Classification of Artificial Intelligence Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav I. Kukshev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Industrial Internet ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Military

The article considers the classification of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. The role of AI has increased significantly recently in all areas of life. The use of AI in public administration, in production, in medicine, in the military, in the social sphere, etc., raised a number of questions related to the definition of AI and classification of AI systems. Classification of AI is necessary to understand the role of AI in the digital economy. Classification becomes important in the context of intensive development of international standards for AI systems and knowledge-based systems (expert, neural, multi-agent, cyber-physical systems and systems based on the industrial Internet)

Using metaphors to get rid of a speech defect by Roman Jacobsen: توظيف الاستعارة في التخلص من العيب النطقي عند رومان جاكوبسن

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huda Salah Rashid, Hatem Kareem Huseen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Defect ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Medical Office ◽  
Roman Jakobson ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

Praise be to Allah the Lord of the Worlds, prayer and peace be upon Ashraf senders and his family and his family companions either after: Vtad studies linguistics and one of the science of language that has developed a fast in a period of short, entered most of the fields of science and life different, and addressed various phenomena of language and non - language, has had to Ross's role significantly in the development and continuation of this field of scientific their researches and symposia and institutions of different, and these scientists Roman Jakobson, who has the role of a great in the development and discovery of theories and issues of linguistic differences, as well as for diseases of language, and the issues of technical and other, and the issues that dealt with Roman Jakobson with regard to diseases of words is aphasia verbal and treatment employing metaphor to get rid of these defects articulatory, and based also on the development of scientific The medical office in America used it to serve and treat verbal aphasia, as well as its classification of verbal confinement. The stated research entitled (employment of metaphor in the disposal of the defect Alntqa when Roman Jakobson), was a plan research dealt with the definition of abbreviated Proman Jacobson, then the definition of imprisonment verbal and types, definition Borrowing and types when Roman Jakobson, followed by methods of treatment for by metaphor, and a the conclusion that summarizes the most important what reached the search of results

scholarly journals Merarches in the thematic organization (9th-12th centuries)

2013 ◽  
pp. 215-234
Author(s):  
Milos Cvetkovic
Keyword(s):  
Historical Documents ◽  
Military Organization ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Source Materials

The text cites the results of the study of the role of merarches, which were a part of the military organization of the Empire in the early Byzantine period. Later historical documents do not give any notion of this position for more than two centuries. The merarches became a part of the thematic organization in the middle of 9th century. Our ability to fully understand the nature of their function is limited due to the scarcity of source materials; this, however, may be overcome by taking into account, the general and political situation in the Empire, that is, by considering the military reforms executed in the 9th and 10th century. This paper focuses on the problem of the military-administrative competences of the merarches, which have been the subject of different interpretations in the modern, scholarly literature. One of the aims of this research is the definition of the timeframe within which the reestablishment of this rank in the Byzantine army occured.

scholarly journals Classification of entrepreneurial risks in order to define business-processes of the business owner

E-Management ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
A. S. Kuksov ◽  
K. L. Neopulo
Keyword(s):  
Business Processes ◽  
Business Management ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Business Owner ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Ownership Control

Owned business management inevitably implies the availability of tools for its implementation. The set of tools for such management is effective, when it can be integrated into the overall system of business processes. The problem lies in the selection of those managerial business processes, where the participation of the owner is necessary. Justification of the definition of such business processes is possible on the basis of systematization and identification of the risks, that must be assumed by the business owner. In theory and practice of management, the focus is on the management of the organization, which is implemented by hired specialists-managers. The role of business owners is rarely seen as an independent activity. Meanwhile, the goals and the role of business owners are far from adequate to the goals and roles of managers. This circumstance makes the problem of ownership business management urgent. Currently, the terms “owner contro”l and “ownership management” are used in literary sources. These terms do not coincide in their meaning. Ownership management includes ownership control and occurs when the owner solves the problems of strategic development. If strategic development goals are not set for any reason, the owner remains to develop a system of ownership control over the current state of the business. Ownership business management should be built on the development and control of the organization's business processes. The owner can not physically control all business processes, and this is not necessary. There is a need to highlight those business processes, that he must control necessarily. In our opinion, the solution of this problem can be built on the basis of an appropriate classification of entrepreneurial risks. 

