scholarly journals Role of some agrotechnical elements in the precision crop technology of cereals

2012 ◽  
pp. 241-244
Author(s):  
Péter Pepó
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
High Yields

The crop models and precision technology have an important role in the development of winter wheat and maize agrotechnics, which crops have determinative role in Hungarian crop production. The effects of agrotechnical elements (crop rotation, fertilization, irrigation, crop protection, plant density) were studied in our longterm experiments on chernozem soil. Our scientific results proved that the high yields, and good yield stability were obtained in the input-intensive crop models. Maize had lower ecological adaptive capacity than winter wheat. The optimatization of agrotechnical elements reduces the harmful climatic effects so we can increase the yield and yield stability of cereals agro-ecosystems. The yields of wheat varied between 2 and 7 t ha-1 in extensive and 8 and 10 t ha-1 in intensive crop models and the yields of maize ranged between 2 and 11 t ha-1 and 10 and 15 t ha-1, respectively.

scholarly journals Studies on yield stability in autumn wheat species

2001 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Erika Kutasy ◽  
József Csajbók
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Good Productivity ◽  
The Given ◽  
Winter Wheat Varieties

The environmental adaptability of crop production is basically determined by the selection of biological background (plant species and varieties) suitable for the region and the site. The sowing structure adapted to the ecological background increases the yield and decreases the yield fluctuation caused natural effects. Exact long-term trials are essential to develop variety structure of winter wheat production suitable for the given ecological conditions. We have examined the productivity and yield stability of genetically different state registered winter wheat varieties. We have compared the varieties’ yield results in plot trials, at similar agrotechnical conditions, in different cropyears. We have examined the absolute and relative (compared to the mean of varieties) yield of winter wheat varieties. We have valued the yield stability of genotypes with the help of analysis of variance and linear regression equations. We have defined the connection between productivity and yield stability of varieties. We have pointed out the varieties with good productivity and yield stability in given agroecological conditions.According to the results of our examinations the developing of variety structure suitable for the agroecological conditions could increase the potential and effective yield level of wheat production.

scholarly journals The Role of Legume Crops in Improving the Ecological State of the Soil

2022 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elnura Iskandarovna Hamdamova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Ecological State ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Air ◽  
Clean Production ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
High Yields

In this article is considered the role of legumes in improving the ecological state of the soil and the problem of developing energy-efficient, inexpensive, biologically and environmentally clean production technologies for crop production. The use of valuable chemical fertilizers and pesticides in order to obtain high yields from crops increases the pollution of the environment, ie soil, air and groundwater, the products contain nitrates, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, residues harmful to human health.

scholarly journals Stand evaluation, crop estimation and yield analysis of winter wheat for the optimization of yields

2019 ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Nárcisz Pap ◽  
János Pap ◽  
Rezső Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Yield Analysis ◽  
Weak Emergence ◽  
Growth Space

The authors have been carrying out stand evaluation, crop estimation and yield analysis in winter wheat since 2012. The sampling areas were assigned at the fields of the Training Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences of Széchenyi István University Mosonmagyaróvár according to the structure of the cropping system. According to their observations the value of field emergence is always lower than the laboratory germination. The weak emergence is important because the lower plant density cannot be compensated by the increased tillering in spite of having larger plant growth space. It is proven by the fact that they detected strong productive tillering even at 5 and 10 mm plant spacing while there were single-spiked plants at 40-50 mm plant spacing as well. The analysis revealed that the total ear mass and grain mass of wheat plants bearing two or more ears is almost the double than that of the single-spiked plants. It was a further basic experience that the largest ear of ”multiple-spiked” plants is always heavier than the single ear of one-spiked plants. Plants with intense tillering and more ears demonstrate the importance of proper seedbed preparation and drilling and the significance of sowing good quality seeds. These are the factors that determine field germination and emergence, influence the speed and intensity of initial development and by all these factors the sufficient productive tillering. The authors emphasize the use of exact and objective methods at crop estimation, e.g. the relationship between the ear mass and the yield which is in strong correlation whilst ear length and grain mass are not suitable for a precise estimation. The authors conclude that crop estimation and yield analysis must be inevitable tools of modern crop production and will be particularly important in precision agriculture. These tools also qualify the job done by farmers and helps to identify the areas that require special attention.

