Effect of acute aerobic exercise in different times of day on iron status and hematological factors in professional football players

Background and aims: Exercise time is one of the main challenges of athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute aerobic exercise at different times of the day on iron status and hematological factors in professional football players. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 40 professional football players were randomly divided into morning exercise, evening exercise, morning control, and evening control groups. The experimental groups performed Bruce’s test in the morning and evening. To measure iron, ferritin, red blood cell (RBC), and hemoglobin (Hb), the blood samples were taken before, immediately after, as well as 24 and 72 hours after the Bruce test. Repeated-measure ANOVA and two-way ANOVA (group*time) were used to analyze the obtained data. Results: The results showed a significant increase immediately after an acute aerobic exercise while demonstrating a significant decrease in RBC and Hb in morning and evening exercise groups 24 and 72 hours after the exercise compared to the control groups. In addition, a significant reduction immediately after the acute aerobic exercise, whereas a significant increase 24 and 72 hours after the exercise, was observed in the serum levels of iron and ferritin in the morning and evening exercise groups compared to the control groups. As regards the serum levels of iron, an immediate significant decrease, along with a significant increase 24 hours after the acute aerobic exercise was found between the morning and evening exercise groups (P≤0.05). Conclusion: It seems that performing acute endurance training in the evening is safe in terms of reducing the serum levels of iron and developing the "exercise-induced anemia". Finally, at least 24 hours is required for the recovery of hematological parameters after acute endurance training.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF DA MODELS ON THE WRITING ABILITY AND ATTITUDE OF IRANIAN EFL LEARNERS

The Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics ◽

10.5750/bjll.v5i0.212 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 38-51

Author(s):

Jaleh Hassaskhah ◽

Masoumeh Javan Haghparast

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Assessment ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

Control Groups ◽

Writing Ability ◽

Efl Learners ◽

Analysis Techniques ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Testing Techniques ◽

The Common ◽

The Impact

The overall aim of this study was to advance understanding of the impact of the two main existing models of Dynamic Assessment (i.e. interventionist DA and interactionist DA) on the improvement of the writing abilities and attitudes of EFL learners. To have a viable conclusion, the study employed a quasi experimental research design in three pre-intermediate EFL classrooms, where each class functioned as both the experimental and the control groups. Then using the statistical procedure of repeated measure, the researchers obtained four sets of scores , the means of which were later calculated and compared in pairs (pair t-test) to see the development of students , if any, throughout the semester. Moreover, the learners’ attitude towards each of the models was assessed qualitatively after the term was over. This was done through thematic analysis techniques. Based on the results of the data analysis, it was found out that of the two main existing frameworks of DA, in spite of the common claims of their proponents, none can be given priority over the other. The only difference is the situations to which they can be applied. While interventionist DA is applicable in larger classes, interactionist DA can be best used with individual learners or in classes with fewer than four or five students. This study also indicated that learners feel more satisfied with DA than the traditional testing techniques in which their individual voices are not usually heard. Students, who used DA, liked writing activities more than before and stated that internalizing the rules and techniques got easier. Consequently, although the results obtained are susceptible to some context related limitations as well, which might threaten their full generalizability; this will not prevent us from refuting the impracticality of generalizing DA to all contexts and instead suggesting it as a valuable tool of assessment for all kinds of contexts.

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Effects of 12-Week Endurance Training at Natural Low Altitude on the Blood Redox Homeostasis of Professional Adolescent Athletes: A Quasi-Experimental Field Trial

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2016/4848015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tomas K. Tong ◽

Zhaowei Kong ◽

Hua Lin ◽

Yeheng He ◽

Giuseppe Lippi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endurance Training ◽

Redox Homeostasis ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid ◽

Tanner Stage ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Low Altitude ◽

Matched Comparison

This field study investigated the influences of exposure to natural low altitude on endurance training-induced alterations of redox homeostasis in professional adolescent runners undergoing 12-week off-season conditioning program at an altitude of 1700 m (Alt), by comparison with that of their counterparts completing the program at sea-level (SL). For age-, gender-, and Tanner-stage-matched comparison, 26 runners (n=13in each group) were selected and studied. Following the conditioning program, unaltered serum levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and superoxide dismutase accompanied with an increase in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and decreases of xanthine oxidase, reduced glutathione (GSH), and GSH/GSSG ratio were observed in both Alt and SL groups. Serum glutathione peroxidase and catalase did not change in SL, whereas these enzymes, respectively, decreased and increased in Alt. Uric acid (UA) decreased in SL and increased in Alt. Moreover, the decreases in GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio in Alt were relatively lower compared to those in SL. Further, significant interindividual correlations were found between changes in catalase and TBARS, as well as between UA and T-AOC. These findings suggest that long-term training at natural low altitude is unlikely to cause retained oxidative stress in professional adolescent runners.