Rheumatoid Arthritis: Etiology and Pathogenesis

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary S. Firestein ◽  
Anna-Karin H. Ekwall
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Cartilage Damage ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
American College Of Rheumatology ◽  
European League Against Rheumatism ◽  
Citrullinated Proteins ◽  
Definition Of

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is among the most common forms of chronic inflammatory arthritis. It affects approximately 1% of adults and is two to three times more prevalent in women than in men. There are no specific laboratory tests for RA; diagnosis depends on a constellation of signs and symptoms that can be supported by serology and radiographs. The disease evolves over many years as a consequence of repeated environmental stress causing inflammation and immune activation followed by a breakdown of tolerance in individuals with a specific genetic background. This review describes the definition of RA; its etiology, including genetics, infections, the role of smoking and citrullination of proteins, and epigenetic mechanisms; and its pathogenesis, including synovial histopathology, bone and cartilage damage, adaptive and innate immunity, and the role of cytokines and intracellular signaling. Tables include the 1987 American Rheumatism Association criteria for the classification of RA and the 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification for RA. Figures show citrullinated proteins in airway cells, a section of a proliferative synovium from a patient with a classic RA, and scalloped regions of erosion at the junction between a proliferative inflamed rheumatoid synovium and the bone. This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 71 references.

From Simple Substance to Chemical Element

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-52
Author(s):  
Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Periodic System ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Simple Substance ◽  
System P ◽  
Conceptual Distinction ◽  
Definition Of

The introduction of the modern concept of chemical element has often been credited to Lavoisier. I will argue that despite the significant impact of the definition of elements as non-decompound bodies in Lavoisier’s “Elements of Chemistry,” this claim is misleading for at least three reasons. First, elements were already defined as residues of analysis prior to Lavoisier. Second, Lavoisier did not totally give up the traditional view of elements as constituents of all bodies. Third, the modern definition of chemical element implies a clear distinction between simple bodies and elements that was later introduced by Dmitri Mendeleev. I will outline the role of this conceptual distinction in Mendeleev’s process of classification of elements and symmetrically emphasize how the periodic system contributed to stabilize his notion of element as an individual defined by its position in the system. Thus the concept of element appears as both a precondition and a product of the construction of the periodic system.

scholarly journals Quantile contours and allometric modelling for risk classification of abnormal ratios with an application to asymmetric growth-restriction in preterm infants

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1769-1786
Author(s):  
Marco Geraci ◽  
Nansi S Boghossian ◽  
Alessio Farcomeni ◽  
Jeffrey D Horbar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Risk Classification ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Maternal Hypertension ◽  
Asymmetric Growth ◽  
Definition Of

We develop an approach to risk classification based on quantile contours and allometric modelling of multivariate anthropometric measurements. We propose the definition of allometric direction tangent to the directional quantile envelope, which divides ratios of measurements into half-spaces. This in turn provides an operational definition of directional quantile that can be used as cutoff for risk assessment. We show the application of the proposed approach using a large dataset from the Vermont Oxford Network containing observations of birthweight (BW) and head circumference (HC) for more than 150,000 preterm infants. Our analysis suggests that disproportionately growth-restricted infants with a larger HC-to-BW ratio are at increased mortality risk as compared to proportionately growth-restricted infants. The role of maternal hypertension is also investigated.

scholarly journals A Blended Artificial Intelligence Approach for Spectral Classification of Stars in Massive Astronomical Surveys

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 518
Author(s):  
Carlos Dafonte ◽  
Alejandra Rodríguez ◽  
Minia Manteiga ◽  
Ángel Gómez ◽  
Bernardino Arcay
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Stellar Spectra ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Astronomical Surveys ◽  
Classification Project ◽  
Intelligent Models ◽  
The Individual

This paper analyzes and compares the sensitivity and suitability of several artificial intelligence techniques applied to the Morgan–Keenan (MK) system for the classification of stars. The MK system is based on a sequence of spectral prototypes that allows classifying stars according to their effective temperature and luminosity through the study of their optical stellar spectra. Here, we include the method description and the results achieved by the different intelligent models developed thus far in our ongoing stellar classification project: fuzzy knowledge-based systems, backpropagation, radial basis function (RBF) and Kohonen artificial neural networks. Since one of today’s major challenges in this area of astrophysics is the exploitation of large terrestrial and space databases, we propose a final hybrid system that integrates the best intelligent techniques, automatically collects the most important spectral features, and determines the spectral type and luminosity level of the stars according to the MK standard system. This hybrid approach truly emulates the behavior of human experts in this area, resulting in higher success rates than any of the individual implemented techniques. In the final classification system, the most suitable methods are selected for each individual spectrum, which implies a remarkable contribution to the automatic classification process.

Does peer tutoring in kindergarten exist? Thinking around the tutoring concept.