Effect of crop production factors on the yield and yield stability of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Z. Berzsenyi ◽  
Q. L. Dang
Keyword(s):  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Density Range ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Variance Parameters ◽  
The Stability ◽  
N Rates

The effect of sowing date, N fertiliser rate, plant density and genotype on the yield stability of maize was analysed using 15-year data from a 5×4×5-factorial sowing date experiment, 35-year data from a two-factorial N fertilisation experiment and 25-year data from a two-factorial plant density experiment. Stability analysis on the experimental treatments was carried out using the variance and regression methods. Among the variance parameters, the ecovalence (W), the stability variance (σ²) and the yield stability (YS) were calculated. Based on the data of the sowing date experiment the optimum sowing date (Apr. 24) or sowing ten days later (May 5) were found to be the most stable due to the low, non-significant values of the variance parameters and the values close to unity for the regression coefficients (b). Although early sowing (Apr. 14) led to a significantly higher yield than late sowing, the yield stability was poorer for early sowing. In the long-term N fertilisation experiment the variance parameters indicated the least yield fluctuation at N rates of 80 and 160 kg ha-1, though the yield stability (YS) parameter for the 240 kg ha-1 N rate was also above-average. Regression analysis showed that the yield level and yield stability were the same in all environments for the 160 and 240 kg ha-1 N rates. The stability of the 80 kg ha-1 N rate was similar, but the yield level was approx. 1.3 t ha-1 lower. The yield stability of the plant density response of the maize hybrids was different in each maturity group (FAO number). The stable plant density range was broadest (50-90 thousand plants ha-1) in the FAO 200-299 group. As the vegetation period lengthened the stable plant density range narrowed and shifted towards lower plant densities (for the FAO 400-499 and FAO 500-599 maturity groups: 50-70 thousand plants ha-1). The variance and regression parameters of stability analysis both contributed to the characterisation of the stability of the genotypes and cropping systems investigated. It can be concluded from the results that high yields and yield stability are not necessarily mutually exclusive.

scholarly journals The scientific background of competitive maize production

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-46
Author(s):  
János Nagy ◽  
Adrienn Széles
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Term Field

The effect and interaction of crop production factors on maize yield has been examined for nearly 40 years at the Látókép Experiment Site of the University of Debrecen in a long-term field experiment that is unique and acknowledged in Europe. The research aim is to evaluate the effect of fertilisation, tillage, genotype, sowing, plant density, crop protection and irrigation. The analysis of the database of the examined period makes it possible to evaluate maize yield, as well as the effect of crop production factors and crop year, as well as the interaction between these factors. Based on the different tillage methods, it can be concluded that autumn ploughing provides the highest yield, but its effect significantly differed in irrigated and non-irrigated treatments. The periodical application of strip tillage is justified in areas with favourable soil conditions and free from compated layers (e.g. strip – strip – ploughing – loosening). Under conditions prone to drought, but especially in several consecutive years, a plant density of 70–80 thousand crops per hectare should be used in the case of favourable precipitation supply, but 60 thousand crops per hectare should not be exceeded in dry crop years. The yield increasing effect of fertilisation is significant both under non-irrigated and irrigated conditions, but it is much more moderate in the non-irrigated treatment. Selecting the optimum sowing date is of key importance from the aspect of maize yield, especially in dry crop years. Irrigation is not enough in itself without intensive nutrient management, since it may lead to yield decrease. The results of research, development and innovation, which are based on the performed long-term field experiment, contribute to the production technological methods which provide an opportunity to use sowing seeds, fertilisers and pesticides in a regionally tailored and differentiated way, adapted to the specific needs of the given plot, as well as to plan each operation and to implement precision maize production.

Long-term effect of crop production factors on the yield and yield stability of maize (zea mays L.) in different years

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Berzsenyi ◽  
T. Árendás ◽  
P. Bónis ◽  
G. Micskei ◽  
E. Sugár
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Optimum N Rate

The effects of five crop production factors (tillage, fertilisation, plant density, variety, weed control) on the yield and yield stability of maize were examined in Martonvásár (HU) in a polyfactorial experiment and in separate long-term experiments on the effects of Nfertilisation, sowing date and plant density. In the polyfactorial experiment the five crop production factors contributed to the increase in maize yield in the following ratios (%): fertilisation 30.6, variety 32.6, plant density 20.2, weed control 14.2, soil cultivation 2.4. In the N fertilisation, sowing date and plant density experiments the effects of the treatments on the maize yield were examined separately for dry and wet years.Averaged over 40 years, the yields in the long-term N fertilisation experiment were 2.422 t ha−1 lower in the dry years than in the wet years (5.170 vs. 7.592 t ha−1). The optimum N rate was 160 kg ha−1. In the sowing date experiment the yield was 2.533 t ha−1 lower in the dry years than in the wet years (6.54 vs. 9.093 t ha−1), averaged over 19 years. In dry years the yield was highest for the early and optimum sowing dates, and in wet years for the optimum sowing date. Sowing at dates other than the optimum caused reductions in N fertiliser efficiency. Averaged over 22 years, the optimum plant density was 80,000 plants ha−1 in wet years and 50,000 plants ha−1 in dry years. The yield was most stable at a plant density of 60,000 plants ha−1. The clarification of year effects is particularly important in relation to the possible effects of climate change.

scholarly journals Analysis of the photosynthetic parameters, the yield and the quality of winter wheat

2010 ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
József Csajbók ◽  
Erika Kutasy ◽  
Péter Pepó
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
The University

