Scientists from Zoological Museum and Zoological Institute of RAS — researchers of biological diversity and biological resources of the Caspian Sea

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-69
Author(s):  
Aleksey Olegovich Smurov ◽  
Igor Svetozarovich\ Plotnikov ◽  
Nikolai Vasil’evic Aladin
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Parasite Fauna ◽  
Zoological Institute ◽  
Zoological Museum ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Brackish Waters ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

The origins of the study of the Caspian Sea date back to the 18th century, when the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was founded. The first explorers of the Caspian were academicians P.S. Pallas and S.G. Gmelin. In the 19th century, the study of Caspian fish was continued by K.E. von Baer and O.A. Grimm. Karl von Baer from 1853 to 1857 made four scientific trips to the shores of the Caspian Sea. He pioneered the fundamentals of sustainable fisheries. The main result of the expedition of K.E. von Baer — N.Ya. Danilevsky was the Charter of the Caspian fish and seal fisheries, approved by the government in 1865. According to the results of O.A. Grimm expedition 1874–1876 many new species of worms and crustaceans were discovered and it was found that from 278 species of fish, 150 are found nowhere else. The study of the biodiversity of fish and their parasite fauna in the first half of the last century was continued by scientists of the Zoological Institute N.M. Knipovich, A.N. Svetovidov, A.L. Behning, V.A. Dogel and B.E. Bykhovsky. In 2004, sciemtists of ZIN RAS published the “Catalogue of Agnathans and Fishes of Fresh and Brackish Waters of Russia with comments on nomenclature and taxonomy”, which includes valid names of taxa of agnathans and fish ranging from type to subspecies inhabiting fresh and brackish waters (up to 13 g/l) of the Azov and Caspian Seas and the freshened estuaries of the rivers of the northern and Far Eastern seas (18 orders, 43 families, 175 genera and 486 species). At present, scientists of ZIN RAS continue to study the fish resources of the Caspian Sea.

On the type locality of the steppe ribbon racer, Psammophis lineolatus (Brandt, 1838) (Serpentes: Lamprophiidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 324 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-272
Author(s):  
I.V. Doronin ◽  
T.N. Dujsebayeva ◽  
K.M. Akhmedenov ◽  
A.G. Bakiev ◽  
K.N. Plakhov
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Type Specimen ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Zoological Museum ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Original Species ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Made In

The article specifies the type locality of the Steppe Ribbon Racer. The holotype Coluber (Taphrometopon) lineolatus Brandt, 1838 is stored in the reptile collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ZISP No 2042). Literature sources provide different information about the type locality. A mistake has been made in the title of the work with the original species description: the western coast of the sea was indicated instead of the eastern one. The place of capture was indicated as “M. Caspium” (Caspian Sea) on the label and in the reptile inventory book of the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences. The specimen was sent to the museum by G.S. Karelin. The “1842” indicated on the labels and in the inventory book cannot be the year of capture of the type specimen, just as the “1837” indicated by A.M. Nikolsky. In 1837, Karelin was in Saint Petersburg and in 1842 in Siberia. Most likely, 1837 is the year when the collection arrived at the Museum, and 1842 is the year when the information about the specimen was recorded in the inventory book (catalog) of the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences. In our opinion, the holotype was caught in 1932. From Karelin’s travel notes of the expedition to the Caspian Sea in 1832, follows that the snake was recorded in two regions adjacent to the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea – Ungoza Mountain (“Mangyshlak Mountains”) and site of the Western Chink of Ustyurt between Zhamanairakty and Kyzyltas Mountains (inclusive) on the northeast coast of Kaydak Sor (“Misty Mountains”). In our article, Karelin’s route to the northeastern coast of the Caspian Sea in 1832 and photographs of these localities are given. The type locality of Psammophis lineolatus (Brandt, 1838) should be restricted to the Mangystau Region of the Kazakhstan: Ungoza Mountain south of Sarytash Gulf, Mangystau (Mangyshlak) Penninsula (44°26´ N, 51°12´ E).