2019 ◽  
Vol X (4 (29)) ◽  
pp. 63-84
Author(s):  
Aneta Babiuk-Massalska
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Preschool Child ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Student Relationship ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article reviews the definitions of the tutoring concept in preschoolers relationships. Can we qualify the relationships of preschool children in learning situations as tutoring? Or maybe a different name would be more suitable for them? Preschoolers are used to learning in a different way than adults and older children. They prefer learning mimicking or playing. They obtain knowldge occasionally an unintentionally. In turn, definitions of tutoring quite precisely contain formulated fortifications that a little child is not able to meet yet. Immaturity of the nervous system limit the level and length of attention span of little child and relatively small, compared to school children and adults number of social experiences can seriously hamper the classification of situations in which children learn from each other as tutoring. While the generally understood master-student relationship, associated with tutoring, is quite often noticeable during childhood collaboration and play in which one child can do more than the other, the more detailed assumptions of tutoring are not as accessible to the observer. For example, it is difficult to talk about the regularity or planned nature of children's relationships. The definition of tutoring also sets specific expectations regarding the teacher's skills, among which are: high interpersonal competences, commitment to the relationship with the mentee, professionalism and responsibility. From a preschool child who would play the role of a teacher, it is difficult to demand fluent speech, not to mention professionalism and regularity. A preschool child, who just start to learn numbers, is often unable to orient himself in time, which makes it difficult or even impossible to plan and systematize his activities. Little child needs adult help in this area.

Situational versus chronic loneliness as risk factors for all-cause mortality

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Shiovitz-Ezra ◽  
Liat Ayalon
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Data ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Mortality Risks ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Retirement Study

ABSTRACTBackground: Several international studies have substantiated the role of loneliness as a risk factor for mortality. Although both theoretical and empirical research has supported the classification of loneliness as either situational or chronic, research to date has not evaluated whether this classification has a differential impact upon mortality.Methods: To establish the definition of situational vs. chronic loneliness, we used three waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative sample of Americans over the age of 50 years. Baseline data for the present study were collected in the years 1996, 1998, and 2000. The present study concerns the 7,638 individuals who completed all three waves; their loneliness was classified as either not lonely, situational loneliness or chronic loneliness. Mortality data were available through to the year 2004.Results: Those identified as “situationally lonely” (HR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.52–1.62) as well as those identified as “chronically lonely” (HR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.71–1.87) had a greater risk for all cause mortality net of the effect of possible demographic and health confounders. Nonetheless, relative to those classified as “situationally lonely,” individuals classified as “chronically lonely” had a slightly greater mortality risk.Conclusions: The current study emphasizes the important role loneliness plays in older adults’ health. The study further supports current division into situational vs. chronic loneliness, yet suggests that both types serve as substantial mortality risks.

scholarly journals Halitosis syndrome in clinical practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
N. B. Gubergrits ◽  
N. V. Byelyayeva ◽  
A. Y. Klochov ◽  
G. M. Lukashevich ◽  
V. S. Rakhmetova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Test Taking ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Bad Breath ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Somatic Diseases ◽  
Usual Diet ◽  
Antiseptic Solutions

Definition of the medical term “halitosis” is presented in the article, historical aspects of its appearance are reviewed, probable prevalence of halitosis in the general population is indicated. Classification of halitosis with the allocation of its subtypes depending on the conditions of occurrence is given, the reasons for the development of true and false, physiological and pathological halitosis are analyzed. Various nosological items and pathological conditions are listed, the course of which may be accompanied by the appearance of bad breath. The influence of the emotional background on the occurrence of halitosis is described. The main substances, which metabolism is accompanied by the appearance of stomatodisodia, are named, the nature of unpleasant odors associated with the most common somatic diseases is indicated. The role of Helicobacter pylori, bacterial overgrowth and obesity syndrome in the development of halitosis is considered. The importance of a detailed collection of anamnesis and a thorough objective examination, as well as the exclusion of dental and otorhinolaryngological pathology in the implementation of a diagnostic search, were emphasized. The tactics of the doctor’s actions while treating patients with halitosis is outlined, the features of the intra-syndromic and nosological diagnostics are considered, the methods for performing the olfactory test, taking scrapings from the tonsils and the back of the tongue are described. The main directions of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment of halitosis are listed, hygiene of oral cavity and dentures, modification of the usual diet are emphasized, the appropriateness of timely application of combined antiseptic solutions and the possibility of systemic antibacterial therapy are stressed.

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