The effect of using fermented lime (Citrus aurantifolia) waste powder (FLWP) on performance, lymphoid organs, and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio of broiler chickens

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>Fermented lime waste had potential value as a feed additive for poultry. A Bioactive compound such as citric acid in the lime waste can improve the broiler's performance and body resistance. The study purposed to evaluate the effect of using fermented lime waste powder (FLWP) on the broiler performance and body resistance.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used 200 female broiler strain Lohman MB 202 chickens. The research design used a completely randomized design with four treatment levels of fermented lime waste powder (FLWP) by 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% in every rations with each treatment replicated five times. The parameters observed are feed intake, feed conversion ratio, final body weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat percentage, lymphoid organ’s relative weight, and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio). Data were calculated using the analysis of variance and difference test with Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Data analysis were calculated using the SPSS 19.0 program.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>The result indicates that using FLWP improved (p&lt;0.05) the relative weight of the <em>Bursa of fabricius</em> at T0 0.11%; T1 0.19%; T2 0.19%; and T3 0.17% respectively. The FLWP at 3% level improved (p&lt;0.05) broiler chicken’s H/L ratio. Performance, carcass percentage, and abdominal fat percentage among treatments were not influenced (p&gt;0.05) by FLWP addition.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It concludes that adding FLWP at a 1% level increases the relative weight of <em>Bursa of fabricius</em> (0.17-0.19%) without depressed performance of broiler.</p>

Obstacles and strategies for the sustainability of Indonesian small and medium enterprises during Covid-19 Pandemic: A study case at Reban Lestari Farm Kolaka Sulawesi Tenggara

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to assess the sustainability of Indonesian Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) during the Covid-19 pandemic. The specific object of this study was Reban Lestari Farm, an MSME of laying hens farm located in Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>The study composed a qualitative and interpretive approach. Data were collected through interviews and observations, and data were analyzed by using a qualitative descriptive analysis.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results</strong><strong>: </strong>Results show that the Covid-19 pandemic had significant effects on Indonesian MSMEs, but some MSMEs can survive and even grow despite the pandemic. Laying hens farm was one of the MSMEs that can survive and consistently grow during the Covid-19 pandemic as the commodity still has a high demand amongst consumers.<strong></strong></p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The sustainability of an MSME can still be maintained with multiple business strategies, such as developing innovation and creative thinking to improve product quality and income.

Effects of mammae hand massages on oxytocin release, milk yield, and milk quality in dairy cows

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong><span lang="EN-GB">The objective of this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Mammae Hand Massages (MHM) on oxytocin release, milk yield, and milk quality in dairy cows.</span></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong><span lang="EN">Twelve dairy cows with the following criterion: 5-yr-old, 1st to 9th month of lactation, and average body weight of 390 ± 5.55 kg were used. Cows were assigned in a randomized block design with 4 treatments, i.e T0 (without massage), T1 (MHM for 20 s), T2 (MHM for 50 s), and T3 (MHM for 80 s). Oxytocin release, milk yield, and milk quality were measured accordingly</span><span lang="EN-GB">.</span><strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results: </strong><span lang="EN">The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that MHM had a very significant effect on milk production (P &lt;0.01) as evidenced by the MHM 50 s treatment obtained the highest average milk production (13.08 ± 3.38 liters/head/day) compared to the MHM 20 s, MHM 80 s and control. MHM (1-1.6 volts) for 50 s resulted in the highest release of oxytocin (0.22955 pcg/0.1mL) at 240 seconds compared to control, MHM 20 s and 80 s. Likewise, the percentage of milk protein content (2.96 ± 0.03) and milk fat content (4.27 ± 0.70) was highest at MHM 50 s</span><span lang="EN-GB">.</span><strong></strong></p><strong><span>Conclusions: </span></strong><span lang="EN">It can be concluded that MHM (1-1.6 volts) for 50 seconds increases the release of oxytocin, milk production, and milk quality in terms of the percentage of milk protein and fat content</span><span lang="EN-GB">.</span>

Kecernaan, fermentabilitas dan produksi protein ruminal pelepah sawit yang difermentasi dengan isolat mikrobia rumen kerbau secara in vitro

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>The study aimed investigated effect of microbial isolate levels and fermentation time on fermentability regarding ammonia (NH₃) production, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbial protein production, dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility <em>in vitro</em>.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro. <em>In vitro</em> experiment was performed using a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern with 2 factors and 4 replications. The treatments were microbial isolate levels (1 and 3%) and fermentation time (14 and 28 days). The parameters observed included production of NH₃, VFA, microbial protein and total protein as well as the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. The data were analyzed based on analysis of variance and if there was a significant effect the data were further analyzed with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>The amount of microbial isolate and fermentation time affected rumen ammonia production. On rumen microbial protein content, the amounts of microbial isolate and fermentation time had substantial impact (P&lt;0.05). The isolate level and fermentation time, however, had no interaction effect on VFA production, dry matter digestibility, or organic matter digestibility. The fermentation time influenced (P&lt;0.05) the production of VFA and the digestibility of dry matter, but the isolate level and fermentation time had no effect on total protein production or organic matter digestibility.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Processing of palm fronds through fermentation using buffalo rumen cellulolytic microbial isolates increased nutrient values of palm fronds.</p>

