scholarly journals Valóságteremtés a koronavírus idején. Manipuláció és meggyőzés politikai szövegekben

Initium ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 268-292
Author(s):  
Martin Papp
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Press Conference ◽  
Conscious Choice ◽  
The Subject

„Vi kjemper en felles kamp mot en usynlig fiende”,1 azaz közös harcot vívunk egy láthatatlan ellenséggel szemben. Ez az idézet Erna Solberg norvég miniszterelnök2 beszédéből származik, amelyet a legelső koronavírussal kapcsolatos sajtótájékoztatón mondott el, és amely tanulmányom tételmondata is lehetne. Tanulmányomban három, időben egymástól elkülönülő, koronavírussal kapcsolatos politikai szöveget elemzek. Mindhárom Erna Solberg sajtótájékoztatóiról származik. Munkámban különbséget teszek a manipuláció és meggyőzés között, ismertetem a manipuláció kognitív folyamatokra gyakorolt hatásait, valamint megmagyarázom a címben jelzett valóságteremtő aspektusait is. A szövegek nyelvi elemzése során kifejtem, hogy az alany tudatos megválasztása, valamint a szenvedő szerkezet alkalmazása a manipulatív stratégia részét képezi. Mindezek előtt kitérek arra is, milyen összefüggés található a manipulációs szándék és a témák sorrendjének megválasztása között. A szöveg belső felépítése során ugyanis figyelembe kell venni a hallgató tudatosságát, kognitív állapotát is. Vi kjemper en felles kamp mot en usynlig fiende, that is, we fight together against an invisible enemy. This quote is originated from the very first coronavirus press-conference and comes from the Prime Minister of Norway, Erna Solberg, which could also be the motto of my paper. In this research I have analyzed three transcripts (from different occasions) of Solberg’s COVID-19 speeches. I have distinguished between manipulation and persuasion, described the effects of manipulation on cognitive processes, and explained the reality-creating aspects indicated in the title. During the linguistic analysis of the texts, I have found that the conscious choice of the subject as well as the use of passive sentences can be a part of a manipulative strategy. But first of all, it has been emphasized that the pre-organized order of the topics is aligned with the manipulative intentions of the speaker. This decision on the texts inner structure depends on the cognitive state of the audience.

Political Ravishment

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Prime Minister ◽  
Bank Of England ◽  
The Subject

Prime Minister William Pitt (identifiable by his long pointed nose) puckers his lips for the old lady of Threadneedle Street—the source for the current nickname for The Bank of England. Appropriately she is dressed in one pound notes and sits on a padlocked chest. In February 1797 fears of a French invasion led people to convert their money into gold, leaving the Bank with reserves of around a million pounds. In response, Pitt passed the Bank Restriction Act, which removed the requirement for the Bank to convert notes into gold. His manipulation of bank policy is the subject of Gillray’s image.

PAST AND PRESENT OF THE ULTRA-VIRES PRINCIPLE IN TURKISH COMPANIES LAW

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (15) ◽  
pp. 520-540
Author(s):  
Gökhan GÜNCAN
Keyword(s):  
Civil Code ◽  
Legal Capacity ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Commercial Code ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Conscious Choice ◽  
Turkish Commercial Code ◽  
The Subject

Abolished Commercial Code No. 6762 art. 137 limited the entitlement of commercial companies to the “subject of activity” included in the company's articles of association. Transactions exceeding the scope of operation written in the company's articles of association were deemed to be ultra vires transactions and were deemed null and void. Since the transactions that were deemed null and void were not available in the legal world, it was not possible to make them valid again. Because, a legal transaction that does not exist is invalid from the very beginning; even if the interests of all parties require it, it is not possible to validate the transaction with approval or authorization. Therefore, since transactions outside the scope of business of commercial companies were also considered null and void, there was no approval or ratification procedure that could make them valid. The only way to carry out the aforementioned transaction in a valid manner was to change the articles of association, regulate the company's field of activity to include the aforementioned transaction, and re-do the transaction from the beginning. In the Turkish Commercial Code no. 6102 art. 125 provision emphasized that commercial companies have legal personality, as in article 137 of the abolished Commercial Code no. 6762. However, unlike the abolished one, by eliminating the ultra vires principle, which is a limit to the competence of commercial companies. It has been widely accepted in the meaning of Turkish Civil Code art. 48. This issue was also included in the Turkish Commercial Code no:6102 art. 125 justification, and it was stated that the ultravires principle was abolished. Therefore, it is understood that the ultravires principle was abandoned as a result of the conscious choice of the Lawgiver. The subject of business is no longer a limiting element of the legal capacity of commercial companies. Despite this, the subject of business still maintains its importance for trading companies. Turkish Commercial Code no:6102 art. 213, which regulates the mandatory elements of the articles of association of commercial companies, in the provisions of 339 and 5 76, the subject of activity continues to maintain its place as a mandatory element that should be included in the articles of association. In the aforementioned provisions, among the mandatory elements to be included in the articles of association, as a common expression in the aforementioned company types, the phrase "business subject in a specified and defined manner" is used. The subject of operation is also in the Turkish Commercial Code no. 6102 art. 233 and in the provisions of art. 371, it remains as a factor limiting the representation authority of those authorized to represent the company. When these provisions are evaluated, it is understood that although the ultra vires principle has been abandoned in terms of the competence of commercial companies, the principle continues to be preserved in terms of representation. In the study, the provisions of abolished Commercial Code no:6762 art. 137, which limits the license of commercial companies to the subject of activity and art. 128, which defines the license in the broadest sense, were determined as the starting point, and the provisions regulating the authority of representation of commercial companies were examined. Thus, the effects of the ultra vires principle on the competence and representation of commercial companies have been comparatively examined within the framework of the abolished Commercial Code No. 6762 and the current Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102.