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Relationships between Vitamin D and Selected Cytokines and Hemogram Parameters in Professional Football Players—Pilot Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18137124 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 7124

Author(s):

Anna Książek ◽

Aleksandra Zagrodna ◽

Anna Bohdanowicz-Pawlak ◽

Felicja Lwow ◽

Małgorzata Słowińska-Lisowska

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Vitamin D Insufficiency ◽

Football Players ◽

Professional Football ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

Tnf Α ◽

The Relationship

Vitamin D affects both innate and adaptive immunity. Most of the effects of vitamin D on innate immunity are anti-inflammatory. In monocytes/macrophages, vitamin D suppresses the production of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between 25(OH)D concentration and selected cytokines—IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, which are hemogram parameters for professional football players. We enrolled 41 Polish premier league soccer players. The mean age, career duration, and VO2max were, respectively: 22.7 ± 5.3 years, 14.7 ± 4.5 years, and 55.8 ± 4.0 mL/kg/min. Serum levels of 25(OH)D were measured by electrochemiluminescence (ECLIA) using the Elecsys system (Roche, Switzerland). Serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were measured by ELISA (R&D Systems, Minneapolis). Blood count with smear was measured on a Sysmex XT-4000i analyzer (Sysmex Corporation, Japan). Our study showed decreased serum 25(OH)D levels in 78% of the professional players. We found a significant negative correlation between 25(OH)D levels and TNF-α and LYMPH (%). The results also demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation between vitamin D levels and NEUTH (%), NEUTH (tys/µL), and EOS (tys/µL). Based on the results of our study, we concluded that football players from Poland are not protected against vitamin D insufficiency in winter months. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency may be associated with an increased pro-inflammatory risk in well-trained athletes.

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Effects of a moderate intensity aerobic exercise on serum levels of BDNF, DCX, and DBHB in triathlon male adolescents

Yafteh Lorestan University of Medical Sciences ◽

10.32592/yafteh.2021.23.4.7 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 86-96

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

P Value ◽

Serum Factors ◽

Male Adolescents ◽

Paired Samples ◽

Before And After ◽

Quasi Experimental

Background: Various serum factors in response to aerobic exercise improve cognitive function in healthy individuals; nonetheless, the effect of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on their levels has not been studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effect of a moderate intensity aerobic exercise on serum levels of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Doublecortin (DCX), and D-β-hydroxybutyrate (DBHB) in triathlon male adolescents in Tuyserkan. Materials and Methods: A total of 22 triathlon male adolescents (age: 17.60±0.52 years, weight: 60.74±4.96 kg, height: 175.60±5.52 cm) voluntarily participated in this quasi-experimental study. Subjects in one session performed 60 minutes of running with an intensity of 12-13 on the Borg scale. Blood samples were taken from the subjects 5 min before and after training. Serum levels of BDNF, DCX and DBHB were measured by ELISA. To analyze the data, paired samples t-test was used, and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In addition, the percentage of changes was compared to pre-test. Results: Based on the results, the serum levels of DCX (P=0.0005), BDNF (P=0.0005), and DBHB (P=0.001) increased significantly, compared to those in the pretest. Furthermore, serum levels of BDNF (21.30%), DBHB (12.95%) and DCX (12.01%) had the highest increase, as compared to the pretest, respectively. Conclusion: All three serum factors BDNF, DCX, and DBHB have a significant positive response to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in triathlon male adolescents. Nevertheless, neurotrophin/growth factor BDNF demonstrates more changes and appears to play a greater role in neuroprotection, improving memory, learning, and cognitive function.

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Impact of 4-week Brain Endurance Training (BET) on Cognitive and Physical Performance in Professional Football Players

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000563395.36093.aa ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (Supplement) ◽

pp. 964

Author(s):

Walter Staiano ◽

Michele Merlini ◽

Chiara Gattoni ◽

Samuele Marcora

Keyword(s):

Endurance Training ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Football Players ◽

Professional Football

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An Evaluation of the Levels of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 and Bone Turnover Markers in Professional Football Players and in Physically Inactive Men

Physiological Research ◽

10.33549/physiolres.932586 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 237-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

