Blood groups

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
Irina Anatolievna Olefir
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Blood Groups ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Blood Exchange ◽  
The World ◽  
Nobel Prize Laureate

On June 14, 1868, Karl Landsteiner, an outstanding scientist, known for his works in the field of immunohematology and immunochemistry, who received the Nobel Prize for the discovery of blood group systems in 1930, was born in a Viennese family. In 1900, Karl Landsteiner published a work in which he described in detail the process of agglutination that occurs when the blood plasma of one person is mixed with the red blood cells of another one. At that time, the scientist came to the conclusion that this phenomenon was of an immunological nature. In 1901, Landsteiner decided to divide human blood into three subgroups: A, B, and C; a little later, the AB group was added to them, while the C group was renamed as O. In addition, it was Landsteiner who invented a fairly simple scheme that allows developing and introducing the basic principles of blood transfusion into wide practice, and the world got a wonderful opportunity to save hundreds and thousands of human lives. Thanks to this discovery, made more than 100 years ago, more than 100 million donations are made every year around the world, more than half of which are in developed countries with high living standards and incomes. Here people come to blood donation deliberately, and not for the sake of receiving financial or any other benefit. Thanks to blood transfusion, it became possible to successfully carry out many surgical interventions accompanied by the loss of a large amount of blood, exchange blood transfusion for hemolytic disease of newborns, and substitution therapy for many pathological conditions. Karl Landsteiner’s work was highly appreciated: in 1930, due to the discovery of blood groups, he became the Nobel Prize laureate in the field of medicine.

scholarly journals Trauma niewidzialności albo dlaczego literatura ukraińska nie ma Nobla?

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 281-292
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Skowron
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Short List ◽  
Nobel Committee ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Nobel Prize Laureate

The trauma of invisibility, or why Ukrainian literature has not won the Nobel prize yetThe allegation that the absence of a Nobel Prize laureate among Ukrainian writers means that Ukrainian literature is underdeveloped is unfair and ignorant. This paper points to the reasons for the invisibility of Ukrainian literature in the world. Academic works in postcolonial studies and polysystem theory prove that literature is never isolated from politic, economic and social environments. Ukrainian literature used to develop in in­imical environment; as Russian tsarist and totalitarian authorities oppressed Ukrainian writers, there was no infrastructure that would support Ukrainian literature and promote it abroad. Another issue is Western-centrism of the Swedish Academy. Statistics show that most of the laureates came from the countries of West Europe and the USA. Many times writers from the outlying areas of Europe Russia, Poland, Greece, Switzerland were awarded, but the rest of the world is almost invisible for the Nobel Committee. In conclusion, there is a short list of initiatives that are aimed at raising the profile of Ukraine and its culture in the world.Травма невидимости или почему украинская литература не имеет Нобелевской премииИногда украинской литературе закидают отсталость, чего доказательством служит отсутствие Нобелевской премии по литературе для украинского писателя. В этой статье изъявим причины невидимости украинской литературы в мире. Пользуясь постколониализмом и теорией полисистемы доказываем, что национальная литература никогда не изольована от политической, экономической и социальной среды. Украинская литература развивалась в неблагоприятной обстановке: русская царская и советская страна преследовала представителей украинской культуры. Известно, не было инфраструктуры, какая поддержала бы украинску литературу и выдвинула бы ее в мире. Другим вопросом становится европоцентризм Шведской академии. Статистики доказывают, что найболее лавреатов со стран Западной Европы и США. Иногда награждались писатели с близкой периферии как Россия, Польша, Греция или Швейцария, однако остальные районы мира почти невидимые для Шведской академии. В заключении статьи названы инициативы намерены исправить имидж Украины в мире и выдвинуть ее культуру.

scholarly journals Prevalence of ABO, Rh and KELL Blood Group Types and Transfusion- Transmissible Infections (TTI) among Blood Donors in Najran City, Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 1065-1076
Author(s):  
Osama M Alshehri ◽  
Mohammed H Nahari ◽  
Elhashimi E Hassan ◽  
Musab F Alqahtani ◽  
Turki H Awaji
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Blood Groups ◽  
Type I ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Safe Blood

