scholarly journals THE THEME OF BESIEGED LENINGRAD IN THE LETTERS OF OLGA FREINDENBERG TO BORIS PASTERNAK IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1940S

2020 ◽  
pp. 144-148
Author(s):  
Polina L. Mikurova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Boris Pasternak ◽  
Work Meaning ◽  
Existence Time ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Artistic Talent

The theme of besieged Leningrad contained in the letters of scholar-philologist, culture scientist Olga Freindenberg to her cousin Boris Pasternak is analysed in the paper. Since the correspondence was published relatively recently, its introduction to scientifi c circulation, determination of the subject and intentions of the correspondents seem to be important and topical. The article is intended for specialists-philologists, for all those interested in epistolary heritage of the 20th century. The correspondence between Boris Pasternak and Olga Freindenberg referring to the period of the siege is represented by the author as a specifi c type of combined discourse which unite social and communicative, everyday, signifi cant and symbolic functions. It is a part of the single artistic and semantic canvas, the whole creative heritage of the cousins, the whole of their correspondence which lasted for more than half a century and was based on «everlasting» themes like creative work, meaning of existence, love, faith, humanism. The image of besieged Leningrad is represented in the letters as a starting point for correspondents’ philosophic considerations about such categories as existence, time and space, about meaning of existence. At the same time, the letters demonstrate their authors’ artistic talent and virtuous possession of the word, the ability to say important between the lines. The stylistics of Olga Freidenberg’s epistolary heritage, when syntax, along with lexical fi gurative, gives rise to vivid, tragic paintings of what is described, is analysed in the work.

scholarly journals Symbolism in the English and Russian fairy tale folklore: comparative analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-106
Author(s):  
Kseniya Yur'evna Vavilova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Fairy Tale ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Comparative Study

The subject of this research is the symbolism in the English and Russian fairytale tradition. The object is the texts of the Russian and English fairy tales. Analysis of the texts reveals the typical functions performed by symbols in both folklore traditions. The author provides the examples of symbols and offers the interpretation of objects-symbols, symbols-zoonyms, color and number symbols, time and space symbols. Comparative study of folklore heritage of non-cognate languages reveals the fundamental commonness of a particular folk genre of different peoples in their perspective upon reality, methods of depiction, and ideological interpretations. The scientific novelty consists in conclusions obtained in the comparative study of the symbolism of fairy tale texts in the Russian and British folklore, which is important for determination of linguistic, semiological and cultural universals. The comparative study of folklore material of two traditions in the sphere of the poetics of folklore reveals the traditional universals and unique features on the level of symbolism of the fairy tale genre. Within the framework of the article, the author analyzes the functionality of thematic, animalistic, color, spatial-temporal, and numerical symbols. The acquired results are underpinned by a large number of text examples.

scholarly journals Novyi Mishor – first country-style resort on the South Coast of Crimea (1898-1920): reconstruction of sociocultural history

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-127
Author(s):  
Andrey Vasil'evich Karagodin ◽  
Mariya Mikhailovna Petrova
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
The South ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time

The subject of this research is the history of the first of country-style resort appeared on the South Coast of Crimea at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries on the lands of country estates of New Mishor belonged to Shuvalov-Dolgorukov family. The phenomenon of country-style construction on the South Coast of Crimes, which starting point was the foundation of the Novyi Mishor, is viewed in the context of the processes of economic and sociocultural modernization of Russian society, formation of self-identification mechanisms of the emerging “middle class”, and new urban culture. Special attention is given to the period from 1917 to 1920, when the cultural figures left the capital and resided in the villages of Novyi Mishor. Based on examination the body of historical sources, many of which introduced to the scientific discourse for the first time, the author formed the database of villages and countryside residents of Novyi Mishor. A vast array of archival funds, reference literature, sources of personal provenance (memoirs, correspondence), and visual sources was attracted in the course of research. The novelty of consists in establishment of identities and social status of the residents of country resort of Novyi Mishor, determination of a range of sources for its further research, reconstruction of chronology of the development of this resort, details of everyday life and mentality traits of the residents, among which were the prominent figures of culture and art of Russia of that time – writers, actors, painters, scholars, and philanthropists.

scholarly journals A crise dos fundamentos das ciências modernas: Uma leitura a partir de Edmund Husserl

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Rogério Miranda de Almeida ◽  
Irineu Letenski
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Subject Knowledge ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Logical Investigations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scientific Positivism

