scholarly journals Does aid support democracy? A systematic review of the literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Gisselquist ◽  
Miguel Niño-Zarazúa ◽  
Melissa Samarin
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Aid Effectiveness ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Democracy Building ◽  
Structural Theories

This study draws on a rigorous systematic review—to our knowledge the first in this area—to take stock of the literature on aid and democracy. It asks: Does aid—especially democracy aid—have positive impact on democracy? How? What factors most influence its impact? In so doing, it considers studies that explicitly focus on ‘democracy aid’ as an aggregate category, its subcomponents (e.g. aid to elections), and ‘developmental aid’. Overall, the evidence suggests that i) democracy aid generally supports rather than hinders democracy building around the world; ii) aid modalities influence the effectiveness of democracy aid; and iii) democracy aid is more associated with positive impact on democracy than developmental aid, probably because it targets key institutions and agents of democratic change. The review presents a new analytical framework for considering the evidence, bringing together core theories of democratization with work on foreign aid effectiveness. Overall, the evidence is most consistent with institutional and agent-based theories of exogenous democratization, and least consistent with expectations drawn from structural theories that would imply stronger positive impact for developmental aid on democratization.

Inactivation of Sarcocystis bradyzoites in food; a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Valizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
The World ◽  
Cardiac Muscles ◽  
Infected Meat ◽  
And Control ◽  
Internet Databases

The eradication of Sarcocystis-infected corpses costs the meat industry millions of dollars each year. Because this parasite is most commonly found in skeletal and cardiac muscles, preventative and control techniques such as inactivating or destroying the bradyzoites in infected meat are critical. The goal of this research was to look at the various methods for inactivating this parasite and to compare the results of these methods. Using internet databases from many fields and around the world, a systematic review of the literature was conducted. Heating, freezing, irradiation, and marination were all utilized to inactivate this parasite, and each had a distinct effect, according to the studies. Inactivation can be achieved by heating at 60°C for 20 min or freezing at -4ºC for 2 days. Also, 2 kGy of gamma rays and marination in 6% NaCl and 3% acetic acid for 48 h are enough.

scholarly journals SERUM LEPTIN LEVENS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: REVIEW ARTICLE

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiza Vitelo ANDRIGHETTO ◽  
◽  
Aline Kirjner POZIOMYCK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most frequent types of malignant tumors in the world. There is growing evidence of the relationship between it development and obesity. The mechanism that links obesity to cancer is still not fully understood; however, it is essential to the understanding the adipose tissue in metabolic changes related to obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objective: To review the influence of serum leptin levels in patients with hepatocelular carcinoma. Method: Systematic review of the literature based on the methodology of the Cochrane Institute. The search for articles was in the database: Science Direct, Scielo, Medline, Lilacs e Pubmed. The key words used were hepatocellular carcinoma, leptin, adipokine. Results: After evaluation of individual studies, were selected seven studies. The results previously studied are still inconsistent and contradictory, and leptin can be effectively involved in the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusion: Therefore, it is necessary to develop prospective, well-designed and conducted focusing on the role and specific mechanisms of this hormone in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, so that new correlations can be properly supported.

Foreign Aid and Peacebuilding

2021 ◽  
pp. 531-548
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Gisselquist
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Aid Effectiveness ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fragile States ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Do No Harm ◽  
Negative Impacts

Foreign aid is a core component of peacebuilding and among the largest external financial flows to fragile states and conflict-affected areas. Nevertheless, troubling critiques have been raised about its overall impact and effectiveness. Some of the most troubling speak to whether it has succeeded even to do no harm. These important critiques notwithstanding, aid has also played a positive role in many countries. Given that improving aid for peacebuilding is a clear priority for global development, building a base of knowledge that informs better aid interventions is a priority for future research. It is important to better understand not only what has not worked but also what has worked, why, and the likely transferability of findings to other contexts. This chapter begins with consideration of the role of aid in conflict-affected societies and the ways in which aid may support peacebuilding. It then turns to why aid may not realize such positive impact, including the challenges of aid effectiveness in weak states and key (unintended) negative impacts on public accountability, state capabilities, and violence. It discusses how to improve aid impact and effectiveness, focusing on issues of context, local ownership, and building state capabilities.

scholarly journals Network cooperatives and the reduction of opportunism in the agribusiness segment: a systematic bibliographic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 096
Author(s):  
Leandro Guedes Aguiar ◽  
Giuliana Santini Pigatto ◽  
Cristiane Hengler Bernardo ◽  
Angélica Gois Morales
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
Network Relationship

The Brazilian citrus industry has been receiving in-depth scientific research in this 21st century, mainly due to the peculiarities in the coordination of this agroindustrial system, where the cooperatives performance and their network format is highlighted, in order to represent an alternative to the well-known process of reduction of small citrus producers, as well as support in mitigating opportunism in transactions. In this context, the objective of this article is to carry out a systematic review of the literature on the topic of cooperatives in a network format and the reduction of opportunism applied to the agribusiness segment, in Brazil and in the world. As a result, the importance of the network relationship in agroindustrial cooperatives to reduce opportunism in economic transactions is attested in all the researched articles, as well as the lack of empirical studies coming from the academy in order to enrich and make the researched literature more robust.