The knowledge of Red blood cells polymorphism and blood group antigens prevalence at the local and regional levels is necessary for safe blood transfusion services. This study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of significant blood group phenotypes like ABO, Rh, and Kell among the Najran people of Saudi Arabia. The transfusion transmittable infection (TTI) rate and blood abnormalities among various blood types were assessed to ensure safe blood transfusion. ABO and Rh blood prevalence (n=970) and Rh phenotype polymorphism were estimated in over 531 unrelated donors. The blood samples were screened for certain TTIs like AHBC- Anti-hepatitis B core, HTLV-1- human T-lymphotropic virus type I, HCV- hepatitis C virus, HBsAg- Hepatitis B antigen, HIV- Human immunodeficiency virus, SIC- Sickle cell, MP- Malaria parasite, and SYP- Syphilis. The selected samples were also observed for blood abnormalities by performing a complete blood count (CBC). Out of 970 subjects, 966 were males, and only 4 were females. The O>A>B>AB blood groups were identified with 46.89, 29.3, 9.1, and 2.38% prevalence among Rh-positive phenotype. While in the Rh system, 87.6% and 12.3% of Rh positive and Rh negative was observed. Among 953 samples, the prevalence of seropositive donors was approximately 5.66%. The screening showed about 5.036, 0.104, 0.314, 0.209, 2.18, 0.104, and 0.209% positivity for AHBC, HCV, HBsAg, HIV, SIC, MP, and SYP respectively. Results found that the frequency of D, C, E, c, and e were 99.9%, 67.98, 25.8, 77.9, 98.49%, respectively, in over 531 subjects. The e allele was more prevalent in Najran city. After observing the variations in the CBC parameters among the donors, it was perceived that about 28.78, 99.9, 29.41, and 31.6% of blood abnormalities were noticed for O, AB, B, and A blood groups, respectively. For blood banks and transfusion services, which play a significant role in the medical care of the patient, awareness of the distribution of the blood group is essential. Increasing consistency of blood donation programs would improve both donor satisfaction and motivation for potential donations of blood in near future.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Factors affecting voluntary blood donation in South-South Nigeria: Focus on Akwa Ibom State

2021 ◽  
pp. 007-011
Author(s):  
Peters Grace Etete ◽  
Oko Nnabuike Inya
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The World

Background: The sudden increase in demand for blood transfusion globally without the corresponding increase in voluntary blood supply (donation) has become a serious health problem. Countries across the world are facing serious problem of blood scarcity. Therefore this study was carried out to evaluate the socio- cultural factors affecting voluntary blood donation in Akwa Ibom State. Methods: A survey research design was adopted for the study and was carried out from January to May 2017. Three hundred respondents were purposely selected for the study from the three Senatorial districts using simple random techniques. Data were collected, collated and analyzed into frequencies and percentages and were also presented in tables. Results: The findings of the study revealed that majority (91.5%) people have good knowledge of voluntary blood donation due to the level of awareness and also view the exercise as important even without reward (remuneration) from recipients despite the influence of some socio-cultural factors such as culture, religion among others. Conclusion: It was therefore concluded that socio-cultural barriers to voluntary blood donation still exist, thereby giving room for misconception. Therefore, there should be intensified health education using various methods including health workers, print media and community leaders on the benefit of voluntary blood donation. This will help to correct some misconceptions on blood donation as there are people who still believe in the dictates of their religious and cultural practices as it relates to blood donation and its attendant health implication.

Implementing Haemovigilance in India as a National Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Vignesh Mano ◽  
Raman S. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Blood Products ◽  
National Perspective ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Indian Perspective

Haemovigilance is an organized and effective process of monitoring, identifying, reporting, investigating and analyzing adverse events and reactions in case of blood transfusion and during the manufacturing process of blood products. This system ensures the quality and safety aspects of blood transfusion, that bring out corrective and preventing actions and advancement in the transfusion system. Nowadays, most of the developed countries have implemented Haemovigilance in order to monitor adverse reactions and events associated with blood donation and transfusion. This review article is about steps that are required to be taken for the implementation of Haemovigilance on a National level as an Indian perspective.

scholarly journals Haemophilia Therapy: A View from the Third World

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Páez
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Third World ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World

Analysis of the problems facing haemophilia therapy in under developed countries shows high cost of imported replacement material, lack of organized blood transfusion services and exploitation of indigenous population by commercial companies as the main drawbacks. The current situation may be largely improved by the creation of national blood transfusion programmes. Economical and political stability and a social security system, already existing in Costa Rica, makes a national blood transfusion programme based on voluntary blood donation an attainable goal.

