scholarly journals Towards the Optimization of eDNA/eRNA Sampling Technologies for Marine Biosecurity Surveillance

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1113
Author(s):  
Holly A. Bowers ◽  
Xavier Pochon ◽  
Ulla von Ammon ◽  
Neil Gemmell ◽  
Jo-Ann L. Stanton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Deposition Processes ◽  
Management And Conservation ◽  
Conservation Decisions ◽  
Clean Laboratory ◽  
Robust Framework ◽  
Experienced Personnel

The field of eDNA is growing exponentially in response to the need for detecting rare and invasive species for management and conservation decisions. Developing technologies and standard protocols within the biosecurity sector must address myriad challenges associated with marine environments, including salinity, temperature, advective and deposition processes, hydrochemistry and pH, and contaminating agents. These approaches must also provide a robust framework that meets the need for biosecurity management decisions regarding threats to human health, environmental resources, and economic interests, especially in areas with limited clean-laboratory resources and experienced personnel. This contribution aims to facilitate dialogue and innovation within this sector by reviewing current approaches for sample collection, post-sampling capture and concentration of eDNA, preservation, and extraction, all through a biosecurity monitoring lens.

Legalising General Prohibitions on Cultivation of Genetically Modified Organisms

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1347-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Dobbs
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Scientific Uncertainty ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Pluralistic Society

In a pluralistic society, agreement over complex issues is frequently difficult to achieve. This is amply demonstrated by the question of cultivation of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), where scientific uncertainty relating to potential threats to the environment or human health runs parallel with concerns over ethics, freedom of choice, and competing agricultural and economic interests. Conflict centres over the objective of free trade of GMOs and the circumstances in which restrictions may legitimately be imposed to deal with the abovementioned concerns, in particular regarding cultivation.

scholarly journals Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Soil: Exposure and Health Risk

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 399-404
Author(s):  
Mirela Sandu ◽  
Ana Virsta
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Soil Exposure ◽  
Industrial Regions ◽  
High Level ◽  
Made In

Abstract The paper presents an original research regarding the risk for human health in the area of Ploiesti city using SADA software - Spatial Analysis and Decision Assistance. Due to the high level of toxicity, international legislation provides the list of PCBs compounds to be monitored: PCB28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180. Sample collection was made in 22 points including public green gardens, residential areas, roadsides and industrial areas. The chemical analyses were conducted in the Laboratory of National Research and Development Institute for Soil Science, Agro-Chemistry and Environment from Bucharest, according to an own analytical method adapted after EPA. According to the Romanian standards, PCBs were elevated across industrial regions near urban and industrial sources. The concentrations of PCBs overcome the normal values in the most sampling points and the area presents a potential of risk for people. Local authorities should address the human health threats from urban and industrial soils in Ploiesti city.

scholarly journals A Robust Metatranscriptomic Technology for Population-Scale Studies of Diet, Gut Microbiome, and Human Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Hatch ◽  
James Horne ◽  
Ryan Toma ◽  
Brittany L. Twibell ◽  
Kalie M. Somerville ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Rna Degradation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Population Scale

A functional readout of the gut microbiome is necessary to enable precise control of the gut microbiome’s functions, which support human health and prevent or minimize a wide range of chronic diseases. Stool metatranscriptomic analysis offers a comprehensive functional view of the gut microbiome, but despite its usefulness, it has rarely been used in clinical studies due to its complexity, cost, and bioinformatic challenges. This method has also received criticism due to potential intrasample variability, rapid changes, and RNA degradation. Here, we describe a robust and automated stool metatranscriptomic method, called Viomega, which was specifically developed for population-scale studies. Viomega includes sample collection, ambient temperature sample preservation, total RNA extraction, physical removal of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), preparation of directional Illumina libraries, Illumina sequencing, taxonomic classification based on a database of >110,000 microbial genomes, and quantitative microbial gene expression analysis using a database of ~100 million microbial genes. We applied this method to 10,000 human stool samples and performed several small-scale studies to demonstrate sample stability and consistency. In summary, Viomega is an inexpensive, high-throughput, automated, and accurate sample-to-result stool metatranscriptomic technology platform for large-scale studies and a wide range of applications.

scholarly journals Slipping through the Cracks: The Taxonomic Impediment Conceals the Origin and Dispersal of Haminoea japonica, an Invasive Species with Impacts to Human Health

