Muscle dysmorphia and the use of auxiliary instruments for diagnosis: case report of a patient with mental retardation/ Dismorfia muscular e o uso de instrumentos auxiliares para diagnóstico: relato de caso de um paciente com retardo mental

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 85641-85644
Author(s):  
Annie Schtscherbyna ◽  
Lídia de Pádua Nogueira ◽  
Paula Colodetti Santos
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Body Image Dissatisfaction ◽  
Muscle Dysmorphia ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
Mild Intellectual Disability ◽  
Satisfaction Scale ◽  
Intellectual Capacity

Body image investigation is fundamental to assess body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). When dissatisfaction is related to the muscle, it is suggestive to be accompanied by muscle dysmorphia (MD) – with or without insight. In BDD, the presence of other comorbidities can make it difficult to diagnose the disorder. In this sense, this case report aimed to present the use of auxiliary methods to facilitate the diagnosis of MD in a patient with mental retardation. Two instruments were tested: Scale of Body Image (SBI) and Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (Mass). Male, 33 years, completed primary school, single. Mild intellectual disability with a tendency to impulsive behavior. As for SBI, the participant identified himself with image 6, but he said he had the desire to resemble image 9. This discrepancy corroborates the suspicion of body image dissatisfaction. Regarding the Mass questionnaire, the score was 84: positive for MD. With this case report, we suggest the use of the instruments mentioned to help in the MD evaluation, especially in patients with low intellectual capacity, which have difficulties in mentioning their complaints. It is important to note that this application does not dispense analysis of clinical and psychological indicators.

Muscle dysmorphic disorder - a new nosologic entity arises?

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 967-967
Author(s):  
R.M. Freire Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Treatment Strategy ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Muscle Dysmorphia ◽  
Muscular Hypertrophy ◽  
Social Leisure ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Nosologic Entity

Morbid concern over body image was considered, until recently, a female issue. Nowadays, it has been viewed as a common male disorder. Muscle dysmorphia, a subtype of a body dysmorphic disorder, affects men who, despite having clear muscular hypertrophy, see themselves as frail and small. Besides being associated to major social, leisure and occupational dysfunction, muscle dysmorphia is also a risk factor for the abuse of steroids and other substances. This work describes epidemiological, etiological and clinical characteristics of muscle dysmorphia and comments on its treatment strategy.We searched for scientific articles about this topic on the databases MEDLINE, LILACS and PsycINFO, using the search words “muscle dysmorphic disorder”. We chose to preferentially include original articles and recent reviews.

Body-Image Perception in Pre- and Postadolescent Females

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Brodie ◽  
K. Bagley ◽  
P. D. Slade
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
Body Image Dissatisfaction ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Image Perception ◽  
Satisfaction Scale ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Ideal Body Image

The purpose of this study was to examine both perceived and ideal body-image to establish if the process of adolescence was a contributory factor. A distorting mirror and silhouette pictures were used to examine the image in two groups of 59 pre- and 41 postadolescent girls. The girls' perception of themselves was reasonably accurate yet both groups had a significantly slimmer mean ideal image, irrespective of adolescent status. The differences between the two groups were nonsignificant whether using the distorting mirror or the pictures. The only difference to be observed was when using a body-satisfaction scale. The postadolescents were significantly less satisfied about their nonhead body parts. Scores from the mirror and the pictures question the assumption that body-image dissatisfaction is a postadolescent phenomenon. This should be a cause for concern as eating disorders, which appear to be linked to body-image, are being observed in younger children. The comparability between scores for the pictures and the distorting mirror opens the possibility of home-based therapy in the treatment of perceptual and eating disorders.

scholarly journals Prevalence of muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and related factors in male university students / Prevalencia de sintomatología de dismorfia muscular y factores asociados en estudiantes universitarios varones

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-195
Author(s):  
Ana Elena Sanchez-Castro ◽  
Lorella Cook-del Águila ◽  
Giuliana Angelica Yacila Huaman ◽  
Romina Arely Tejada Caminiti ◽  
Mario Alexander Reyes Bossio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Muscle Dysmorphia ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Satisfaction Scale ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorders ◽  
Estudiantes Universitarios