Estas reflexões têm como objetivo principal analisar a crise dos fundamentos das ciências modernas na perspectiva de Edmund Husserl. Com efeito, na primeira metade do século XX, o autor das Investigações lógicas levanta o brado em torno da existência de uma crise científica e, ao mesmo tempo, procura diagnosticar as causas e remediar os males que acarretaram tal crise. Mais precisamente, o pensamento husserliano tem como ponto de partida a crítica aos limites e à possibilidade do conhecimento proposto pelas filosofias de Descartes e de Kant. Mas Husserl ataca igualmente o espírito reducionista do positivismo científico – com o desenvolvimento e a sofisticação de suas técnicas – assim como a imposição não menos reducionista do historicismo que, ao afastarem o “sujeito do mundo”, romperam suas “relações primigênias”, espoliando assim o papel do sujeito na construção do conhecimento.Abstract: These reflections aim principally at analyzing the crisis of the modern science foundations from Edmund Husserl’s perspective. Indeed, at the first half of the 20th century, the author of Logical Investigations points vehemently out to the existence of a scientific crisis and tries, at the same time, to diagnose the causes and to show a solution to the disadvantages that brought about such a crisis. More precisely, the Husserlian thought has as its starting point the critique against the limits and the possibilities of knowledge proposed by the philosophies of Descartes and Kant. However, Husserl also attacks the reducing spirit of scientific positivism – together with the development and sophistication of its techniques – as well as the no less reducing and imposing historicism. Both trends have not only removed the “world subject”, but also disrupted its “primeval relations” having, thus, deprived the role of the subject in the construction of knowledge.Keywords: Husserl, crisis, sciences, subject, knowledge.  

scholarly journals LANGUAGE WAYS OF CHRISTIANIZATION OF POLAND

10.23856/3107 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 76-95
Author(s):  
Leszek Bednarczuk ◽  
Andrzej Kryński ◽  
Ioan Horga
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
European Context ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject

 On the occasion of the 1050th anniversary of the baptism of Poland, a number of new works appeared on the subject of this event and of the beginnings of the Polish state in the European context, just as it did half a century ago (Początki państwa polskiego, 1966). They bring new scientific syntheses (Chrystianizacja Europy, 2014; Chrystianizacja „Młodszej Europy”, 2016) and textbook perspectives (Nowak, 2014; Ożóg, 2015, Walkowski, 2015-2016), as well as important detailed arrangements on the oldest contacts between the Slavs and the Franks over the central Danube (Polek, 2007), connections between southern Poland and Avars and Great Morawa (Třeštík, 2009; Poleski, 2013), with the Czechs of the first Przemyślids (Matla-Kozłowska, 2008). Some historians refer to linguistics, questioning, among others, Czech provenance of the oldest Polish Christian terminology (Sikorski, 2011, 2012), or suggesting their own explanations of Polish tribal names and names of the oldest rulers of Poland (Urbańczyk, 2008; 2012), which is difficult to agree with, however. As regards the works of Polish linguists in this field, upon the great works of A. Brückner (1915; 1974) and E. Klich (1927) on Polish Christian terminology and discussions on the Old Church Slavonic language in medieval Poland of K. Lanckorońska (1961), T. Lehr-Spławiński (1962), T. Milewski (1965), only at the end of the 20th century  there appeared analytic studies of L. Moszyński (1994), J. Siatkowski (1996), and M. Kucała (2000) and discovery publications of M. Karpluk (collected in 2010), especially her «Dictionary of Old Polish Christian Terminology" (Karpluk, 2001), based on which we will try to discuss the ways in which it reached Poland. The starting point for the authors' considerations will be the phases of the process of Christianisation and its course in Europe and in Slavdom, and then sources of Old Polish religious terminology on selected examples and other testimonies of the Christianization of Poland. The summary will cover some arguable issues and the results of the work.

scholarly journals Surprise, Event and the Metonymic Subject

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-122
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Formalism ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Roman Jakobson ◽  
The Subject ◽  
May 1968 ◽  
Traditional Poetry

A well-worn platitude holds that surprise (admiration for the Greeks, but closer to astonishment for their successors) is the starting point of philosophy (while carefully distinguishing philosophical surprise from the routine kind). Surprise also functions as an important concept in aesthetics. Russian formalism elucidates it through the concepts of ostranenie and defamiliarization. Roman Jakobson in 1919 began a heuristically rich analysis that reveals the role of metonymy in prose and new poetry — in contrast to the centrality of metaphor in traditional poetry. This reassessment of the role of contiguity (as well as of randomness and arbitrariness) as opposed to similarity (or, stated another way, syntax vs. paradigmatics) has found some resonance in (mainly, but not exclusively, French) thinking about the concept of event. After its introduction in Gilles Deleuze’s The Logic of Sense (1969), the real apotheosis of the event unfolds among different thinkers (Derrida, Badiou, neo-phenomenologists) who glorify the unexpectedness, unforeseeableness, ineffability and causelessness of the event. The article shows that this kind of event theorizing (with its inherent optimism and joyous enthusiasm for new horizons and possibilities) is bound to the type of event within which that thinking took shape, the “revolution” (as it conceived itself) of May 1968. This “theory” cannot fully account for either certain previous events (the Holocaust) nor subsequent ones (such as 9/11 or the pandemic). Parallel with the thinking about the May 1968 event came reflections on subjectivity, or rather on the rapid alteration in its historical types during the 20th century accompanied by efforts to grasp what has taken the place once occupied by the subject. This new and elusive entity (referred to as advenant or “coming about” by Claude Romano) corresponds to the metonymic, contingent nature of current social and/or semantic reality itself.