India and the Soviet Union

1978 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 739-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Sen Budhraj
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Press Conference ◽  
Joint Session ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Special Relations

At a Press conference held soon after assuming office as Prime Minister on 24 March 1977, Morarji R. Desai said that his Government would follow a policy of “proper non-alignment”. He also said that his Government would not wish to have any “special” relations with any one country. Obviously he had the Soviet Union in mind when he made this observation; for it is often asserted that the 20-year Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Co-operation between India and the Soviet Union signed in August 1971 had established “special” relations between the two countries. Commenting on this treaty, the new Prime Minister said that if it meant that India should not have friendship with other countries, then it would have to change. “At least we will not act upon it in that manner.”1 Again, four days later, addressing the first joint session of the sixth Parliament, the Acting President stated that the new Government would “follow a path of genuine non-alignment”. This article is an attempt to explain what led to the establishment of “special” relations, why there were hints about a change in these relations when those whom Indira Gandhi had jailed replaced her in office in March 1977, and what actually happened thereafter. It is also an attempt to explain why the Janata Government continued the policy of friendship with the Soviet Union and to assess the elements of continuity and change in Indo-Soviet relations.

Before Midnight

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Sagar
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Jawaharlal Nehru

This chapter examines ideas about war, peace, and international relations over the century preceding independence, of which there were many more and in greater depth than widely supposed. It outlines how and why Indians first began to articulate views on the subject, and subsequently analyses these ideas. It proposes that, contrary to the opinion of some scholars, Indians thought carefully about the nature of international relations. Most importantly, it emphasizes the plurality of views on the subject, and explains how and why proponents of pragmatism in foreign relations came to be sidelined in the period immediately preceding independence. Several of the personalities developing notions of what a foreign policy for India should involve as of the early twentieth century, including India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, became important actors in formulating and implementing foreign policy post-independence.

scholarly journals Chemotherapy-Related Differences in Cognitive Functioning and Their Biological Predictors in Patients with Multiple Myeloma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1166
Author(s):  
Magdalena Bury-Kamińska ◽  
Aneta Szudy-Szczyrek ◽  
Aleksandra Nowaczyńska ◽  
Olga Jankowska-Łęcka ◽  
Marek Hus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Treatment Stage ◽  
Research Questions

The paper presents a study on the changes in cognitive functioning in patients undergoing chemotherapy with diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM). The aim of the study was to answer the following two main research questions: Does the treatment stage differentiate the functioning of cognitive processes in patients with diagnosed MM and to what extent? Is it possible to treat biological factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and BDNF) as predictors of patients’ cognitive functioning? The patients were examined twice, before the treatment and after 4–6 cycles of chemotherapy. Selected neuropsychological research methods as well as experimental and clinical trials were employed to diagnose the patients’ general cognitive state, attention, memory, and executive functions. The level of biological factors was assessed with the ELISA test. The results show that the patients’ cognitive functioning was worse before the treatment than during the cytostatic therapy. It was also possible to predict the cognitive state of patients suffering from multiple myeloma based on a selected biological parameter (neurotrophin BDNF).

scholarly journals From Ladder and Thread to Heaven: The Symbolic Meaning of the Path in a Fragment of the Linguistic World Image

Linguistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 38-52
Author(s):  
Oksana Simovych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Demarcation Line ◽  
Concrete Situation ◽  
General Semantics ◽  
The World ◽  
Symbolic Meanings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
World Image