Pengaruh perbedaan level pupuk urin terfermentasi pada media tanam hidroponik terhadap komposisi dan kecernaan nutrien fodder sorgum

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to determine the nutritional value and nutrient digestibility by in vitro of fodder sorghum (<em>Sorghum bicolor</em> (L.) Moench) from the effect of the addition of fermented urine fertilizer to the hydroponic media.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>The research used sorghum Numbu varieties grown hydroponically in the fodder phase, which was carried out in June - September 2020. The research treatments consist of water medium (T1), fermented urine 12.5 mL/L (T2) and 25 mL/L media (T3) with 4 replications. The urine fertilizer used was derived from fermented Ongole Crossbreed cow urine for 21 days. Fodder sorghum planted for 15 days. The results of the fodder harvest were analyzed by proximate and in vitro nutrient digestibility. Observation nutritional value parameters consists of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), total nutrient digestible (TDN), dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD). Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA design, the significance by Duncan's Multiple Range Test.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results</strong><strong>: </strong>The results showed that the addition of fermented urine had no effect on the DM, OM, and EE, but had a significant effect (P &lt;0.05) on CP, CF, TDN and nutrient digestibility. The T2 and T3 treatments increased crude protein by 6.31% and 11.23% compared to T1. T3 treatment increased organic matter digestibility by 3.06% compared to T1.<strong></strong></p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It can be concluded that the crude protein and organic matter digestibility of sorghum fodder at 15 days harvest stage, increases with the addition of fermented cattle urine up to 25.0 ml/L hydroponic media.

Efek hipoglikemik dan hipolipidemik dendeng daging itik curing dengan ekstrak kurkumin kunyit pada Tikus Wistar

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>This research aimed to determine hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of cured duck meat jerky with curcumin using male Wistar rats as experimental animals.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>This research involved a completely randomized design in oneway pattern with 4 treatments on diabetic (TD) and hyperlipidemic (HD) rats : zero jerky (standard feed, PS), low jerky 0.96 g/head/day (DR), high jerky 1.91g/head/day (DT) and vitamin E 28.80 mg/head/day as control antioxidants (equivalent to 400 IU tocopherol). There were 24 rats divided into 4 treatments for hypoglycemic and hypolipidemia each. The treatment spanned 4 weeks, with hypoglycemic parameters (body weight and blood glucose) observed every week, and hypolipidemic (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL). Furthermore, an analysis of variance was conducted to determine body weight. When a significant difference was observed, it was continued with Duncan's New Multiples Range Test, while other parameters were analyzed descriptively.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>The hypoglycemic effect showed a significant difference in body weight where the PS treatment were relatively stable, while DT and vitamin E treatment experienced the highest weight loss. Blood glucose also decreased with the increasing addition of curcumin and vitamin E. Meanwhile, the hyperlipidemic showed a decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, while HDL increased as the concentration of curcumin from jerky increased, the amount of which was equivalent to antioxidant control of vitamin E.<strong></strong></p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The diet of cured duck meat jerky as much as 1.91g/head/day (equivalent to 106.26 g/person/day or 400 IU tocopherol/vitamin E) can lower diabetic blood glucose and improve blood lipid profile.

Performance of Kampung Super chicken and Bangkok chicken first generation (G1) until the age of 12 weeks

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this research was to determine the performance of the first generation (G1) Kampung Super and Bangkok chicken aged 12 weeks<span lang="EN-GB">.</span></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>The research material were G1 Kampung Super and Bangkok chicken with 174 samples for each strain. This research was using the experimental method. The data collected included body weight, body weight gain, body measurements, and selected responses. The body weight, body weight gain, and body measurements data were analyzed using t-test independent, while the average value vector of body measured using <em><span>T²-Hotelling test.</span></em> Principal Component Analysis ware used to identify the characteristics of body shape and size.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>The results of this study showed that body weight, body weight gain of DOC-4 weeks, 4-8 weeks, 8-12 weeks, and body measurements of G1 Kampung Super chickens were real different higher (P&lt;0.05) than G1 Bangkok. The identifier of the size of the G1 Kampung Super and Bangkok chicken is the chest circumference. The characteristics of the shape G1 Kampung Super chicken is the length of the wings and the G1 Bangkok chicken is the lower body lenght. The selection response of G1 Kampung Super is higher than G1 Bangkok<span lang="EN-GB">.</span><strong></strong></p><p><strong><span>Conclusions: </span></strong>The<span> performance of G1 Kampung Super chicken was higher than G1 Bangkok chicken but the selection response value of G1 Bangkok chicken was higher than G1 Kampung Super chicken. The highest body weight gain of G1 Kampung Super and Bangkok chickens was achieved at the age of 8-12 weks</span><span lang="EN-GB">.</span></p>