CASPIAN GEOPOLITICAL SPACE IN THE REGIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-34
Author(s):  
K.A. MARKELOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
New World ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Security System ◽  
Economic Order ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
World Economic ◽  
World Economic Order

The article deals with the features of the current state and development of the Caspian geopolitical space, which is known as "Greater Caspian Region". The uniqueness of the natural complex is distinguished by the unity of the Caspian ecosystem, biological diversity, and inexhaustible recreational opportunities. The natural resource and capacities in transportation and communication links of the region represent the Great Caspian Sea as one of "the world's largest oil and gas hydrocarbon deposits" (Hoagland, 2019, p. 10-11). As a special geopolitical and economic space, the Caspian Sea is also united by a long shared history, culture and identity of the peoples who lived within the territory. (Romanova, 2012). "Greater Caspian Region" or "the Central Region of Eurasia", through which new models of international relations is constructed between the world leaders in this area, takes a new look at the Eurasian space and allows to describe the region through modern science paradigm considering the latest geopolitical developments and interdisciplinary research. Under the emergence of new world economic order, the Caspian Sea can be represented as an "island of interfacing worlds" - "East and West", as a geopolitical space that attracts the world's leading players and where a new multipolar world order that is based on the "rift" of the technological and world economic structures develops (Markelov, Golovina, 2020, p.16). This paper studies a set of basic aspects of a new approach to assessing the Caspian region, establishing its current geopolitical and geo-economic positions, as well as promising areas for strategic research and development. The object of this study is the geopolitical concept of the " Greater Caspian Region", the subject is the problems of: The Greater Caspian Sea; Eurasia; space; security; development strategy; geopolitics; the new world economic order. The objective of this research is to create an integrated analytical security system in the Caspian region that takes into account political and geographical factors, in their relation to economy, environment and information flows.

scholarly journals FROM TYRANNY TO DESPOTISM: THE ENLIGHTENMENT'S UNENLIGHTENED IMAGE OF THE TURKS

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asli Çirakman
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The Public ◽  
European Experience ◽  
European Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Century Thought

This study aims to examine the way in which European writers of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries represented Ottoman government. The Ottoman Empire had a special place in European experience and thought. The Ottomans were geographically close to Western Europe, yet they were quite apart in culture and religion, a combination that triggered interest in Turkish affairs.1 Particularly important were political affairs. The Ottoman government inspired a variety of opinions among European travelers and thinkers. During the 18th century, the Ottomans lost their image as formidable and eventually ceased to provoke curiosity in the European public. They were no longer dreaded as the “public calamity”; nor were they greatly respected as the “most modern government” on earth. Rather, they were regarded as a dull and backward sort of people. From the 16th century to the 19th century, the European observers employed two similar, yet different, concepts to characterize the government of the Ottoman Empire. The concept of tyranny was widely used during the 16th and 17th centuries, whereas the concept of despotism was used to depict the regime of the Ottomans in the 18th century. The transition from the term “tyranny” to that of “despotism” in the 18th century indicates a radical change in the European images of the Ottoman Empire. Although both of these terms designate corrupt and perverse regimes in Western political thought, a distinction was made between tyranny and despotism, and it mattered crucially which term was applied to the Ottoman state. European observers of the empire gave special meanings to these key concepts over time. “Tyranny” allowed for both positive and negative features, whereas “despotism” had no redeeming features. Early modern Europeans emphasized both admirable and frightening aspects of Ottoman greatness. On the other hand, the concept of despotism was redefined as inherently Oriental in the 18th century and employed to depict the corruption and backwardness of the Ottoman government. This transformation was profoundly reflected in the beliefs of Europeans about the East. That is, 18th century thought on Ottoman politics contains a Eurocentric analysis of Oriental despotism that is absent from the discussions of Ottoman tyranny in earlier centuries.

scholarly journals La place de la mer Caspienne dans la politique étrangère russe

1970 ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Khagani Guliyev
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Russian Foreign Policy ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The 19Th Century

This study focuses on the question of the role of the Caspian Sea at a large scale in the current Russian foreign policy. It is noted that though in the historical perspective the Caspian Sea basin had been totally dominated by Russia since the beginning of the 19th century, this domination was contested and considerably reduced after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Paradoxically, in parallel for various reasons exposed in the paper, the Caspian Sea gained more importance in the Russian foreign policy giving rise to new challenges for the future of the Russian power in the region.

