The trend of cowmilk yield, its compostion and the body condition during the lactation

The authors examined the data of 2767 trial milkings andthe months Body Condition Scores of 479 Holstein dairy cows. The condition loss was significant between the 30-60th days. The improvement of BCS begins only after the 120th day. The change in the milk protein and milk fat content were close after the condition changing. In each period of the lactation the closeness of the relationship among the condition, the milk quantity and the milk composition were different. In the aspect of the milk quantity the most significant difference was between the 2.5 and 4 BCS cows (6.68 kg) in the last period of the lactation.

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The relationship between milk progesterone and milk traits during estrus in dairy Cows

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-900 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

A Gavelis ◽

V. Þilaitis ◽

A Juozaitis ◽

V. Juozaitienë ◽

G. Urbonavièius ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Protein Content ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Milk Traits ◽

Subclinical Ketosis ◽

Yield Level ◽

Milk Protein Content ◽

The Relationship

The aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between milk progesterone concentration (P4) and milk traits at the start of estrus time and 12h after start of the estrus in dairy cows. The 96 milk samples of 48 Lithuanian dairy cows without reproduction disorders and 90–100 days after calving were evaluated. Cows were classified into two groups based on milk yield per day: less than 30 kg (n=20) and e”30 kg (n=28). Data were categorized by milk fat and protein content at the start estrus and 12h after start of estrus to evaluate relationship between P4 and milk traits examined. P4 at estrus time in dairy cows was significantly positively correlated with milk yield (P less than 0.001), whereas it was negatively correlated with milk protein (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.01) and fat at 12h after start of estrus. Dairy cows with F/P from 1.0 to 1.5 had the lowest P4 in milk. Results of the pregnancy in dairy cows were related with lower P4 and milk yield level (P less than 0.001), higher milk fat (P less than 0.05) and milk protein content (P less than 0.001). These cows had 1.90 times lower prevalence of the signs of subclinical ketosis (P less than 0.05) at estrus time when compared with non-pregnant cows. As a result, it was clearly demonstrated that P4 in dairy cows can help to evaluate and improve the reproductive properties of cows.

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The effects of methionine supplementation upon milk composition and production of forage-fed dairy cows

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a98-116 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 79 (2) ◽

pp. 235-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D. Pacheco-Rios ◽

W. C. McNabb ◽

J. P. Hill ◽

T. N. Barry ◽

D. D. S. Mackenzie

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Whey Proteins ◽

Protein Composition ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Methionine Supplementation ◽

And Control

Two experiments (mid- and late lactation) were conducted to test whether methionine (Met) limited milk production in Friesian cows fed sole diets of fresh perennial ryegrass–white clover pasture. In mid-lactation (exp. 1), 26 cows were assigned to one of three treatments: ruminally protected oral DL-Met (15 g d−1), continuous intrajugular infusion of L-Met (15 g d–1) and control. Twelve animals from exp. 1 were used during late lactation (exp. 2) and distributed in two experimental groups: ruminally protected oral DL-Met (15 g d−1) and control. Dry matter, metabolizable energy, crude protein and Met intakes, milk yield and composition and blood Met, cysteine and urea were measured. Oral and intravenous Met supplementation increased blood Met concentration by 50–90% compared with controls. Met supplementation did not alter the concentration of milk fat, protein or lactose in either experiment. Met supplementation had no significant effects on yields of fat, lactose, casein, whey proteins or non-protein nitrogen during mid-lactation. In late lactation, Met supplementation did not affect milk protein composition or yield of milk components, with exception of a decrease (P < 0.05) in the yield of β -casein. Intravenous Met supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the efficiency of conversion of pasture N to milk protein in mid-lactation. Key words: Dairy cows, methionine, ruminally protected methionine, milk protein, casein, fresh pasture diets

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Effect of supplementation of rumen protected choline and methionine on milk yield and composition of early lactating dairy cows

Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences ◽

10.51966/jvas.2021.52.2.142-148 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Jayaraj Neelima ◽

Purushothaman Sajith ◽

K. Ally ◽

Ananth Deepa ◽

Simon Shibu

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Nitrogen Levels ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Milk Urea ◽