The environmental adaptability of crop production is basically determined by the selection of biological background (plant species andvarieties) suitable for the region and the site. The aim of our work is to parametrize the plant assimilation, its intensity, dynamics and themost important characteristics and the relationships to the quality in winter wheat trials. The measurements were carried out at the researchsite of the University of Debrecen in small parcel experiments. We measured the leaf net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance,intercellular CO2 level, the transpiration, the leaf temperature and the air temperature by the LICOR LI-6400 portable photosynthesissystem in field trials on the nutrient supply. The soil of the experimental area is calciferous chernozem with favorable water regime.We have examined the photosynthetic activity, the productivity and yield stability of winter wheat varieties. We have compared the yieldresults, at similar agrotechnical conditions in seven cropyears. We also determined the quality parameters of the winter wheat varieties.Then we valued the yield stability of genotypes with the help of analysis of variance and linear regression equations. We have defined theconnections between assimilation parameters, the yield stability and quality parameters of wheat varieties.

scholarly journals Determination of nitrogen and chlorophyll content in two varieties of winter wheat plants means of ground and airborne spectrometry

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
Galyna Zholobak ◽  
Stanislav Dugin ◽  
Oksana Sybirtseva ◽  
Taras Kazantsev ◽  
Inna Romanciuc
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Aerial Survey ◽  
Green Pigment ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
High Yields

Nitrogen in plants is part of the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as proteins, nucleic acids, phytohormones and alkaloids that indicates the key role of this element in plant life. Chlorophyll is the most important pigment of the photosynthetic process determining the life of all heterotrophic organisms on the planet. The facts mentioned above presuppose close relationships between nitrogen and chlorophyll in plants. The nitrogen content in plants serves as a basis for adjusting their nitrogen nutrition and calculating fertilization rates for high yields. This causes comstant importance of studying the content of nitrogen and chlorophyll in plants, especially by means of novel techniques with involving remote sensing. This study was focused on relationship between 19 vegetation indices (VI) and biochemical characteristics of vegetation, in particular nitrogen and chlorophyll content. Study areas were located within production fields of two varieties of winter wheat grown for harvest in 2016 by the grain company Baryshivska. The test plots varied by phytopathological situation in the phase of milk ripeness. Fungal infection of Bogdana variety caused significant varietal differences in biochemical parameters that were calculated by Kjeldahl makro-method for total nitrogen and by aerial survey with UAV (drone) for chlorophyll content. Among 19 VIs calculated by ground spectrometry the major part (16 VIs) were consistent with changes in nitrogen and chlorophyll content in the cultivars. In particular, CI rededge , CI green , MTCI, RVI, D731 / D700 and D735 / D700 were more than doubled, and NDRE1 and D718 / D700 were almost 1.5 times higher in the Skagen variety compared to the Bogdan variety. Only 3 indices: NDVI, Green NDVI and NI had limits of fluctuations of the values within the same limits, as varietal differences of biochemical indicators.

scholarly journals A yield stability index and its application for crop production

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Bacsi ◽  
Zsolt Hollósy
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Average Dispersion ◽  
Statistical Indicators

A good crop production technology should provide high yields under varying environmental conditions, i.e. keep yield fluctuations small. The magnitude of fluctuations is usually measured by statistical indicators of average dispersion, e.g. the standard deviation. However, while many small fluctuations are usually well tolerated by the farmer, an extreme yield may be a serious risk factor.  The present research introduces a yield stability index developed which measures the frequency of extremely high and extremely low yields. The index is tested for 10 countries and 18 crops for 2004-2016, comparing it to 1961-2000, pointing out possible agricultural policy implications.

Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies of a Versatile Heteroaryl Thioether Directing Group for Pd(II) Catalysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Romine ◽  
Kin Yang ◽  
Malkanthi Karunananda ◽  
Jason Chen ◽  
Keary Engle
Keyword(s):  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Salvianolic Acid ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Computational Data ◽  
Synthetic Utility ◽  
Directing Group ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Julia Olefination ◽  
Reaction Progress Kinetic Analysis

A weakly coordinating monodentate heteroaryl thioether directing group has been developed for use in Pd(II) catalysis to orchestrate key elementary steps in the catalytic cycle that require conformational flexibility in a manner that is difficult to accomplish with traditional strongly coordinating directing groups. This benzothiazole thioether, (BT)S, directing group can be used to promote oxidative Heck reactivity of internal alkenes providing a wide range of products in moderate to high yields. To demonstrate the broad applicability of this directing group, arene C–H olefination was also successfully developed. Reaction progress kinetic analysis provides insights into the role of the directing group in each reaction, which is supplemented with computational data for the oxidative Heck reaction. Furthermore, this (BT)S directing group can be transformed into a number of synthetically useful functional groups, including a sulfone for Julia olefination, allowing it to serve as a “masked olefin” directing group in synthetic planning. In order to demonstrate this synthetic utility, natural products (+)-salvianolic acid A and salvianolic acid F are formally synthesized using the (BT)S directed C–H olefination as the key step.

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