scholarly journals UKRAINIAN O'CONNORS: THE FAMILY OF IRISH ANCESTRY IN THE CULTURAL LIFE OF THE 19TH CENTURY UKRAINE

2017 ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
G. Kazakevych
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Family ◽  
Political Activist ◽  
National Opera ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the O'Connor family, which played a noticeable role in the Ukrainian history of the 19 – early 20th centuries. A founder of the family Alexander O'Connor leaved Ireland in the late 18th century. The author assumes that he was a military man who had to emigrate from Ireland shortly after the Irish rebellion of 1798. After some years in France, where he had changed his surname to de Connor, he and his elder son Victor arrived in Russia where Alexander Ivanovich De-Konnor joined the army. As a cavalry regiment commander, colonel De-Konnor took part in the Napoleonic wars. He married a noble Ukrainian woman Anastasia Storozhenko and settled down in her estate in the Poltava region of Ukraine. His three sons (Victor, Alexander and Valerian) had served as army commanders and then settled in Chernihiv, Poltava and Kharkiv regions respectively. Among their descendants the most notable were two daughters of Alexander De-Konnor jr – Olga and Valeria as well as Valerian De-Konnor jr. Olga De-Konnor married a famous Ukrainian composer and public figure Mykola Lysenko. As a professional opera singer, she stood at the origins of the Ukrainian national opera. Her younger sister Valeria was a Ukrainian writer, publicist and political activist who joined the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1917. Valerian De-Konnor jr. is well known for his research works and translations in the field of cynology.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF THE WESTERN CASPIAN MARITIME TRADE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18th CENTURY

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
M-P B Abdusalamov ◽  
Sh A Magaramov ◽  
Z A Khalaev
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Weight Lifting ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Trade Turnover

The article deals with the development of trade contacts between Russia and Oriental countries that were carried out through the western and southern coasts of the Caspian Sea in the first half of the 18th century. Since the early Middle Ages, the Russians had been contacting with the population of the Caspian Sea regions and Oriental countries via the Volga-Caspian Route. The western coast of the Caspian Sea, in contrast to the eastern one, had significant merchant harbors (Derbent, Nizabad, Baku), which accounted for a great part of international trade turnover. Since the beginning of the 18th century, the transit role of the Caucasian coast of the Caspian Sea had been increasing, Russia was interested in establishing trade and economic contacts with the East, as the main commodity of the Eastern trade - silk - was to be exported to European countries via the Caspian-Volga Route. Therefore, measures were taken to reconstruct the merchant harbors, particularly in Derbent and Baku, the required infrastructure along the western and southern coasts of the Caspian Sea was created, the Caspian flotilla was modernized, and more weight-lifting vessels were built and replaced the busses of the previous century. Transportation of cargo across the Caspian Sea was quite a profitable business, and it was carried out only by Russian sea-going vessels that had been built in the Astrakhan Admiralty established on the order of Peter I. The Caspian trade with the countries of the Caucasus and the Western Caspian Sea regions continued developing in the post-Petrine period. During the period of the Caucasian conquests, Nadir Shah planned to create a strong fleet in the Caspian Sea like that of Russia. For this purpose, the representatives of the English company, Hanway and Elton, were employed by Nadir Shah and were allowed to build ships and sail on merchant ships over the Caspian Sea. However, the Iranian Shah’s plans to create his own fleet in the Caspian Sea, as well as his Dagestan campaign failed.

Turkmenistan cannot sell more gas despite new finds

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Standard Response ◽  
The Government ◽  
Spending Cuts

Subject Turkmenistan's oil and gas prospects. Significance Turkmenistan has among the largest global gas reserves and recently reported a promising new find, but its limited export options and low gas revenues have led to economic crisis. The government has responded with energy industry personnel changes, spending cuts and a bid to attract more foreign investment. Impacts Shortages of goods and cash may lead to more local protests, which have so far been rare in this repressive state. The standard response of blaming sacking officials is looking less and less adequate. Turkmenistan may examine ways of getting gas across the Caspian Sea without building a full pipeline.