scholarly journals The Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth in Ethiopia

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-112
Author(s):  
Mohammed Seid Hussen ◽  
Kye Woo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Aid Effectiveness ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Democratic Regimes ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the impact of foreign aid on investment and economic growth of Ethiopia for the period 1971-2010. The result indicates that foreign aid has a statistically significant positive impact on domestic investment, while aid’s positive impact on per capita GDP growth does not depend on any macroeconomic policy conditionality. Rather, aid effectiveness depends on the peculiar social, political and economic institutions of particular periods. Aid is effective during both socialist and democratic regimes. However, aid’s impact on growth was greater for socialist regimes.

Consumerism and Innovation

2014 ◽  
pp. 310-334
Author(s):  
Enrico M. Mosconi ◽  
Michela Piccarozzi ◽  
Cecilia Silvestri
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Business Plan ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Research Results ◽  
The World ◽  
Innovative Firms ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Technological Product

In the current economic environment companies are progressively required to focus in innovation. In particular, consumerism is one of the major pulses to innovation. Today, consumers are looking for more and more innovative and qualitative products and so companies seek to heavily invest in technological advancements to meet the needs of customers. Even universities try to follow the trend of consumerism and adapt their activities to the market demands: first of all, in the way of teaching and transferring culture, and secondly, using their knowledge to create innovative companies. So, this second mission that allows universities to commercialize research results, has assumed a strategic role and primary importance in government policies, in Europe as well as in the rest of the world. University spin-off (USOs) can be considered one of the most important vehicle to create innovative firms based on scientific and new technological product. The trend of consumerism can be followed with spin-offs. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the link between spin-off planning, especially during the business plan preparation, and consumerism. This area is investigated through a systematic review of the literature about the consumer, consumerism and the spin-off phenomenon.

Clinical characterization and treatment outcomes of intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage after vaccination against COVID-19: A systematic review of the literature v1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Pyeong Jeon ◽  
Chung Liang Chai ◽  
Jong Kook Rhim ◽  
Jeong Jin Park ◽  
Yong Jun Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Cerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The World ◽  
Patient Prognosis

As the number of COVID-19 vaccines increases, reports of complications are also increasing. In particular, when cerebral hemorrhage occurs, the prognosis is poor. Here, we aimed to investigating the clinical course of patients who developed intracerebral hemorrhage after COVID-19 vaccination and the patient prognosis through a systematic review. As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hit the world like never before, there were 244,105,621 infection cases and 4,959,347 deaths worldwide as of October 24, 2021. As the number of vaccination increases, reports of death and serious adverse reactions after vaccination are also increasing.

To Invest or Insure?

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 971-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Wright
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Time Horizon ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Aid Effectiveness ◽  
Time Horizons ◽  
Positive Growth ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Negative Growth

In this article, the author argues that the time horizon a dictator faces affects his incentives over the use of aid in three ways. First, dictators have a greater incentive to invest in public goods when they have a long time horizon. Second, dictators with short time horizons often face the threat of challengers to the regime; this leads them to forgo investment and instead consume state resources in two forms that harm growth: repression and private pay-offs to political opponents. Third, dictators with short time horizons have a strong incentive to secure personal wealth as a form of insurance in case the regime falls. Using panel data on dictatorships in 71 developing countries from 1961 to 2001, the author finds that time horizons have a positive impact on aid effectiveness: Foreign aid is associated with positive growth when dictators face long time horizons and negative growth when time horizons are short.

scholarly journals ENTREPRENEURSHIP COMPETENCE FOR SOCIETY AND SCHOOLS IN TIME OF CRISIS. A SYSTEMATIC BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVIEW

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-58
Author(s):  
Cristina Castellote López ◽  
Presentación Ángeles Caballero García
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Secondary School Students ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
School Students ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Main Basis ◽  
Spanish Education

Entrepreneurship education plays an essential role in the development of countries. The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the literature to encourage Spanish education to organize more entrepreneurship proposals in schools that can reinforce the country after the coronavirus crisis. This competence's value lies in its perception as a strategy that engages actions to achieve social advantages. The databases used were Google Scholar, WOS, SCOPUS, Dialnet and Redalyc. After applying eligibility criteria and eliminating duplicates, 30 articles were selected, which are the main basis for the treatment of business competence and the proposal of an intervention for secondary school students, which aim to generate entrepreneurship competences among them, that improve their employability and their coping in crisis situations derived from health pandemics such as those we have recently experienced due to the coronavirus. The results are discussed by the positive impact of the work of this competence in the society and in the education of the students. In addition, the research offers a reflection on the feasibility of the proposal in the future.

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