Dietary Treatments

An experiment was conducted on early lactating dairy cows to study the effect of rumen protected choline (RPC) and methionine (RPM) on milk yield and composition. Fifteen crossbred dairy cows in early lactation (within 10 days of calving) were selected and randomly allotted to any one of the following three dietary treatments, T1 (Control)- with compound feed mixture containing CP- 20% and TDN- 68% , T2- T1+20g RPM and 20g RPC, T3- with compound fed mixture containing CP- 17%, TDN- 68% + 20g RPM and 20g RPC. All the experimental animals were fed as per ICAR feeding standards (ICAR, 2013). Results revealed no significant difference (p>0.05) in milk yield and 4 per cent fat corrected milk (FCM) yield between the three treatment groups. Among the milk constituents, animals in T3 had significantly higher milk fat (p<0.05), SNF (p<0.05), protein (p<0.05) and total solids (p<0.01) compared to those in T1 and T2. Milk urea nitrogen levels did not differ significantly among the three treatments and were within the normal range. The study showed that milk composition could be effectively improved by supplementing feed with rumen protected forms of choline and methionine in combination at lower dietary protein level without any reduction in milk yield.

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Persian clover and maize silage. I. Silage as a supplement for lactating dairy cows offered herbage of different quality

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9941751 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 45 (8) ◽

pp. 1751 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

CR Stockdale

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Body Condition ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Protein Content ◽

Persian Clover ◽

Basal Ration

A penfeeding experiment, involving 29 lactating dairy cows, was undertaken to assess the use of Persian clover (Trifolium resupinaturn) herbage instead of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)-dominant herbage as the basal ration in diets in which maize silage (0 to 10.6 kg DM/cow day-1) was used as a supplement. This was supported by a second experiment in which 16 cows grazed limited amounts of Persian clover pasture (herbage allowance of 16.5 kg DM/cow day-1) and were supplemented with various amounts of maize silage (0 to 8.3 kg DM/cow daym-1). In the pen experiment, feeding maize silage to cows grossly underfed with perennial ryegrass pasture resulted in a marginal response to additional feeding of 0.9 kg milk for each of the first 5 kg DM of supplement eaten. This level of supplementary feeding constituted about 40% of the diet. Thereafter, maize silage resulted in virtually no additional milk and the best fed cows only produced about 20 kg of milk. A much greater response in milk yield (1.4 kg milk/kg DM of additional maize silage eaten) was obtained when Persian clover was substituted as the basal ration. There were no differences in milk composition or changes in body condition between cows offered the different basal herbages. Milk fat content averaged 3.9% across all cows, while milk protein content and change in body condition increased by 0.03% and 0.13 units for each additional kg DM of maize silage eaten each day. In the grazing experiment, when a small amount of maize silage was fed to the cows, the marginal return was 1.2 kg milk for each additional kg DM of maize silage eaten. This is only slightly lower than that reported for the indoor feeding study. A major reason for the good response was the negligible substitution of maize silage for Persian clover that occurred with the first increment of supplement in the diet. With higher levels of maize silage feeding, no extra milk was produced. It was the increase in the level of substitution at the higher levels of maize silage that eliminated the possibility of additional responses in milk production.

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Effect of feeding textured concentrates with alfalfa cubes to lactating dairy cows producing low fat milk

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a96-106 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (4) ◽

pp. 735-737 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

W. C. Gardner ◽

M. A. G. von Keyserlingk ◽

J. A. Shelford ◽

L. J. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Volatile Fatty Acid ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Effect Of Feeding

Twenty–one multiparous Holsteins were used in a cross over design with two 28-d periods. Cows were randomly assigned to two treatments to assess the effect of textured and pelleted concentrates fed with alfalfa cubes on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition and rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations. Those animals receiving the textured concentrate had significantly (P < 0.05) higher milk yield and milk fat percentage than did those animals fed the pelleted concentrate. A significant difference in the ratio of milk protein to milk fat was also observed with the cows receiving the pelleted concentrate having a ratio of 1.31 and the cows receiving the textured concentrate a ratio of 1.02. No significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed between the textured and pelleted feeds in total or individual volatile fatty acid concentrations. These results indicate that the feeding of textured concentrates can lead to an increase in milk fat production when compared with the feeding of pelleted concentrates. Key words: Dairy cattle, milk composition, textured and pelleted concentrate, VFA

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Effects of mammae hand massages on oxytocin release, milk yield, and milk quality in dairy cows

Livestock and Animal Research ◽

10.20961/lar.v19i3.49120 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 311

Author(s):

Inggit Kentjonowaty ◽

Achmad Bagus Adhiluhung Mardhotillah ◽

Trinil Susilawati ◽

Puguh Surjowardojo

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Block Design ◽

Fat Content ◽

Milk Quality ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Oxytocin Release