AbstractMuscle dysmorphia is an obsessive-compulsive disorder subcategorized as a body dysmorphic disorder. Studies in Latin America have assessed the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in bodybuilders and gym users. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia symptomatology (MDS) and associated factors in university male students in Lima, Peru. The participants (N = 618) had an average age of 21.0 years (DS = 2.3). We assessed MDS through the Muscular Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS) and obsessive-compulsive disorders through the Yale-Brown Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorders (BDD-YBOCS). We also tested participants on their food consumption and physical activity (PA) frequency. The prevalence of MDS was 1.3% (IC 95% = 0.4-2.2%) . associated with factors such as intense PA defined as more than five hours per week (PRa = 9.5; 95% CI = 1.1-84.4) and a hyperproteic diet (PRa = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.1-1.6). Thirty-two percent of participants consumed protein supplements. Muscle dysmorphia is a disorder present in the general population. However, more research must be done to understand how this is an emerging problem in Latin America. Therefore, to influence its prevention and early identification among the university population, it is necessary to deepen the understanding.ResumenLa dismorfia muscular es un trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo subcategorizado recientemente como un trastorno dismórfico corporal. En Latinoamérica se ha estimado la prevalencia de sintomatología de dismorfia muscular (SDM), pero principalmente en usuarios de gimnasio o fisicoculturistas. Por tanto, el propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de SDM y factores asociados entre estudiantes universitarios de Lima, Perú. Participaron 618 varones con edad promedio de 21.0 años (DE = 2.3), quienes completaron la Escala de Satisfacción con la Apariencia Muscular (MASS) y la Escala Obsesiva-Compulsiva de Yale-Brown Modificada para Trastorno Dismórfico Corporal (BDD-YBOCS), y además fueron evaluados en cuanto a su consumo de alimentos y realización de actividad física. La prevalencia de SDM fue 1.3% (IC 95% = 0.4-2.2%), asociada a la realización de actividad física intensa (PRa = 9.5; IC 95% = 1.1-84.4) y al seguimiento de una dieta hiperproteica (PRa = 1.3; IC 95% = 1.1-1.6). Adicionalmente, 32% de los participantes indicó consumir suplementos proteicos. La DM es un trastorno emergente en Latinoamérica, por lo que es aún incipiente el conocimiento que se tiene sobre él. Por tanto, para poder incidir en su prevención e identificación temprana entre población universitaria, es necesario profundizar en su comprensión.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Predictors of Body Image Disturbance in Adolescence

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-218
Author(s):  
James Collison ◽  
Lisa Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Body Image Dissatisfaction ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Image Disturbance ◽  
Young Adult Population ◽  
To Receive

Background: Body dysmorphic disorder encompasses a range of cognitive and behavioural states stemming from distressing, negative evaluations of one’s appearance. Despite the seriousness of this condition, little is known about who is likely to receive a diagnosis and more importantly what the putative risk factors are. This is particularly so among adolescent samples, where the extant literature is considerably smaller. Objective: This study had two broad aims: to estimate the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder within a young-adult population, and to examine the predictors of body image disturbance. Methods: Three-hundred and four adolescents (242 females; Mage = 17.68) completed the Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire and Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire, along with measures of clinical psychopathology, self-esteem, experiences of parenting, and bullying. Results: Body dysmorphic disorder was present in 3.9% of the sample, which is in line with previous estimates among adolescents. More interestingly, results indicated that instances of high stress, low self-esteem, and reported experiences of bullying were able to predict 48% of body image dissatisfaction. Conclusions: Psychological interventions should be directed towards adolescents with body image concerns, especially if they also report bullying, elevated stress, or diminished selfesteem. However, additional research is still warranted to gain an increasingly accurate understanding of the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and who is susceptible to developing this disorder and how we can best serve these individuals in the community.

scholarly journals The Roko Syndrome: A Mirror of Koro Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-91
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Stip ◽  
Julian Nguyen ◽  
Bastian Bertulies-Esposito ◽  
Marie-Joelle Bedard ◽  
Andreanne Paradis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
Strong Belief ◽  
Retraction Syndrome ◽  
Body Dysmorphia ◽  
Separate Form ◽  
Body Image Disorders ◽  
Urological Emergency

It is well established that 1 in 50 individuals receives a diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Within body image disorders, there is genital retraction syndrome also known as Koro. A unique syndrome in which there is a heightened belief that one’s genitals will diminish in size, retract into the abdomen and ultimately lead to death. However, we have recently discovered a separate form of BDD that is directly opposite of Koro, in which the patient presents a strong belief that his penis will enlarge and extend out of their body. We present a unique case report of a counter-Koro syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by the delusion that one’s penis is growing larger and that it will result in its extreme protrusion from the abdomen and a consequent fear of recurring and visible erections. Given its mirror-like presentation and uniqueness to occurring only in males, we refer to it as Roko Syndrome. To our knowledge, this syndrome has not yet been reported in the literature and requires further study to understand whether it fits as a separate syndrome or falls along the spectrum of body dysmorphia. Thus, assessments used to identify body image disorders can be broadened to include items representing the behavior and presentation of Roko that we delineate in comparison of Koro. The new syndrome is also easily distinguishable from a priapism which is a urological emergency.