scholarly journals Tobacco and pipes in the city of Tara in the 17th–19th centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
S.F. Tataurov
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Government ◽  
Cut Tobacco ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

The research was carried out on the materials of 2009–2019 archeological-historical investigations in one of the first Russian cities in Siberia — Tara, founded in 1594. The aim was to study the process of tobacco distribu-tion in the region and the specific aspects of tobacco smoking in the 17th–19th centuries. The perception of this habit from the local administration and various groups of the population, such as servicemen, Old Believers and other social strata of the city, has been considered. The attitude to tobacco smoking changed over the studied period from the government ban to protection by the highest authorities. The perception within the society also varied, from semi-underground smoking and punishment for this habit to permission and encouragement. In total, during the excavation, 10 pipes for tobacco smoking and 2 mouthpieces were found. Pipes from archeological excavations of Siberian sites of the Sayany ostrog, as well as those from Moscow and Saint-Petersburg, were analyzed. Based on this analysis, the Tara pipes were divided into the following types: locally produced items of the 18th century, «Moscow» pipes of the 18th century, and porcelain pipes of the 19th century. By their design, they split into heads with small cups for finely cut tobacco and pipes with large cups for Russian coarsely cut tobacco. The collection of pipes obtained during archaeological research in the city of Tara overall fits into the general con-cept of the distribution of smoking in Siberia, proposed by A.V. Shapovalov. The mouthpieces are made of wood and bone and fit with dimensions of the pipe heads. Planigraphically, the findings of pipes and mouthpieces in the 17th century are associated to the interhouse spaces, and pipes of the 18th–19th centuries — to the location of drinking houses. This is related to the prohibition of smoking by local administrations before Peter the Great time, and then to the protests of Old Believers against smoking. The issue of the use of drugs during smoking, primarily hashish, a tradition that could come to Siberia from Central Asia, is still to be addressed.

Astrakhan and Orenburg: Russia’s Asian Trade in the 17th and 18th Centuries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Romaniello
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Volga River ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

Astrakhan and Orenburg were the Russian Empire’s two “official” entrances from Asia in the early modern era. Russia’s “Asia” was conceived broadly as the expanse of Eurasia from the Ottoman Empire to the shores of the Pacific. Russia’s control of the Volga River, culminating in the conquest of Astrakhan on the shores of the Caspian Sea in the 16th century, was intended to open direct access for Russia’s merchants to reach Asia. Throughout the 17th century, trade with the Middle East and Central Asia increased, followed by an important breakthrough in relations with China culminating in the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689. In the 18th century, Russia’s Asian trade increased; Astrakhan’s customs fees collected from Asian trade goods surpassed the revenue generated by Russia’s Baltic ports in the first half of the century. A growing trade with the Central Asian Khanates of Bukhara, Khiva, and Khoqand led to the creation of Orenburg as the entry point for overland trade from the steppe in 1753. In theory, the new outpost separated Russia’s “Asia” into separate zones for increased regulation: Astrakhan for goods arriving from the Caspian Sea, imported from Iran and India, and Orenburg for the increasing steppe traffic. This is not to suggest that increased regulation produced better control over Eurasia’s trade networks, but rather to reveal Russia’s significant investment in profiting from Asia’s trade as much as its competitors in Britain or the Netherlands did. While overland Eurasian trade remains plagued by a historiographical assumption of its decline in the 18th century, Astrakhan and Orenburg were vital centers of Eurasian commerce, revealing the robust overland trade that remained outside of West European observation.

Neotype designation for Salmo spurius Pallas, 1814 (Teleostei: Salmonidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-137
Author(s):  
N.G. Bogutskaya ◽  
E.A. Dorofeyeva
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Zoological Institute ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The Gulf Of Finland

The original description of Salmo spurius Pallas, 1814 is based on Pallas’s own material and the literature sources, which include at least two species-group taxa. A specimen from the Gulf of Finland, deposited at Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, is designated as neotype of S. spurius. As result of this designation, the unused name S. spurius becomes a junior synonym of S. trutta trutta Linnaeus, 1758 and does not threaten the current nomenclature of trouts from the Caspian Sea basin.

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