Objective: The objective of this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Mammae Hand Massages (MHM) on oxytocin release, milk yield, and milk quality in dairy cows.Methods: Twelve dairy cows with the following criterion: 5-yr-old, 1st to 9th month of lactation, and average body weight of 390 ± 5.55 kg were used. Cows were assigned in a randomized block design with 4 treatments, i.e T0 (without massage), T1 (MHM for 20 s), T2 (MHM for 50 s), and T3 (MHM for 80 s). Oxytocin release, milk yield, and milk quality were measured accordingly.Results: The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that MHM had a very significant effect on milk production (P <0.01) as evidenced by the MHM 50 s treatment obtained the highest average milk production (13.08 ± 3.38 liters/head/day) compared to the MHM 20 s, MHM 80 s and control. MHM (1-1.6 volts) for 50 s resulted in the highest release of oxytocin (0.22955 pcg/0.1mL) at 240 seconds compared to control, MHM 20 s and 80 s. Likewise, the percentage of milk protein content (2.96 ± 0.03) and milk fat content (4.27 ± 0.70) was highest at MHM 50 s.Conclusions: It can be concluded that MHM (1-1.6 volts) for 50 seconds increases the release of oxytocin, milk production, and milk quality in terms of the percentage of milk protein and fat content.

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Effects of subclinical Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection on some physiological parameters, health status and production in dairy cows

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica ◽

10.1556/004.2016.029 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 301-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Viktor Jurkovich ◽

Barbara Bognár ◽

Krisztián Balogh ◽

Mária Kovács-Weber ◽

Kinga Fornyos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Mycobacterium Avium ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Reproductive Tract ◽

Control Group ◽

Service Period ◽

Milk Protein Content ◽

Significant Difference

Milk yield, milk ingredients, health and other, production-related parameters of subclinically infected, Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP-) shedding (positive faecal PCR, n = 20) and non-shedding (negative faecal PCR, n = 10) dairy cows were compared in the period from 10 days prepartum to 120 days postpartum. Body condition, rumen fill and faeces scores were lower in the MAP-shedding cows. There was no significant difference in plasma or urine metabolic parameters between the groups. Milk yield and lactose content tended to be lower (P = 0.074 and 0.077, respectively), somatic cell count tended to be higher (P = 0.097), while milk fat content was significantly higher (P = 0.006) in MAP-shedding cows than in the controls. Milk protein content did not differ between the groups. All other health and production parameters [number of reproductive tract treatments, number of udder treatments, number of artificial inseminations (AIs), calving interval, and service period] were significantly better in the control group. It is concluded that MAP infection, even in a subclinical form, has a significant impact on some production and health parameters of dairy cows.

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Production response in dairy cows milked two or three times a day: A meta-analysis

Veterinaria México OA ◽

10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2020.2.562 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Juan Isidro Sanchez-Duarte ◽

Alvaro Garcia ◽

Karla Rodríguez-Hernández ◽

David G. Reta-Sánchez ◽

Homero Salinas-Gonzalez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Milking Frequency ◽

Production Response

The objective was to evaluate the effects of two (2×) vs three (3×) times per day milking on milk production and milk composition in dairy cows. Fourteen scientific papers, containing production data from 16 trials, where dairy cows were milked 2× or 3×, were analysed using meta-analysis with fixed and random-effects with the R statistical program. The degree of heterogeneity and publication bias were measured with the I2 statistic and Begg’s test, respectively. In addition, the meta-regression analysis explored other sources of heterogeneity for the response. The estimated effect size of 2× and 3× milkings was calculated for dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and milk composition. Dry matter intake, milk production, and milk fat and protein yields showed substantial heterogeneity (I2>50%). Whereas milk fat-percentage had moderate heterogeneity (I2<50%), and milk protein had no (I2=0%)heterogeneity. The year of publication, trial duration, and cattle breed did not influence production response parameters to milking frequency. We found no evidence of publication bias for the parameters evaluated (Begg’s test; P>.05). Cows milked 2× produced less milk (2.23 kg/d), less milk fat (0.06kg/d), and less milk protein (0.05 kg/d). In contrast, the fat percentage was lower (0.07 units) in 3×, compared with 2× milking frequency. There was no effect of milking frequency on DMI and milk protein percentage. In conclusion, milk production and milk fat and protein yields improves as milking frequency increase from 2× to 3× daily, without affecting DMI. The implementation of 3× milking frequency must consider dairy cow management, labor, and milking parlour infrastructure, particular to each dairy farm.

