is a common need of humankind and several ancient civilizations developed simple but practical techniques, such as the aqueduct, especially during Roman times. We can gain from their experience and knowledge to develop a sustainable water supply, presently and in the future, both in developed and developing countries.

Water Supply and Consumption Structure Change and Water Demand Forecast in Northern Shaanxi

2013 ◽  
Vol 353-356 ◽  
pp. 2943-2947
Author(s):  
Ying Dong ◽  
Xi Jun Wu
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Structure Change ◽  
Demand Forecast ◽  
Consumption Structure ◽  
Water Demand Forecast ◽  
The Future ◽  
Northern Shaanxi

This paper analyzed the water resources and its availability distribution regularities in Northern Shaanxi; and the change laws of water consumption and supply in 1980-2010; according to the relevant planning goal and various industry water standard, forecasted the Northern Shaanxi water demand in future. Result shows that 2020 and 2030 water demand respectively is 1.9×109 m3 and 2.6×109 m3 in Northern Shaanxi. So the 1.6×109 m3 of available water resources at this stage can't meet the future requirements.

scholarly journals Implementation of Water Demand Forecasting Model to Aid Sustainable Water Supply Chain Management in UAE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vian Ahmed ◽  
Ahmad Saad ◽  
Hasan Saleh ◽  
Sara Saboor ◽  
Nikita Kasianov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Demand Forecasting ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Water Demand Forecasting ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
The Future

Climate change has become the greatest threat to the survival of world and its ecosystem. With the irreversible impact on the ecosystem, problems like rise in sea level, food-insecurity, natural resources scarcity, seasonal disorders have increased over the past few years. Among these problems, the issue of water scarcity due to the lack of water resources and global warming has plagued several nations. Owing to the rising concerns over water scarcity United Nations (UN) has acknowledged water as a primary resource to the development of societies under the ‘Water Goal’ of the sustainable development goals. As the changing climate and intermittent availability of water resources pose major challenges to forecast demand, especially in countries like the United Arab Emirates (UAE) which has one of the highest per capita residential water consumption rates in the world. Therefore, the aim of this study is to propose an accurate water demand forecasting technique that incorporates all significant factors to predict the future water demands of the UAE. The forecasting model used is the Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), with the factors considered are mean temperature, mean rainfall, relative humidity, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Consumer Price Index (CPI) and population growth. The LSTM model predicts the water demand forecasting in the UAE showing that the future demand will decrease from 1821 million m3 in 2018 to 1809.9 million m3 in 2027.

scholarly journals Water-Centric Nexus Approach for the Agriculture and Forest Sectors in Response to Climate Change in the Korean Peninsula

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1657
Author(s):  
Chul-Hee Lim
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
The Future

Climate change has inherent multidisciplinary characteristics, and predicting the future of a single field of work has a limit. Therefore, this study proposes a water-centric nexus approach for the agriculture and forest sectors for improving the response to climate change in the Korean Peninsula. Two spatial models, i.e., Environmental Policy Integrated Climate and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs, were used to assess the extent of changes in agricultural water demand, forest water supply, and their balance at the watershed level in the current and future climatic conditions. Climate changed has increased the agricultural water demand and forest water supply significantly in all future scenarios and periods. Comparing the results with RCP8.5 2070s and the baseline, the agricultural water demand and forest water supply increased by 35% and 28%, respectively. Water balance assessment at the main watershed level in the Korean Peninsula revealed that although most scenarios of the future water supply increases offset the demand growth, a risk to water balance exists in case of a low forest ratio or smaller watershed. For instance, the western plains, which are the granary regions of South and North Korea, indicate a higher risk than other areas. These results show that the land-use balance can be an essential factor in a water-centric adaptation to climate change. Ultimately, the water-centric nexus approach can make synergies by overcoming increasing water demands attributable to climate change.

scholarly journals Revival of Traditional Cascade Tanks for Achieving Climate Resilience in Drylands of South India

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pennan Chinnasamy ◽  
Aman Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
South India ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
North East ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
South West Monsoon

