Chemically Modified Castor Oil for Softening of Leather– A Novel Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bindia Sahu ◽  
M. Sathish ◽  
G. C. Jayakumar
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Uniform Dispersion ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Tanning Process

Fatliquoring is an important step of post tanning process of leathermanufacturing where incorporation of self-emulsified oil (lubricant)makes the leather soft. There are several methods which introducepolarity into oil and provide the path where reactive species ofmodified oil can interact with water which leads to form a fatliquor.The aim of this work is to introduce an extra polarity into the fattyacid moiety through chemical modification of castor oil by carbeneintermediate. The spectroscopic characterisation such as FTIR,1H-NMR and 13C-NMR of fatliquor have been carried out. Particle size analysis of fatliquor has also been done. The experimental leathers have been tested for physical strength characterisation such as tensile and tear strength verses control and found to have better properties than control. SEM analysis for morphological study of experimental leather were also carried out which clearly indicates the uniform dispersion of fiber bundles due to the fine distribution of the novel and self-emulsifying fatliquor throughout the matrix.

Galai-CIS-1—A novel approach to aerosol particle size analysis

1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 530-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ephraim F. Aharonson ◽  
Nir Karasikov ◽  
Moshe Roitberg ◽  
Joseph Shamir
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Aerosol Particle ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Aerosol Particle Size

Fractional study of the microfibrillated cellulose

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
OSSI LAITINEN ◽  
JOUKO NIINIMÄKI
Keyword(s):  
Reference Method ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Fractional Analysis

The extremely high aspect ratios of minuscule lignocellulosic particles make analysis and characterization problematic. New methods to quantify the size, shape, and structure of cellulose microparticles are needed. The main objective of this research has been to study the potential of a novel fractional analysis method for microparticles. Laser diffraction–based particle size analysis was used as a reference method. Samples were also visualized using an electron microscope. Results of the novel fractional analysis method are presented as a percentage of particles in the different size fractions, according to the particle dimensions. The process is potentially a practical method for analyzing the morphological properties of microcellulose. Tube flow fractionation works especially well for particles with high aspect ratios, which typically pose a major problem for conventional particle analysis methods.

Effect of SiC Nanoparticles Content and Milling Time on the Characteristics of Al/SiC Nanocomposite Powders Produced via Mechanical Milling

2013 ◽  
Vol 829 ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farshad Akhlaghi ◽  
Sareh Mosleh-Shirazi
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Size ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Matrix Alloy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Sic Nanoparticles ◽  
Sic Particles ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Nanocomposite Powders

In the present study high energy ball milling was utilized to produce aluminum (Al-6061) matrix nanocomposite powders reinforced with nanosilicon carbide (SiC) particles. The starting materials containing different percentages (1,3 or 5 wt.%) of nanoSiC particles (25-50 nm) and Al (38-63 μm) were co-milled for different times (16, 20, 24 h) to achieve nanocomposite powders. The crystal size of powders were evaluated by quantitative XRD analysis. Laser particle size analysis was used to evaluate the size of powders during milling. The microstructure of powders and their microhardness values were evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a microhardness tester respectively. The results indicated that the crystal size of the matrix alloy decreased by milling time. The increased SiC content up to 3% resulted in increased microhardness of the powders. However, further increase of SiC to 5% resulted in decreased microhardness due to agglomeration. It was concluded that the maximum microhardness together with a uniform distribution of SiC particles within the matrix alloy was obtained after 20 h milling of powder mixture containing 3% of SiC nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Surface Modification of Attapulgite by Grafting Cationic Polymers for Treating Dye Wastewaters

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 792
Author(s):  
Huan Guo ◽  
Kai Xia ◽  
Mingzhao Cao ◽  
Xiaodong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Dye Adsorption ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Reactive Black 5 ◽  
Anionic Dyes ◽  
Column Operation ◽  
Adsorption Capacities ◽  
Modified Attapulgite

In this study, the cationic polymer poly-epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine was immobilized on natural attapulgite to improve the dye adsorption capacities. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, zeta potential analysis, and particle size analysis were used to determine the characteristics of modified attapulgite. Results showed that the poly-epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine had been successfully grafted onto the surface of attapulgite without altering its crystal structure. After cationic modification, the specific surface area of attapulgite obviously decreased, and its surface zeta potentials possessed positive values in the pH range from 3 to 11. The cation-modified attapulgite displayed high adsorption capacities for anionic dyes, and its maximum adsorption capacities were 237.4 mg/g for Reactive Black 5 and 228.3 mg/g for Reactive Red 239; this is corroborated by Langmuir’s isotherm studies. It was demonstrated that the two reactive dyes could be 100% removed from effluents when cation-modified attapulgite was used in column operation modes. Its treatment capacities were more than three times larger than that of activated carbon. The regeneration study verified better utilization and stability of the fabricated adsorbent in column operation. This work has conclusively confirmed the potential of the new modified attapulgite for effectively treating dye wastewaters.