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The relationship between body condition at calving, uterine performance postpartum and trends in selected blood metabolites postpartum in high yielding Californian dairy cows

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s0263967x00033863 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 335-339

Author(s):

M. Titterton ◽

L.D. Weaver

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Body Condition ◽

Serum Calcium ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Post Partum ◽

Blood Metabolites ◽

Dry Period ◽

Calcium And Magnesium ◽

The Relationship ◽

Body Condition Scores

AbstractThe relationship between body condition at calving, uterine tone and discharge, time to first oestrus and changes in concentration of serum calcium and magnesium in early post partum was examined in 209 multiparous dairy cows located in four herds in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Body condition score (BCS) was graded from 0 to 5 and BCS at calving was estimated from BCS in the late dry period (LDBCS). Uterine tone and discharge were graded from l(best) to 3(worst) after rectal palpation at two weeks post partum. Concentrations of blood metabolites and levels of progesterone were determined from blood samples taken at selected stages of lactation from the late dry period to ten weeks post partum. Abnormal uterine discharges were strongly correlated with uterine tone. Uterine tone and discharge scores were significantly lower in cows that calved with body condition scores of 2.5 and 3.0 than in those which calved with body condition scores of < 2.5 and ≥ 3.5. Serum calcium and magnesium concentrations were higher at two weeks post partum in cows with scores of 2.5 and 3 than in cows with higher or lower scores. Serum calcium and magnesium concentrations appeared to be higher with decrease in grades of uterine discharge and tone but this was significant only in the case of serum calcium and uterine discharge. The number of days to first oestrus was significantly associated with uterine discharge and tone (P < 0.05) but not significantly associated with LDBCS. The number of days to second oestrus was not significantly associated with uterine discharge and tone but was significantly less in cows with LDBCS 3 (17.28 days) than cows with lower or higher LDBCS (P < 0.05). It is concluded that body condition at calving is associated with serum micromineral balance and subsequent uterine and ovarian health. Based on these measurable indicators, cows calving with body condition scores of 2.5 and 3 appeared to be in optimum condition for post partum reproductive performance.

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The effects of processing at harvest and cutting height of urea-treated whole-crop wheat on performance and digestibility in dairy cows

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800058860 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 467-476 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

M. A. Jackson ◽

R. J. Readman ◽

J. A. Huntington ◽

L. A. Sinclair

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Body Condition ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Fat Content ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Condition Score ◽

Forage Intake ◽

Cutting Height

AbstractUrea-treated whole-crop wheat harvested at growth stage (GS) 87 that was either unprocessed (U) or processed (P) by the forage harvester, and cut at one of two heights to produce a long straw (L), or short straw (S) forage, was offered to 44 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows for 14 weeks according to a 2 ✕ 2 factorial design. Whole-crop wheat (WCW) was mixed 2: 1 on a dry-matter (DM) basis with grass silage and all animals received 8·5 kg/day of concentrate and 2 kg/day of rapeseed meal. Increasing the cutting height at harvest increased the starch content in the forage from an average of 356 to 419 g/kg DM and decreased neutral-detergent fibre levels from 422 to 337 g/kg DM. Forage intake (grass silage and WCW) was higher in cows given the unprocessed compared with the processed forages (13·7 v. 12·5 kg DM per day for treatments U v. P respectively; P < 0·05) and tended (P < 0·08) to be higher in cows given the long compared with the short straw forages. Neither processing, nor alteration of cutting height, had a significant effect on milk yield (kg/day). However, milk fat content decreased (P < 0·05) with increasing cutting height (41·9 v. 37·0 g/kg for the main effects of L v. S respectively) whilst body condition score was lower (P < 0·05) in cows given the long compared with the short straw forages (2·6 v. 2·8 respectively). Plasma glucose levels were higher (P < 0·05) in animals receiving the short compared with long straw forages (3·52 v. 3·34 mmol/l respectively) whereas β-hydroxybutyrate decreased (P < 0·01) with increased cutting height. The average digestibility of starch in the total ration was higher (P < 0·001) in cows given the processed compared with the unprocessed WCW (0·96 v. 0·88 respectively). Assuming a constant apparent digestibility of starch in the other food components resulted in a WCW starch apparent digestibility of 0·87, 0·97, 0·80 and 0·96 for forages LU, LP, SU and SP respectively (P < 0·001). The results indicate that processing at harvest significantly increased the digestibility of starch in WCW and that cows responded to this higher nutrient content by decreasing forage intake. Increasing the cutting height at harvest decreased milk fat content (g/kg) and yield (kg/day) and increased body condition score.

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