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e77457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieta Hanson ◽  
Samantha Cooke ◽  
Yayoi Hirano ◽  
Manuel A. E. Malaquias ◽  
Fabio Crocetta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Taxonomic Impediment

scholarly journals BIOME-Preserve: A Novel Storage and Transport Medium for Preserving Anaerobic Microbiota Samples for Culture Recovery

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Embriette R. Hyde ◽  
Hiram Lozano ◽  
Steven Cox
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
Oxygen Sensitive ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Human Stool

AbstractCulture-based study design is critical to advance research into the relationship between human health and the microbiome. Traditional sample collection protocols are focused on preserving nucleic acids and metabolites and are largely inappropriate for preserving sensitive anaerobic bacteria alive for later culture recovery. Here we introduce a novel microbiome preservation kit (BIOME-Preserve) that facilitates recovery of anaerobic organisms from human stool held at room temperature. Using a combination of culture recovery and shallow whole-genome shotgun sequencing, we characterized the culturable anaerobes from fresh human stool and from human stool held in BIOME-Preserve for up to 120 hours. We recovered several species of interest to microbiome researchers, including Bifidobacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Blautia spp., Eubacterium halii, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Together, our results suggest BIOME-Preserve is practical for the collection, transport, and culture of anaerobic bacteria from human samples and can help provide the foundation for culture collections that can be used in further research and in the development of microbiome-based therapeutics.ImportanceSequencing-based protocols for studying the human microbiome have unearthed a wealth of information about the relationship between the microbiome and human health. But these microbes cannot be leveraged as therapeutic targets without culture-based studies to phenotype species of interest and to establish culture collections for use in animal models. Contrary to popular opinion, most gastrointestinal bacteria can be cultured, yet most sample collection strategies are optimized for the preservation of nucleic acids and/or metabolites only and do not take into account considerations for preserving oxygen-sensitive anaerobes and facultative anaerobes, which comprise the majority of the human gut microbiome. A human microbiome sample transport and preservation medium such as the one described here can play an important role in enabling researchers to better understand the link between the microbiome and human health and how to leverage that link through novel microbiome-based therapeutics.

scholarly journals Sosnowsky’s hogweed – current environmental problem

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Chmielewski ◽  
Jarosław Pobereżny ◽  
Magdalena Florek-Łuszczki ◽  
Ilona Żeber-Dzikowska ◽  
Monika Szpringer
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Native Flora

AbstractSosnowsky’s hogweed was brought to Poland as a silage plant for cattle in the mid-20th century from the Caucasus. It was grown mainly in National Farms. However, the hogweed quickly spread across the natural environment. It is a highly invasive plant and possesses strong burning qualities. Every year many people suffer from its burns. The hogweed is also dangerous for animals. Being an invasive species, it displaces natural plant species of the native flora. It can threaten the flora and landscape of a particular area. The aim of the article is to present the problem including the frequency of occurrence of Sosnowsky’s hogweed in Poland, to show the negative effects for human health and the methods to fight it in its habitat.

scholarly journals Cryptic Species from Biodiversity Hotspot: Estimation of Decapoda on Dead Coral Head Pocillopora in Raja Ampat Papua

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Eka Maya Kurniasih ◽  
Andrianus Sembiring ◽  
Ni Putu Dian Pertiwi ◽  
Aji Wahyu Anggoro ◽  
Ni Kadek Dita Cahyani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Dead Coral ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Cryptic Biodiversity ◽  
Management And Conservation ◽  
Additional Sample ◽  
Coral Head

Cryptic organisms that live within the interstices of reef habitats contribute significantly to coral reef biodiversity. One example of this cryptic biodiversity is the high abundance of decapods in dead coral heads that associated with various biota. However, this diversity poorly studied especially species identification and species richness. This study aims to estimate the decapods diversity in Raja Ampat, Papua, using Pocillopora dead coral head method as semi-quantitative sampling approach. Raja Ampat in Papua is chosen because it situated in the center of Coral Triangle marine hotspot. Data were collected from 10 dead coral heads of genus Pocillopora from 10-meter depth near the islands of Kri and Misool. This study observed a total of 205 individuals Decapoda from Kri Island and 672 Individual from Misool Islands. Species richness observation (Chao1 and ACE) of the total samples reports only 11 families of decapoda detected in this study. Rarefaction curve reach an asymptote after all after all ten dead coral were analyzed; indicating that additional sample collection would not change estimates of diversity found in this study. The Shannon-Wiener index diversity on the Kri Island showed lower diversity value (2.09) compared to Misool Island (2.18). In the future, this research can be used as a basis for understanding the diversity of coral reefs as well as for management and conservation of coral reef ecosystems.

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