scholarly journals XIX. On liquid transpiration in relation to chemical composition

1861 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 373-386 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Remarkable Feature ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Chemical Constitution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Molecular Constitution

The passage of liquids under pressure through a capillary tube is here spoken of as liquid transpiration, in accordance with the analogy of gaseous transpiration. The subject owes the development which it has already acquired chiefly to the investigations of the late Dr. Poiseuille. The precision of the results attainable by the mode of expe­rimenting pursued by that physicist has been remarked on by every one who has followed him in the inquiry. The observations we owe to M. Poiseuille and other inquirers are very numerous, but have not, so far as I am aware, been connected hitherto with any speculative views of the chemical or molecular constitution of liquids. The isolated discovery of M. Poiseuille, that diluted alcohol has a point of maximum retardation, coinciding with the degree of dilution at which the greatest condensation of the mixed liquids occurs, appears to offer a starting-point for new inquiries. The same result may be otherwise expressed, by saying that the definite compound of 1 equiv. of alcohol with 6 equivs. of water, C 4 H 6 O 2 +6HO, is more retarded than alcohol containing either a greater or a smaller proportion of water. The rate of transpi­ration appears here to depend upon chemical composition, and to afford an indication of it. A new physical property may thus become available for the determination of the chemical constitution of substances. Methylic alcohol being found to exhibit the same remarkable feature in its transpiration, although the 6-hydrate of that alcohol is not distinguished by extraordinary condensation of volume, the inquiry was extended to the hydrated acids. The results obtained with the latter substances give a certain degree of generality to the relation subsisting between the transpirability and chemical composition of liquids.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

Planification: Potential and role in XXI century market economy

2016 ◽  
pp. 63-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Buzgalin ◽  
A. Kolganov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
New Economy ◽  
Real Socialism ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Planning Institutions

The authors, basing on a critical analysis of the experience of planning during the 20th century in a number of countries of Europe and Asia, and also on the lessons from the economics of "real socialism", set out to substantiate their conclusions on the advisability of "reloading" this institution. The aim is to create planning mechanisms, suited to the new economy, that incorporate forecasting, projections, direct and indirect selective regulation and so forth into integral programs of economic development and that set a vector of development for particular limited spheres of what remains on the whole a market economy. New planning institutions presuppose a supersession of the forms of bureaucratic centralism and a reliance on network forms of organization of the subject and process of planning.

Light Side of Design: Professional Vector

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Elena A. Zaeva-Burdonskaya ◽  
Yuri V. Nazarov
Keyword(s):  
Professional Practice ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Design Culture ◽  
Interdisciplinary Nature ◽  
Educational Programmes ◽  
Design Activities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Light Side

This article addresses one of the most actively developing types of design activities – light design. The article comprises quotes of the leading Russian and foreign light design specialists published over the previous five years, as well as the authors’ own conclusions. The thoughts quoted in the article are sometimes opposite to each other and reflect the wide spectrum of professional practice. They reflect the initial opinions of analysts and experts which are often diverging. All of the specialists point at the interdisciplinary nature of the new profession, which imposes additional load on a designer overloaded enough already by the scope and speed of the problems being solved nowadays. The discussion of the new profession of light designer initiated on the pages of professional publications is especially important in view of the development of professional standards and standards of design and architectural education, as well as creation of new educational programmes based on various approaches to the subject in technical and humanitarian institutions. The goal of this article is to introduce light design into the field of fully legitimate sections of design culture, to define the authentic scientific basis of the new creative profession, to initiate a foundation for self-determination of the new synthetic area, which materially affects the state of the profession as a whole and the life standards of a wide variety of consumers. In order to reach the set goal, a comparative and analytical method of study was selected, which allows studying the problem to a large extent and from all angles and finding the ways of overcoming the challenges emerging in the area of the new activity.

John of Kronshtadt and Leo Tolstoy

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 471-478
Author(s):  
Peter A. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Leo Tolstoy ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Common People ◽  
Religious Consciousness ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Main Components

The article provides a comparative analysis of the influence of L.N. Tolstoy and I.I. Sergiev (John of Kronstadt) on the formation of personal worldview in Russian society. The analysis is based on the testimonies of the contemporaries and the previously not reissued publication of “Novy Put” (“New Way”) journal on the subject. In the context of the declared problematics, special attention is paid to the question of transformation of religious consciousness in the course of the personality formation in relation to the period under consideration (the beginning of the 20th century). The author reveals and analyzes the main components of the life stand of Tolstoy and Father John of Kronstadt in the context of their influence on contemporaries. The results of the study allow to reveal the following antitheses that characterize Tolstoy and John of Kronstadt, respectively: doubt - faith, search for oneself – following the once chosen path, preaching of non-resistance as part of the philosophy of not-doing (not doing evil) – preaching of active upholding of faith (doing good), “simple living” – real life with and for common people.

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