scholarly journals Study of the effect of pvp k30 in the enhancement of solubility of telmisartan by polymer assisted crystal agglomeration using polymer enriched bridging liquid technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 2290-2299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj K ◽  
Seenivasan P ◽  
Arul K ◽  
Senthil kumar M
Keyword(s):  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dissolution Enhancement ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Hydrophilic Polymer ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble

Polymer Enriched Bridging liquid is a novel approach for enhancing the flow characteristics, properties, solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs. is an orally effective II receptor antagonist used extensively for the effective management of hypertension. is a poorly water-soluble drug and an ideal candidate for this approach. PVPK30 is used as the hydrophilic polymer. Various formulations were prepared with the addition of PVPK30 in the bridging liquid by Polymer Enriched Bridging Liquid Technique (PEBL). The preparations were subjected to particle size analysis, characteristics, FTIR, differential scanning (DSC) and Scanning Electron microscopic analysis. The crystal agglomerates were found to be spherical in nature with excellent flow characteristics. The of the pure drug was found to be decreased without any drug-polymer interaction. The saturation solubility studies showed that the optimized formulation STP04 showed 30.695 folds increase in solubility in water and 29.462 folds enhancement in pH 7.5 phosphate buffer. The in drug release studies also confirmed the enhancement in dissolution rate. The stability of the prepared aggregates was determined by accelerated stability studies. The addition of polymer in the bridging liquid during crystallization stage improved the effective incorporation of the hydrophilic polymer in the aggregates. Polymer Enriched Bridging Liquid technique can be considered as an ideal technique for solubility and dissolution enhancement.

Novel Approach to Geological Modeling with Combination of Machine Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Ursegov ◽  
Armen Zakharian
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Geological Modeling ◽  
Oil And Gas Fields ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Gas Fields ◽  
Logical Matrices ◽  
Fuzzy Logical

<p>This work shows that the traditional version of geological models of oil and gas fields obtained by a computer approach is not the only possible one and it prevents the development of modeling as a whole, since it is not truly mathematical.</p><p>Given that computers do not work with images, but with numbers, a novel approach is presented for the construction of truly mathematical geological models. The proposed model has an unusual appearance and is not intended for visual analysis, but it is more effective for forecasting. The mathematical basis of the novel approach is the cascades of fuzzy-logical matrices, which are formed from spatial coordinates and considered geological parameters.</p><p>Suppose that for each point in the geological grid there is a coordinate vector, in the simplest case these are the lateral coordinates X and Y, as well as the vertical coordinate Z. There is also a set of points (wells) at which the specified coordinates and the values of considered geological parameter, for example, porosity or oil saturation are determined. If some seismic parameter is added to them, which can be taken from grids constructed according to seismic data at the points of the wells, then four coordinates become available.</p><p>Preliminary, all considered geological parameters should be normalized in the range from -1.0 to + 1.0 in order to standardize and equalize them.</p><p>Four coordinates give six independent pairs. A matrix is constructed for each of these pairs. The matrix size can be different - from 100 per 100 to 1000 per 1000.</p><p>Next, the values of the considered geological parameter at the well points determined by four coordinates are applied to these matrices. Certainly, such points are much smaller than the points in the matrix, therefore, to fill the entire polygon of the matrix, the interpolation method is used, based on the idea of the lattice Boltzmann equations.</p><p>The number of fuzzy-logical matrices in one geological model can reach several hundreds.</p><p>Using the obtained matrices, one can construct membership functions and predict the values of the selected geological parameters, as well as the distribution of initial hydrocarbon reserves or the effectiveness of new drilling at the field.</p><p>The novel approach to geological modeling based on the cascades of fuzzy-logical matrices may seem complicated. However, the calculation of these cascades is carried out completely automatically, since they are the truly mathematical functions, and not the illustrations of the geological structure of the filed, and they are directly used in forecasting calculations.</p><p>The cascades of fuzzy-logical matrices can be considered as a new form of machine learning algorithms, for which it is advisable to use big data sets. It opens up the additional possibilities for the application of machine learning methods in geological modeling of oil and gas fields with conventional and unconventional reserves.</p>

X-Ray Studies on PbS

2011 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
pp. 153-165
Author(s):  
M. Ambika ◽  
R. Saravanan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Gap ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Entropy Method ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Lead Sulphide ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Refinement Method ◽  
Uv Visible

