Faculty Opinions recommendation of Perivascular adipose tissue and its role in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

ABSTRACTAmong the adipokines, adiponectin is the first one to be described just over a decade ago. It is produced exclusively by adipose tissue and circulatesin high concentration in human plasma accounting for 0.01% of proteins in plasma, almost thousand times higher than that of leptin. The normalcirculating level of adiponectin ranges from 2 to 30 µg/ml. It is now observed that besides adipose tissue, adiponectin can also be produced byseveral other tissues such as hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, and placenta. Adiponectin executes its action via autocrine as well as and paracrine effects.Researchers working in this area have revealed that adiponectin has insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects. Our reviewfocuses on adiponectin, its mode of action on different peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscles, heart, liver, brain and its the correlative accountin various diseases.Keywords: Adiponectin, Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Inflammation, Malignancies, Cardiovascular disease.

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Epicardial adipose tissue predicts incident cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes

Cardiovascular Diabetology ◽

10.1186/s12933-019-0917-y ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Regitse H. Christensen ◽

Bernt Johan von Scholten ◽

Christian S. Hansen ◽

Magnus T. Jensen ◽

Tina Vilsbøll ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽

Incident Cardiovascular Disease

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P735Interleukin-33 induced eosinophilia restores perivascular adipose tissue function in obesity

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/eurheartj/ehz747.0339 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

S Saxton ◽

R J Potter ◽

S B Withers ◽

R Grencis ◽

A M Heagerty

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Plasma Insulin ◽

Vascular Tone ◽

Mesenteric Arteries ◽

Obese Mice ◽

High Fat ◽

Perivascular Adipose Tissue

Abstract Background/Purpose Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is essential in the modulation of vascular tone. Recently we have shown that resident eosinophils play a vital role in regulating PVAT function. In obesity, eosinophil numbers are reduced and PVAT anticontractile function is lost, resulting in increased vascular tone, which will contribute to development of hypertension and type-2 diabetes. Evidence suggests that eosinophilia resulting from parasitic infection may be useful in improving glucose tolerance; therefore, we investigated the effects of eosinophilia on PVAT function in health and obesity. Methods Control mice and a high fat fed mouse model of obesity were administered intraperitoneal injections of interleukin-33 (IL-33, 0.1μg) over a five day period. Blood pressure, blood glucose and plasma insulin were measured and compared with un-injected control and obese mice. Wire myography was used to assess the vascular contractility of mesenteric arteries (<250μm, +/− PVAT) from both injected and un-injected control and obese mice in response to noradrenaline. ELISAs and immunohistochemistry were used to examine eosinophil numbers. Results High fat feeding induced significant elevations in blood pressure, blood glucose and plasma insulin, which were reduced using IL-33 injections. Eosinophilia was confirmed in blood plasma using an eosinophil cationic protein ELISA. Using wire myography, mesenteric arteries from control mice PVAT exerted an anticontractile effect on the vessels, which was enhanced in control mice injected with IL-33. In obese mice, the PVAT anticontractile effect was lost, but was restored in IL-33 injected obese mice. Using immunohistochemistry, we confirm that eosinophils numbers in PVAT were reduced in obesity and increased in IL-33 treated PVAT. Conclusions IL-33 injections induced eosinophilia in both control and obese mice. IL-33 treatment restored PVAT function in obesity, and enhanced the anticontractile function of PVAT in healthy animals. In addition, only five consecutive injections of IL-33 reversed development of hypertension and type-2 diabetes in obese mice. These data suggest that IL-33 induced eosinophilia presents a novel approach to treatment of hypertension and type-2 diabetes in obesity. Acknowledgement/Funding British Heart Foundation

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Contribution of perivascular adipose tissue to vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes

Free Radical Biology and Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.533 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 120 ◽

pp. S162 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adriana Leandro ◽

Lara Azul ◽

Rosa Fernandes ◽

Raquel Seiça ◽

Cristina Sena

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Vascular Dysfunction ◽

Perivascular Adipose Tissue

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Luteolin Improves Perivascular Adipose Tissue Profile and Vascular Dysfunction in Goto-Kakizaki Rats

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms222413671 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (24) ◽

pp. 13671

Author(s):

Marcelo Queiroz ◽

Adriana Leandro ◽

Lara Azul ◽

Artur Figueirinha ◽

Raquel Seiça ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Endothelial Function ◽