Traditional tanks in arid regions of India have been working to address water demands of the public for more than 2000 years. However, recent decade is witnessing growing domestic and agricultural water demand coupled with rising encroachment and ignorance toward tanks; consequently, intensifying water shortage issues. While climate change is impacting at alarming rates, local agencies have forgotten these tanks that have aided in sustainable water supply solutions for decades apart from municipal water supply. This research, for the first time, estimates water supply-demand for an arid region in South India (Madurai) and lists out the benefits if tanks were managed and desilted. Exploratory investigations for documenting seasonal domestic and agricultural unmet water demand were conducted followed by their validation through ground-truthing across the study period 2002–2019. Results indicated high unmet domestic water demand, estimating ~73% [maximum 365 thousand cubic meters (TCM)] for summer (March to May) and ~33% (maximum 149 TCM) for winter (January and February), and high unmet agricultural water demand estimating ~90% (maximum 5,424 TCM) during North-East monsoon (October to December), and ~95% (maximum 5,161 TCM) during South-West monsoon (June to September). Erratic rainfall pattern was identified as a major cause for higher fluctuations in water availability inside tanks ranging 0–50%, while lack of ownership resulted in increased siltation load ranging 30–70% of the tank's volume. The study found that the major portion of the unmet water demand can be accounted for through rehabilitation of the tanks, as under the rehabilitated tank irrigation scenario the tank storage could attain 200–400% more water than the estimated agricultural water demand. It was concluded that if the cascade tanks were managed appropriately, they could have positive impacts by reducing floods and providing water for drought seasons.

Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to support decisions for water supply in affluent and developing countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. M. H. Smeets
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
The Past ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Microbial Risks

Abstract Providing microbially safe water is a main goal of water supply to prevent endemic waterborne disease and outbreaks. Since increasing the level of safety requires resources, it is important to identify most relevant risks and efficient ways to reach health-based targets. Over the past decades, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) developed into a systematic, science-based approach to assess microbial risks through drinking water supply. In this study we present the QMRA approach and how it can be used to support decisions in both affluent and developing countries. This includes examples from the statutory QMRA in the Netherlands that led to efficient and effective improvements in water supply, not only in treatment, but also in monitoring and operation. In developing countries people often need to use various sources of drinking water. We will demonstrate how QMRA can help to improve insight in the relative risks of these routes and the effect of interventions.

scholarly journals EVALUASI POTENSI SUMBERDAYA AIR UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI DI KOTA BONTANG, KALIMANTAN TIMUR

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie Herlambang
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
The Future ◽  
The City

The total population Bontang in 2014 is around 187,346 peoples. With the level of domestic water demand of 110 liters /person/day, the water needs of the city for at least Bontang 238.52 liters/sec. Currently for the needs of the community water supply received from the local water company with a capacity of 80 liters/sec, and It will be developed further to 250 liters/second in 2015. There are two big industries that need huge of water, namely LNG and Fertilizers Factory.  Factory of East Kalimantan (PKT) need additional water supply around 1000 m3/h or (166.67 liters/sec) with the specifications for the Water Industry   and 200 m3/h will be used to supply the needs of water for 21 818 inhabitants. Bontang city water source can be derived from groundwater, rivers, and rain water storage (reservoirs of water). In recent decades Bontang relied upon groundwater for water supply industry and some communities, the rest use river water and rain water tandah. With a very heavy rainfall ( 2500 mm / year), then the making of ponds in large quantities can help to reserve water in the future. For the purposes of future water supplies, it would require an asessment of all potential water resources utilization and planning for the use of adapted to the urban development plan. Water recycling of domestic waste is also a potential source of fresh water in the future, especially for industrial use. The drainage system needs to be directed at a large holding pond located in a low area, before going into the sea. The rain that fell in the city drained and collected would be of potential if utilized. In short-term utilization of water of the Bontang river is very of potential, given its location in the city center and is one of the many watersheds in Bontang, causing floods in the rainy season. Control and management of water is needed to support the use of river water.Keywords: Water resources, Water Demand, Water Supply, and Water Balance

scholarly journals STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER SPHERE OF UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Iryna Krylova
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
The State ◽  
Water Sector ◽  
Modern Management ◽  
Strategy Of Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Effective Functioning ◽  
The Future

The article considers the need for the development of a Strategy for the development of the water supply and wastewater sector in Ukraine. The author of the article argues that without a strategy, the effective functioning and development of the water supply and wastewater system is impossible. Strategic planning in the field of water supply and wastewater of Ukraine is the development of a vision of a key element of modern management, which the state considers as the development of the water supply and wastewater sector in the future. The concept and essence of strategy in general are analyzed, the vision and mission of the sphere of water supply and wastewater of Ukraine are determined. The Strategy of development of the sphere of Ukraine till 2020, external and internal institutions that influence the vectors of development of the water supply and wastewater sector are considered. The author presents the priority goals of the development of the water sector, identified by international organizations over the past five years. The author proposes strategic directions for the development of the water supply and wastewater system with the justification of their implementation.

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