Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: getting to the fat of the matterThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled Young Investigators' Forum.

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry B. Goralski ◽  
Christopher J. Sinal
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Established Risk Factor

The increasing national prevalence of obesity is a major public health concern and a substantial burden on the health care resources of Canada. In addition to the direct health impact of obesity, this condition is a well-established risk factor for the development of various prevalent comorbidities including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Historically, adipose tissue has been regarded primarily as an organ for energy storage. However, the discovery of leptin in the mid 1990’s revolutionized our understanding of this tissue and has focused attention on the endocrine function of adipose tissue as a source of secreted bioactive peptides. These compounds, collectively termed adipokines, regulate a number of biological functions including appetite and energy balance, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, blood pressure, and inflammation. The physiological importance of adipokines has led to the hypothesis that changes in the synthesis and secretion of these compounds in the obese are a causative factor contributing to the development of obesity and obesity-related diseases in these individuals. Following from this it has been proposed that pharmacologic manipulation of adipokine levels may provide novel effective therapeutic strategies to treat and prevent obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES AND ASSOCIATED DISORDERS OF ADIPONECTIN

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Preeti Sharma ◽  
Shailaza Shrestha ◽  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Saxena Sp ◽  
Rachna Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Cardioprotective Effects

ABSTRACTAmong the adipokines, adiponectin is the first one to be described just over a decade ago. It is produced exclusively by adipose tissue and circulatesin high concentration in human plasma accounting for 0.01% of proteins in plasma, almost thousand times higher than that of leptin. The normalcirculating level of adiponectin ranges from 2 to 30 µg/ml. It is now observed that besides adipose tissue, adiponectin can also be produced byseveral other tissues such as hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, and placenta. Adiponectin executes its action via autocrine as well as and paracrine effects.Researchers working in this area have revealed that adiponectin has insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects. Our reviewfocuses on adiponectin, its mode of action on different peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscles, heart, liver, brain and its the correlative accountin various diseases.Keywords: Adiponectin, Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Inflammation, Malignancies, Cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals Epicardial adipose tissue predicts incident cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Regitse H. Christensen ◽  
Bernt Johan von Scholten ◽  
Christian S. Hansen ◽  
Magnus T. Jensen ◽  
Tina Vilsbøll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Incident Cardiovascular Disease

scholarly journals Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ and Adipose Tissue—Understanding Obesity-Related Changes in Regulation of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism

2006 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arya M. Sharma ◽  
Bart Staels
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor

Abstract Context: Adipose tissue is a metabolically dynamic organ, serving as a buffer to control fatty acid flux and a regulator of endocrine function. In obese subjects, and those with type 2 diabetes or the metabolic syndrome, adipose tissue function is altered (i.e. adipocytes display morphological differences alongside aberrant endocrine and metabolic function and low-grade inflammation). Evidence Acquisition: Articles on the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in adipose tissue of healthy individuals and those with obesity, metabolic syndrome, or type 2 diabetes were sourced using MEDLINE (1990–2006). Evidence Synthesis: Articles were assessed to provide a comprehensive overview of how PPARγ-activating ligands improve adipose tissue function, and how this links to improvements in insulin resistance and the progression to type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Conclusions: PPARγ is highly expressed in adipose tissue, where its activation with thiazolidinediones alters fat topography and adipocyte phenotype and up-regulates genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and triglyceride storage. Furthermore, PPARγ activation is associated with potentially beneficial effects on the expression and secretion of a range of factors, including adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, TNFα, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and angiotensinogen, as well as a reduction in plasma nonesterified fatty acid supply. The effects of PPARγ also extend to macrophages, where they suppress production of inflammatory mediators. As such, PPARγ activation appears to have a beneficial effect on the relationship between the macrophage and adipocyte that is distorted in obesity. Thus, PPARγ-activating ligands improve adipose tissue function and may have a role in preventing progression of insulin resistance to diabetes and endothelial dysfunction to atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals Chemerin Exacerbates Glucose Intolerance in Mouse Models of Obesity and Diabetes

Endocrinology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 151 (5) ◽  
pp. 1998-2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Ernst ◽  
Mark Issa ◽  
Kerry B. Goralski ◽  
Christopher J. Sinal
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Glucose Intolerance ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Established Risk Factor ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