Metabolic Parameters ◽

Perivascular Adipose Tissue ◽

Gk Rats ◽

Vascular Oxidative Stress ◽

Luteolin Treatment

We investigated the effects of luteolin on metabolism, vascular reactivity, and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in nonobese type 2 diabetes mellitus animal model, Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Methods: Wistar and GK rats were divided in two groups: (1) control groups treated with vehicle; (2) groups treated with luteolin (10 mg/kg/day, for 2 months). Several metabolic parameters such as adiposity index, lipid profile, fasting glucose levels, glucose and insulin tolerance tests were determined. Endothelial function and contraction studies were performed in aortas with (PVAT+) or without (PVAT−) periaortic adipose tissue. We also studied vascular oxidative stress, glycation and assessed CRP, CCL2, and nitrotyrosine levels in PVAT. Results: Endothelial function was impaired in diabetic GK rats (47% (GK − PVAT) and 65% (GK + PVAT) inhibition of maximal endothelial dependent relaxation) and significantly improved by luteolin treatment (29% (GK − PVAT) and 22% (GK + PVAT) inhibition of maximal endothelial dependent relaxation, p < 0.01). Vascular oxidative stress and advanced glycation end-products’ levels were increased in aortic rings (~2-fold, p < 0.05) of diabetic rats and significantly improved by luteolin treatment (to levels not significantly different from controls). Periaortic adipose tissue anti-contractile action was significantly rescued with luteolin administration (p < 0.001). In addition, luteolin treatment significantly recovered proinflammatory and pro-oxidant PVAT phenotype, and improved systemic and metabolic parameters in GK rats. Conclusions: Luteolin ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes and exhibits therapeutic potential for the treatment of vascular complications associated with type 2 diabetes.

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Brown adipose tissue, thermogenesis, angiogenesis: pathophysiological aspects

Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation ◽

10.1515/hmbci-2014-0014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jennifer Honek ◽

Sharon Lim ◽

Carina Fischer ◽

Hideki Iwamoto ◽

Takahiro Seki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Common Causes ◽

Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis ◽

Thermogenic Capacity

AbstractThe number of obese and overweight individuals is globally rising, and obesity-associated disorders such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are among the most common causes of death. While white adipose tissue is the key player in the storage of energy, active brown adipose tissue expends energy due to its thermogenic capacity. Expanding and activating brown adipose tissue using pharmacological approaches therefore might offer an attractive possibility for therapeutic intervention to counteract obesity and its consequences for metabolic health.

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Epicardial adipose tissue: an emerging biomarker of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes?

Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1177/2042018820928824 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 204201882092882 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Regitse Højgaard Christensen ◽

Bernt Johan von Scholten ◽

Louise Lang Lehrskov ◽

Peter Rossing ◽

Peter Godsk Jørgensen

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽

Fat Depots ◽

Pericardial Adipose Tissue ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Fat Depot

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and heart failure, which highlights the need for improved understanding of factors contributing to the pathophysiology of these complications as they are the leading cause of mortality in T2D. Patients with T2D have high levels of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT). EAT is known to secrete inflammatory factors, lipid metabolites, and has been proposed to apply mechanical stress on the cardiac muscle that may accelerate atherosclerosis, cardiac remodeling, and heart failure. High levels of EAT in patients with T2D have been associated with atherosclerosis, diastolic dysfunction, and incident cardiovascular events, and this fat depot has been suggested as an important link coupling diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Despite this, the predictive potential of EAT in general, and in patients with diabetes, is yet to be established, and, up until now, the clinical relevance of EAT is therefore limited. Should this link be established, importantly, studies show that this fat depot can be modified both by pharmacological and lifestyle interventions. In this review, we first introduce the role of adipose tissue in T2D and present mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of EAT and pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) in general, and in patients with T2D. Next, we summarize the evidence that these fat depots are elevated in patients with T2D, and discuss whether they might drive the high cardiometabolic risk in patients with T2D. Finally, we discuss the clinical potential of cardiac adipose tissues, address means to target this depot, and briefly touch upon underlying mechanisms and future research questions.

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Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue on Vascular Reactive Oxygen Species in Type 2 Diabetes: A Give-and-Take Relationship: Figure 1

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/db15-0096 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

pp. 1904-1906 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jaume Padilla ◽

Victoria J. Vieira-Potter ◽

Guanghong Jia ◽

James R. Sowers

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Perivascular Adipose Tissue

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Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: getting to the fat of the matterThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled Young Investigators' Forum.

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y06-092 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

pp. 113-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Kerry B. Goralski ◽

Christopher J. Sinal

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Causative Factor ◽

Health Impact ◽

Endocrine Function ◽

Health Concern ◽

Physiological Importance ◽

Established Risk Factor

The increasing national prevalence of obesity is a major public health concern and a substantial burden on the health care resources of Canada. In addition to the direct health impact of obesity, this condition is a well-established risk factor for the development of various prevalent comorbidities including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Historically, adipose tissue has been regarded primarily as an organ for energy storage. However, the discovery of leptin in the mid 1990’s revolutionized our understanding of this tissue and has focused attention on the endocrine function of adipose tissue as a source of secreted bioactive peptides. These compounds, collectively termed adipokines, regulate a number of biological functions including appetite and energy balance, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, blood pressure, and inflammation. The physiological importance of adipokines has led to the hypothesis that changes in the synthesis and secretion of these compounds in the obese are a causative factor contributing to the development of obesity and obesity-related diseases in these individuals. Following from this it has been proposed that pharmacologic manipulation of adipokine levels may provide novel effective therapeutic strategies to treat and prevent obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

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