K. SOLARZ ◽

A. KOPEĆ ◽

J. PIETRASZEWSKA ◽

F. MAJDA ◽

M. SŁOWIŃSKA-LISOWSKA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Bone Turnover ◽

Calcium Intake ◽

Bone Turnover Markers ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Football Players ◽

Professional Football ◽

Turnover Markers ◽

Physically Inactive

Vitamin D is synthesised in the skin during exposure to sunlight and its fundamental roles are the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone mineralisation. The aim of our study was to evaluate serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, PTH and bone turnover markers (P1NP, OC, β-CTx, OC/β-CTx) and the intake of calcium and vitamin D in Polish Professional Football League (Ekstraklasa) players and in young men with a low level of physical activity. Fifty healthy men aged 19 to 34 years were included in the study. We showed that 25(OH)D3 and P1NP levels and OC/β-CTx were higher in the group of professional football players than in the group of physically inactive men. The daily vitamin D and calcium intake in the group of professional football players was also higher. We showed a significant relationship between 25(OH)D3 levels and body mass, body cell mass, total body water, fat-free mass, muscle mass, vitamin D and calcium intake. Optimum 25(OH)D3 levels were observed in a mere 16.7 % of the football players and vitamin D deficiency was observed in the physically inactive men. The level of physical activity, body composition, calcium and vitamin D intake and the duration of exposure to sunlight may significantly affect serum levels of 25(OH)D3.

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Aerobic Exercise’s Reversal of Insulin Resistance by Activating AMPKα–ACC–CPT1 Signaling in the Skeletal Muscle of C57BL/6 Mice

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.20.5.370 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 370-380 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Yanmei Niu ◽

Hong Yuan ◽

Li Fu

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Normal Diet ◽

High Fat ◽

Sedentary Control ◽

Control Groups ◽

Protein Expressions

Insulin resistance (IR) is a common pathophysiological feature of Type 2 diabetes. Although the mechanisms leading to IR are still elusive, evidence has shown that aerobic exercise can reverse this process. To investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on IR, the authors created an IR animal model by feeding C57BL/6 mice a high-fat diet for 8 wk. They then compared the effect of 6 wk of treadmill training (60 min/d) at 75% VO2max on mice in normal-diet (NE) and high-fat-diet (HE) groups with their sedentary control groups. Levels of skeletal-muscle AMPKα (AMP-activated protein kinase α), ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylases), and CPT1 (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1) mRNA and AMPKα, pAMPK-Thr172, ACC, pACC-Ser79, and CPT1 protein expressions were analyzed. In addition, fasting serum levels of insulin, triglyceride, and cholesterol were measured. The results demonstrate that 6 wk of exercise increased AMPKα mRNA expression by 11% and 25 % (p < .01) in the NE and HE groups, respectively, and AMPKα protein expression by 37.9% and 20.1% (p < .01) in NE and HE compared with their sedentary control. In addition, ACC mRNA and protein expressions declined, whereas CPT1 mRNA and protein expressions were elevated in both exercise groups compared with sedentary control groups. In addition, pAMPK-Thr172 and pACC-Ser79 expression increased significantly in the NE and HE groups compared with sedentary control groups. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that 6 wk of aerobic exercise can effectively ameliorate IR by increasing the expression of AMPKα and pAMPK-Thr172, thereby activating the key enzymes that facilitate lipid metabolism.

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Stick Figure and Think, Talk And Write: Integrating Media With Teaching Strategy For A Better Writing Competence

IJER (Indonesian Journal of Educational Research) ◽

10.30631/ijer.v2i1.29 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 46

Author(s):

Eva Sudarwati ◽

Shynta Amalia

Keyword(s):

Teaching Strategy ◽

T Test ◽

Narrative Writing ◽

Control Groups ◽

Stick Figure ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Mean Differences ◽

And Control ◽

Writing Competence

Abstract This study attempts to see the effect of Think, Talk, and Write strategy on the students’ narrative writing competence. Considering the importance of the use of teaching media, this study tries to integrate Stick Figure as a teaching media in Think, Talk, and Write Strategy. A quasi experimental study was conducted to see the improvement of the students’ narrative writing competence. It involved 42 students who were selected on the basis of convenience sampling and assigned into two groups; experimental and control groups. The statistical analyses of paired sample t-test in experimental group showed that there was significant improvement on the students’ writing competence before (M=5.77, SD= 2.342) and after (M= 11.79, SD= 2.342), t(21)=12.059, p<0.05.Moreover, the result of independent t-test between experimental and control groups showed a significant difference. It can be seen that the mean differences was 3.79545 and the significance value is lower than 0.05, 0.000<0.05.

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