Obesity, characterized by an excess of adipose tissue, is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Different mechanisms linking obesity with these comorbidities have been postulated but remain poorly understood. Adipose tissue secretes a number of hormone-like compounds, termed adipokines, that are important for the maintenance of normal glucose metabolism. Alterations in the secretion of adipokines with obesity are believed to contribute to the undesirable changes in glucose metabolism that ultimately result in the development of type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we have shown that serum levels of the novel adipokine chemerin are significantly elevated in mouse models of obesity/diabetes. The expression of chemerin and its receptors, chemokine-like receptor 1, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2, and G protein-coupled receptor 1 are altered in white adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver tissue of obese/diabetic mice. Administration of exogenous chemerin exacerbates glucose intolerance, lowers serum insulin levels, and decreases tissue glucose uptake in obese/diabetic but not normoglycemic mice. Collectively, these data indicate that chemerin influences glucose homeostasis and may contribute to the metabolic derangements characteristic of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Brown adipose tissue, thermogenesis, angiogenesis: pathophysiological aspects

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Honek ◽  
Sharon Lim ◽  
Carina Fischer ◽  
Hideki Iwamoto ◽  
Takahiro Seki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis ◽  
Thermogenic Capacity

AbstractThe number of obese and overweight individuals is globally rising, and obesity-associated disorders such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are among the most common causes of death. While white adipose tissue is the key player in the storage of energy, active brown adipose tissue expends energy due to its thermogenic capacity. Expanding and activating brown adipose tissue using pharmacological approaches therefore might offer an attractive possibility for therapeutic intervention to counteract obesity and its consequences for metabolic health.

scholarly journals Epicardial adipose tissue: an emerging biomarker of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 204201882092882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regitse Højgaard Christensen ◽  
Bernt Johan von Scholten ◽  
Louise Lang Lehrskov ◽  
Peter Rossing ◽  
Peter Godsk Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Pericardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Fat Depot

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and heart failure, which highlights the need for improved understanding of factors contributing to the pathophysiology of these complications as they are the leading cause of mortality in T2D. Patients with T2D have high levels of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT). EAT is known to secrete inflammatory factors, lipid metabolites, and has been proposed to apply mechanical stress on the cardiac muscle that may accelerate atherosclerosis, cardiac remodeling, and heart failure. High levels of EAT in patients with T2D have been associated with atherosclerosis, diastolic dysfunction, and incident cardiovascular events, and this fat depot has been suggested as an important link coupling diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Despite this, the predictive potential of EAT in general, and in patients with diabetes, is yet to be established, and, up until now, the clinical relevance of EAT is therefore limited. Should this link be established, importantly, studies show that this fat depot can be modified both by pharmacological and lifestyle interventions. In this review, we first introduce the role of adipose tissue in T2D and present mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of EAT and pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) in general, and in patients with T2D. Next, we summarize the evidence that these fat depots are elevated in patients with T2D, and discuss whether they might drive the high cardiometabolic risk in patients with T2D. Finally, we discuss the clinical potential of cardiac adipose tissues, address means to target this depot, and briefly touch upon underlying mechanisms and future research questions.

scholarly journals Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Its Role in Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick I. Meijer ◽  
Erik H. Serne ◽  
Yvo M. Smulders ◽  
Victor W. M. van Hinsbergh ◽  
John S. Yudkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Perivascular Adipose Tissue

scholarly journals Anti-Obesity Effects of Sargassum thunbergii via Downregulation of Adipogenesis Gene and Upregulation of Thermogenic Genes in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3325
Author(s):  
Min-Cheol Kang ◽  
Hyo-Geun Lee ◽  
Hyun-Soo Kim ◽  
Kyung-Mo Song ◽  
Yong-Gi Chun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Sargassum Thunbergii ◽  
Fat Accumulation

Obesity is a metabolic disease characterized by an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. We have previously reported that compounds isolated from brown alga, Sargassum thunbergii (ST; Sargassum thunbergii (Mertens ex Roth) Kuntze), inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. However, the in vivo anti-obesity effects of these compounds have not been previously reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of ST on weight loss, fat accumulation, as well as risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. ST treatment significantly decreased body weight and fat accumulation in HFD-induced obese mice, while reducing insulin and factors related to cardiovascular diseases (triglyceride and total cholesterol) in serum. ST-induced downregulation of PPARγ in white adipose tissue, and upregulation of the thermogenic genes, UCP-1 and UCP-3, in brown adipose tissue was also observed. In addition, oral administration of ST reduced the occurrence of fatty liver, as well as the amount of white adipose tissue in HFD mice. Cumulatively, these results suggest that ST exerts anti-obesity effects and may serve as a potential anti-obesity therapeutic agent.

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