Body parts of clinical concern in anorexia nervosa versus body dysmorphic disorder: a cross-diagnostic comparison

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Lin Toh ◽  
Sally A Grace ◽  
Susan L Rossell ◽  
David J Castle ◽  
Andrea Phillipou
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Body Image Dissatisfaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Image Disturbance ◽  
Clinical Feature ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Weight Concerns ◽  
Targeted Interventions

Objectives: Anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder share a hallmark clinical feature of severe body image disturbance. This study aimed to document major demographic and clinical characteristics in anorexia nervosa versus body dysmorphic disorder, and it was the first to compare specific body parts related to body image dissatisfaction across these disorders directly. Methods: Anorexia nervosa ( n=26) and body dysmorphic disorder ( n=24) patients were administered a range of clinical measures, including key questions about the specificities of their body image concerns. Results: Results revealed increased psychiatric and personality co-morbidities in anorexia nervosa relative to body dysmorphic disorder. The anorexia nervosa group was mostly preoccupied with three body zones typically linked to weight concerns, whereas the body dysmorphic disorder group fixated on facial features, hair and skin. Conclusions: These findings may help inform differential diagnosis in complex cases and aid in the formulation of targeted interventions.

Body Image Dissatisfaction and Body Dysmorphic Disorder in 100 Cosmetic Surgery Patients

1998 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 1644-1649 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Sarwer ◽  
Thomas A. Wadden ◽  
Michael J. Pertschuk ◽  
Linton A. Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Cosmetic Surgery ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Body Image Dissatisfaction

Avoiding patient dissatisfaction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1341-1346
Author(s):  
Nigel Mercer ◽  
Mark Soldin
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Cosmetic Surgery ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Body Image Dissatisfaction ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Patient Dissatisfaction ◽  
Surgery Patient ◽  
Practice Of Medicine ◽  
Patient Preparation

The practice of medicine has always been a balance of the latest scientific advances, and a less well-defined ‘art’ of patient care. Much of this ‘art’ is good communication. In cosmetic surgery, advances in anatomical and scientific knowledge have allowed plastic surgeons to enhance youthful beauty to a level never thought possible in the past. Technical success does not, however, equate with patient satisfaction. All surgeons will have the occasional patient who is unhappy with a result that the surgeon feels is reasonable. It is likely that something was missed in the patient preparation for surgery, possibly a psychological condition that was overlooked. Cosmetic surgery patients are, by definition, dissatisfied with their body image. This dissatisfaction could be understandable and reasonable, or it may be excessive and abnormal. Within the cosmetic surgery patient spectrum there will be patients with body dysmorphic disorder or other problems that will place both patient and surgeon at risk of an unhappy outcome even though there has been a good surgical result. Plastic surgeons must have insight into the psychology of body image dissatisfaction. Subspecialization in modern medicine means that today’s plastic surgeons may need the help of psychologists to assist in the identification of these patients.

scholarly journals Adolescent Boys are at Risk for Body Image Dissatisfaction and Muscle Dysmorphia

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Skemp ◽  
Renae L. Elwood ◽  
David M. Reineke
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Body Image Dissatisfaction ◽  
Muscle Dysmorphia ◽  
Eating Attitude ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Drive For Muscularity ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Compulsive Behaviors ◽  
Health And Development

Background and Purpose: Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by extreme body dissatisfaction and a drive for muscularity that leads to compulsive behaviors to attain an ideal body shape. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the level of body image dissatisfaction (BID) among male adolescents (N = 149, mean age = 15.01 + 1.85 y and mean BMI = 23.26 + 5.01 kg/m2 ) and whether or not BID was correlated with behaviors associated with MD. A secondary purpose was to examine if a difference exists between athletes and non-athletes. Methods: The Eating Attitude Survey (EAS) was used to assess attitudes toward body weight and shape while the Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory (MDI) was used to assess the behavioral and psychological characteristics of MD. Results: This sample of male adolescents indicate some level of BID, which is also associated with overall higher scores for all subscales of the MDI, but especially the subscales relating to muscularity. Athletes in particular showed higher levels of BID and higher scores on the MDI. Conclusion: Individuals who work with adolescent boys should be aware that they can develop body dissatisfaction and may participate in compensatory behaviors that may be harmful to their overall health and development.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document