In this work, lead sulphide has been characterized using X- ray diffraction, SEM, EDX and UV-Visible techniques. X-ray analysis is done by using the Rietveld refinement method of matching the observed and calculated profiles, and then the results obtained from the refinement process are used in finding the electron density distribution by using maximum entropy method (MEM). The local structure analysis of PbS is done by the pair distribution function (PDF). Particle size analysis is done with the use of XRD data, SEM analysis is done in finding the surface structure and EDX in finding the elemental composition of PbS sample. The energy gap of PbS is found from UV-Visible spectrum.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Poorly Soluble Drug Nifedipine by Solid Sedds

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Sabitri Bindhani ◽  
Utkalika Mohapatra ◽  
Snehamayee Mohapatra ◽  
Rajat K. Kar
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
In Vitro Dissolution ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Drug Content

Nifedipine is a dihydropyridine calci channel blocking agent belongs to biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class-II mainly applied in the treatment of hypertension and angina-pectoris. The objective of this work is to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of nifedipine by formulating into a solid-self micro emulsifying drug delivery system (solid smedds). Methods: Oil, Surfactant, and cosurfactant were selected by solubility screening study. For the determination of the best emulsion region, a pseudo ternary diagram was prepared. Based on solubility castor oil, tween 80 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 was selected in which SCOSmix (a mixture of surfactant and cosurfactant) was 1:1. Thermodynamic stability study was performed for the determination of stable smedds formulation. These formulations were evaluated for self emulsification time, drug content analysis, robustness to dilution test, particle size analysis, and in vitro diffusion study. The optimized formulation was selected for formulating into solid-smedds by using aerosil 200 at a different ratio. SCF9L (0.65:1) was selected due to its good flow property. Then it was evaluated for particle size analysis, drug content study, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction study (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) Scanning Electron Microscopy study (SEM) analysis, and in vitro dissolution study. Results: DSC and XRD result shows that the drug within the formulation was in the amorphous state. From the SEM analysis, the texture of powder showed a uniform granular structure, and there was no incompatibility between drugs. Excipients was observed from ftir study. From the in vitro dissolution study, it improved the dissolution rate of nifedipine, which was 98.68% of drug release, where pure drug release only 6.75%.

scholarly journals Characterization of Lignocellulosic Fibers Reinforced with Poly(vinyl alcohol)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Manasa V Anand ◽  
◽  
R Ravishankar ◽  
Kiran S Vasist ◽  
Madhu H N ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Uniform Dispersion ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Biocomposite Film

The demands for materials made of plastics are rapidly increasing, especially in food packaging application. Recently, attention has been drawn to the use of bio-reinforced composites in packaging, automotive, medical and construction applications due to increased concern for environmental sustainability. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films reinforced with crystals (unbleached) prepared by solution casting method possessed significantly improved properties compared to film reinforced with cellulose (bleached). From the results, PVA films with the addition of 4% (w/w) of crystalline cellulose exhibited best combination of properties. In addition to good mechanical properties, this composite has good water resistance and biodegradability. The water absorption of biocomposite was found to be 22.63%. From X - ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, diffraction peaks of biocomposite was observed at 2θ = 22.4384. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis it was found that fractures at surfaces of biocomposite film were smooth and even without any porosity and uniform dispersion of jute crystals in the matrix.

scholarly journals SPHERICAL CRYSTALLIZATION A NOVEL APPROACH FOR SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION ENHANCEMENT OF SIMVASTATIN

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Rakesh Kumar Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Dissolution Enhancement ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Dissolution Profile ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Stirring Time ◽  
Spherical Agglomerates

Simvastatin is commonly used antihyperlipidemic in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia. As evidenced form the scientific investigation, it is reported for its lower solubility and poor dissolution rate. The aim of the present investigation was to develop simvastatin spherical agglomerates to improve its solubility and dissolution characteristics by spherical agglomeration method. The crystallization media used was methanol, water and chloroform as bridging liquid and PVP K-30 as a polymer. The process variables such as amount and type of (bridging liquid and polymer), stirring speed and stirring time were optimized and reported. The spherical agglomerates were further subjected for determination of % drug content, particle size analysis, solubility and dissolution rate. The agglomerates were also characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) analysis and affirmed. Among the entire parameters spherical agglomerates obtained with methanol (7ml), water (50ml), chloroform (1.5ml) and PVP K-30 (0.5%) showed improvement in solubility and dissolution rate in comparison with pure drug. The spherical agglomerates showed significant improvement in dissolution from a value of 25.53% for pure simvastatin to 91.31% of spherical agglomerate. The spherical agglomerates of optimized batch were directly compressed and dissolution profile was compared with marketed tablet. Such a technique can successfully be employed to improve solubility and dissolution characteristic of poorly soluble drugs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document