Inventarisasi potensi emisi metana (CH4) pada peternakan sapi perah di Kecamatan Pujon, Kabupaten Malang

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>The methane emissions in ruminants such as dairy cows was one of the causes of climate change. The aimed of this study was to make an inventory of methane emissions from dairy farms in Pujon District. The methane emission data inventory was expected to assist the government in making policies as an effort to mitigation of methane emissions.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>The secondary data used in this study were obtained from journals, books, literature related to research, and data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Methane emissions was calculated using the Tier 1 method according to IPCC reference. The reason for the inventory using the tier 1 method was caused that the specific data related to emissions on dairy cows in Malang Regency were not available. The data obtained were processed descriptively.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results</strong><strong>: </strong>The data obtained shown that the population of dairy cows in Pujon District from 2013-2015 has increased, in 2016 it experienced a significant decline, namely 14.2%, then from 2017-2019 it continued to decline. Methane emissions from enteric fermentation from 2013-2019 averaged 23.13 Gg CO₂-eq / year. Methane emissions from manure management in dairy cows in Pujon District from 2013-2019 were an average of 11.75 Gg CO₂-eq / year. The highest methane emissions were in 2015, and the lowest was in 2019.<strong></strong></p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that methane emissions from dairy cows in Pujon District increased from 2013-2015, there was a significant reduction in emissions in 2016 – 2019. Feeding with balanced nutrients, using ingredients of concentrated and forage containing good nutrients quality is an effort to mitigate methane that can applied by farmers.

Morphometrics characterization in White Fulani, Muturu and Pasundan cows

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>This study was aimed to characterize three different cattle breeds based on the morphometrics.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>Five (5) morphometrics which include body length (BL), chest girth (CG), withers height (WH), rump length (RL) and chest depth (CD) were measured in each animal. A total of 119 cows belonging to White Fulani (40 heads), Muturu (40 heads) and Pasundan (39 heads) were used in this study. The age of animal study was 20.93±1.62 months (White Fulani), 21.63±1.75 months (Muturu) and 20.46±2.99 months (Pasundan). Hence, two statistical methods of canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) methods were computed in this study to characterize of animals based on their morphometrics using SPSS 16.0 package.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>Mostly<strong> </strong>the morphometrics of White Fulani and Pasundan cows are similar while those of Muturu are significantly lower than the two other breeds. Four morphometric measurements of CG, RL, BL and WH were identified as a discriminator variables in animal study based on the CDA method. The CDA of morphometrics able to classify 85% (White Fulani), 100% (Muturu) and 74.4% (Pasundan) of the animal into their original breed group.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The closeness between observations from White Fulani and Pasundan might be due to them being both Zebu (<em>Bos indicus</em>) unlike the Muturu with a type breed of <em>Bos bracycheros</em>.<strong></strong></p>

Keragaman genotipik entok (Cairina moschata) berdasarkan polimorfisme protein darah

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to identified genetic diversity of muscovy duck in Central Java through blood protein polymorphisms by using electrophoresis method.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>Blood sample was collected from a total of 60 muscovy ducks from the districts of Demak, Magelang and Pekalongan, 20 samples each. The Electrophoresis Polyacrylamide Gel of Electrophoresis–Thin Layer Electrophoresis (PAGE-TLE) was used in this study. Parameters observed were protein of albumin (Alb), ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf) and amylase-I (Am-I). Gene frequency, heterozygosity (Ho) and genetic distance were analyzed by using DISPAN program.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results</strong><strong>: </strong>The results showed that the Alb, Cp, Tf and Am-I of muscovy duck showing polymorphic characters. Gene frequency of Alb^B (0.61) was higher compared to Alb^A (0.39). Gene frequency of Cp^A (0.62) was higher than the Cp^B (0.38). Furthermore, gene frequency of Tf^A and Tf^B were 0.32 and 0.68, respectively as well as gene frequency of Am-I^A (0.82) was higher than Am-I^B (0.18). Muscovy duck population of Demak showed higher Ho value for Alb and Am-I, whereas Magelang showed higher value for Cp and Tf. Population of muscovy duck of Demak showed closer genetic distance to Pekalongan than Magelang.<strong></strong></p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The protein blood locus of three population of muscovy duck in Central Jawa showed polymorphic characters.