scholarly journals Making the most of world talent for science? The Nobel Prize and Fields Medal experience

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Gabriel Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
Inequality Of Opportunity ◽  
The World ◽  
Fields Medal ◽  
Participation In Research ◽  
Over Time

AbstractOpportunities in science largely affect the accumulation of scientific knowledge and, therefore, technological change. However, there is little evidence of how much of people’s talent is actually wasted. Here we focus on scientists with the highest performance, the recipients of the Nobel Prize and Fields Medal. We found that the average age of scientists at the time of the breakthrough was higher for researchers from less developed countries. Moreover, individual opportunities in the world were extremely unequal by country of birth, gender significantly conditioned any participation in research, and the probability of becoming a top researcher more than doubled for individuals with parents belonging to the most favoured occupational categories. Thus, inequality of opportunity in science at the highest level was higher than in sports excellence (Olympic medals) and educational attainment. These findings would not be so negative if opportunities in science at the highest level had increased over time. Contrary to the expectations, our results show that opportunities in science, in contrast with humanities, have stagnated.

scholarly journals Blood Donation Tested by Coronavirus Pandemy 2019 (Covid-19) in Cote d’Ivoire

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-102
Author(s):  
Kambe Kambé Yves ◽  
Hyda Jules ◽  
Diabate Songui
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Advisory Council ◽  
Transfusion Center ◽  
The World ◽  
Blood Transfusion Service ◽  
Blood Transfusion Center ◽  
Communication And Coordination

The 2019 coronavirus pandemic (covid-19), which spread rapidly around the world, has disrupted all organizations and led to a decline in their productivity. Their reorganization was therefore essential. The purpose of this study was to analyze the resilience strategies adopted by the National Blood Transfusion Service (NBTS) to reverse the trend of population participation. Thus, based on the qualitative approach centered on free interviews conducted with 30 people including 27 managers of Blood Transfusion Establishments (Blood Transfusion Center (BTC), Blood Transfusion Antenna (BTA) and Sampling Site (SS)), 2 heads of department (Communication and Coordination of services), the chairman of the scientific advisory council and a direct observation, of the theory of resilience and the systemic method, the analysis of the data indicates that the resilience strategies adopted by the NBTS are four: the dynamic communication on blood donation, rational blood using, the reorganization of blood collections in fixed site (Sundays and extension of the collection time) and the reorganization of mobile collections (fragmentation of mobile collection activities on site).

Blood and the hidden virus

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun R. McCann
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Blood Groups ◽  
Blood Products ◽  
Haemolytic Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
Jakob Disease ◽  
Donated Blood

A major achievement in the history of blood transfusion was discovery of the rhesus blood groups. The work of Philip Levine and Rufus Stetson led to the discovery of the Rh factor and its relevance to haemolytic disease of the newborn. Later developments led to the generation of the anti-Rh (anti-D) antibodies. The chapter goes on to discuss the contamination of anti-D blood products with hepatitis C and the subsequent isolation of the hepatitis C virus. The contamination of donated blood products by hepatitis C and variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease is discussed, with specific relevance to the practice of blood donation and screening processes.

STATE SYSTEM OF STIMULATION AND REGULATION OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Tatyana Kuznetsova ◽  
Leonid Sipailo
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Investment Policy ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The World ◽  
Stimulation Of

This article presents basic principles of formation of the state system of stimulation and regulation of innovation activity in developed countries. The main forms of state regulation and stimulation of innovative processes are investigated. The basic tools of the state influence on tax, price, depreciation, investment policy of enterprises with the purpose of activating innovation activity are highlighted.

Phelps’ Lessons for Russia and for the World Economy (2006 Nobel Prize in Economics)

2007 ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Zamulin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Phillips Curve ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner ◽  
New Keynesian ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries

The author describes the contribution to economic theory made by E. Phelps, the 2006 Nobel prize winner in economics. Phelps is one of those scientists, who studied the reasons, why the attempt to use Phillips curve for the purposes of monetary policy in the 1970s failed. He also became one of the founders of the New Keynesian theory of the Phillips curve. This theory helps to better understand the principles of monetary policy in the developed countries as well as in today’s Russia.

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