This article «From Ladder and Thread to Heaven: The Symbolic Meaning of the Path in a Fragment of the Linguistic World Image» explores the problem of the analysis of folk customs. These customs could be verbalized both in folk texts and in dialects. The specifics of this study lie in the linguistic analysis of the symbols which are usually interpreted as folk customs and folk objects. However, the symbolism of the objects in national customs causes the development of a symbolic meaning of the respective word that defines these objects. In this way, many symbols in folk customs become verbal, and the context of the custom creates a foundation for the development of the symbolic meaning. The verbal symbols analyzed are a «thread», a «ball of twine», a «ladder», a «bridge» and a «cross». In the national Ukrainian linguistic space, these words have the general semantics of the ‘connection between worlds’. It is stressed that the symbolic meaning of the (celestial) ladder has been discovered in the biblical context. This is also relevant for the clarification of the subject of continuity in the development of the symbolic meanings, which are also documented in the Ukrainian context. A concrete situation in linguistics and custom creates conditions under which arise symbolic co-meanings that develop in the framework of the same main symbolic archetypical meaning. All analyzed symbols belong to the archetypical ones. That is why they have been also discovered with the same semantics in other languages. This is the reason why the analysis of such symbols requires not only facts documented in the dictionaries and texts in Ukrainian, but also information about the respective symbol in other linguistic cultures. It is also pointed out that the thread is analyzed as an apotropaic symbol. This word has also been documented linguistically as a symbol of the demarcation line between one’s own world and the world of «others».

scholarly journals Perception and Text Comprehension. It’s a Matter of Perception!

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (07) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Aglaia Tourimpampa ◽  
Athanasios Drigas ◽  
Alexandra Economou ◽  
Petros Roussos
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Communicative Act ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scientific Achievements

This study is a comprehensive attempt to assess the impact of the cognitive skill of perception in the ability to comprehend a text. More specifically, it investigates the function of perception as a primary structure of the human brain to contact the world and examines the certain cognitive processes of perception that affect text comprehension. It is also presented the relation between cognitive perception and the linguistic approach of pragmatics in order the subject to comprehend the text. Perception is the organization, identification and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. Pragmatics is the linguistic field that studies how people comprehend and produce speech or a text as a communicative act. Furthermore, it features the current scientific achievements on the ICTs processes and tools, which exploit the assessment of perception in text comprehension.

UNDERSTANDING BLOGGERS POSTING ABOUT POP CULTURE: LINGUAPRAGMATICS OF «UNPOPULAR OPINION» IN THE ENGLISH INTERNET-DISCOURSE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Kukovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Pop Culture ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Given ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Blog Posts ◽  
Subcultural Community

The paper explores communication within the English blogosphere in which the discourse manifests itself in blog posts, devoted, in particular, to reactions to a variety of pop-culture works. These posts are characterized by specific linguapragmatics. The article examines the language and the discourse of bloggers from the standpoint of the Linguistic Creativity approach, which may help to have an in-depth insight into the mechanisms of cognitive processes. The topicality of this topic is justified by the interest that modern linguists have in text studies, discourse analysis and computer-mediated Internet-discourse. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that the given discourse and the linguapragmatics of the posts in question in the English blogosphere have not so far received the attention they deserve and should be the subject of more research and analysis. The paper supplies relevant conclusions made on the basis of the empiric material. The research demonstrates that within the English Internet-discourse of bloggers, who interpret modern pop culture and can be considered a subcultural community, among other types of posts there can be singled out the so-called “unpopular opinion”, that boasts a number of linguapragmatic peculiarities coinciding with the communicative goals of bloggers. Decoding such posts may be a challenge and we, among other things, want to draw researchers’ attention to the “language of bloggers” and its study.

Advice to the Leaders of the Islamic State

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-106
Author(s):  
Haroro Ingram ◽  
Craig Whiteside ◽  
Charlie Winter
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Printing Press ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Media Group

This chapter features and analyses a text published on 24 January 2018 via a social media group affiliated with the Islamic State’s central media office. The text, an e-book titled Advice for the leaders and soldiers of the Islamic State, was attributed to Abd al-Munim bin Izz al-Din al-Badawi, better known as Abu Hamzah al-Muhajir, the former prime minister and minister of war for the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI). First officially published in Arabic and made available online by the organization’s printing press, the Himmah Library, in the Hijri year 1428 (which spanned the Gregorian year 2007), the volume has two sections, ‘Advice for the Leaders of the Islamic State’ and ‘Advice for the Soldiers of the Islamic State’, which offer thirty pieces of ‘advice’ to leaders and thirty-one to soldiers about how best to pursue the aims of the Islamic State’s insurgency. The first half is the subject of this chapter.

Africa — Latin America — Asia — Europe — Middle East

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (194) ◽  
pp. 264-270
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
General Law ◽  
The Subject

Presidential mission. —Mr. Alexandre Hay, President of the ICRC, visited South Africa from 19 to 26 April, in the company of Mr. Frank Schmidt, Delegate General for Africa. On 21 April, Mr. Hay met Mr. John Vorster, Prime Minister, Mr. R. F. Botha, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. J. Kruger, Minister of Justice, Mr. P. W. Botha, Minister of Defence, and Mr. S. van der Merwe, Minister of Health. The talks dealt mainly with humanitarian problems in southern African and in particular with the subject of detention. In this connection, the ICRC, which visits sentenced political detainees, expressed the wish to extend such visits to other categories of detainees, especially those arrested under the “Terrorism Act” and the “General Law Amendment Act”.

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