La sociología jurídica en América Latina y el Caribe: debates actuales y perspectivas futuras (Sociology of Law in Latin America and the Caribbean: current debates and future perspectives)

Considering environmental education as a social tool allowing individuals to achieve a significant knowledge of the inhabited environment, to reduce the probability of occurrence of a disaster, and to respond to the presence of natural phenomena to which people are vulnerable, this article aims to generate a space for reflection on the importance of environmental education in the management of the social and natural risk in five countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. For this purpose, the paper presents a descriptive review of primary and secondary bibliographical sources referring to the performance of the management of social and natural risks related to environmental education in Colombia, Nicaragua, Mexico, Chile, and Jamaica between 1994 and 2015. In this period, a solid administrative and legislative organization of this management and environmental education is evident, but these two themes are clearly separated when implementing citizen projects: a situation that has generated shortcomings in the management of natural disasters, specifically under the principles of precaution and prevention. For this reason, this article offers a series of recommendations that include the dissemination of information, the creation of centers for the management of risk reduction, the strengthening of communication strategies, and the establishment of response plans and post-disaster recovery.

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Las diferencias en las calificaciones entre estudiantes primarios según la situación de pobreza de cada cual: Análisis de descomposición para 17 países de América Latina y del Caribe

Education Policy Analysis Archives ◽

10.14507/epaa.24.1878 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 69

Author(s):

Jorge Augusto Paz

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Sixth Grade ◽

Living Standards ◽

Transfer Programs ◽

Rights Of The Child ◽

Poverty And Inequality ◽

Relevant Variables ◽

The Caribbean ◽

America Latina ◽

The Many

This paper describes one of the ways in which poverty and economic inequality is reproduced in Latin America. This study analyzed certain mechanisms of educational social exclusion among children attending the sixth grade of the primary education in 17 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The study shows the intergenerational transmission of poverty and inequality through education is one of the mechanisms that slow convergence towards decent living standards, while uncovering one of the many processes of the violation of rights of children contemplated in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. On the other hand, this study seeks to identify relevant variables to enumerate public policy actions, such as Conditional Transfer Programs aimed at breaking the cycle of–or reducing the intensity of–the reproduction of the poverty and the inequality. To this end, the conditioning opportunities are distinguished (called "endowments") from those that operate independently, so that identical opportunities generate different results.

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IMPLEMENTING PRINCIPLE 10 OF THE 1992 RIO DECLARATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE AARHUS CONVENTION 1998 AND THE ESCAZÚ AGREEMENT 2018

Revista Juridica ◽

10.21902/revistajur.2316-753x.v2i55.3382 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (55) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Sidney GUERRA ◽

Giulia PAROLA

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Public Participation ◽

Latin American ◽

Access To Justice ◽

Access To Information ◽

Environmental Rights ◽

Healthy Environment ◽

Aarhus Convention ◽

The Caribbean ◽

America Latina

ABSTRACTTwenty years after the signature of the UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, (the Aarhus Convention, 1998) on March 4, 2018 –and after six years of negotiations-,twenty-four countries in Latin American and the Caribbean adopted the Escazú Convention, the first ever legally binding treaty on environmental rights in the Region. The Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation and Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean, once ratified by the signatories, will affect the constitutions and the legislations in Latin America and the Caribbean in environmental matters, serving as a framework to increase the level of the protection on environmental participatory rights in the region. The objective of this article is to give an overview of both treaties. Part I will briefly outline the context and the negotiating process of the two texts. Then, Part II will consist of a comparative analysis, that will scrutinise the structure of the treaties, the notion of democracy and the substantive right to a healthy environment. Finally, the Part III will compare the three pillars recognised in both documents and underline the similarities, the differences between the three pillars, and the steps forwards for Environmental Rights in Latin America and the Caribbean. KEYWORDS: Right to access; Aarhus Convention; Escazú Agreement; Environmental Democracy; Latin America and Caribbean. RESUMOVinte anos após a assinatura da Convenção sobre Acesso à Informação, Participação no Processo de Tomada de Decisão e Acesso à Justiça em Matéria de Ambiente UN/ECE (Convenção de Aarhus, 1998) e após seis anos de negociações, vinte e quatro países da América Latina e do Caribe adotaram a Convenção Escazú, o primeiro tratado juridicamente vinculante sobre direito ambiental na Região. O Acordo Regional sobre Acesso à Informação, Participação Pública e Justiça em Matéria de Ambiente na América Latina e no Caribe, uma vez ratificado, produzira efeitos na ordem jurídica interna dos Estados partes em matéria ambiental e servirá para aumentar o nível de proteção dos direitos de participação ambiental na região. O objetivo deste artigo é fornecer uma visão geral de ambos os tratados. A parte I delineará brevemente o contexto e o processo de negociação dos dois textos. A Parte II consistirá numa análise comparativa que examinará a estrutura dos tratados, a noção de democracia e o direito substantivo a um ambiente saudável. Por fim, a Parte III se destina a comparar os três pilares reconhecidos em ambos os documentos e sublinhar as semelhanças, as diferenças entre os três pilares e os passos a serem tomados para o Direito Ambiental na América Latina e no Caribe. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Acesso à justiça; Convenção de Aarhus; Acordo de Escazú; Democracia Ambiental; América Latina e Caribe

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As práticas discursivas do Banco Mundial: Políticas educacionais na América Latina e no Caribe. The discursive practices of the World Bank: Educational policies in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Educação (UFSM) ◽

10.5902/1984644418036 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 731

Author(s):

Andréa Villela Mafra da Silva

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Critical Discourse Analysis ◽

World Bank ◽

Basic Education ◽

Critical Discourse ◽

Discursive Practices ◽

The World Bank ◽

The Caribbean ◽

America Latina ◽

Improve Student Learning

Resumo Neste trabalho, utiliza-se como referencial teórico e metodológico a Análise Crítica do Discurso formulada por Norman Fairclough para caracterizar as práticas discursivas nas quais a publicação mais recente do Banco Mundial se inscreve. Trata-se do livro Professores Excelentes: Como melhorar a aprendizagem dos estudantes na América Latina e no Caribe de autoria de Barbara Bruns, Javier Luque e outros colaboradores. Esta publicação trata do desempenho dos professores da educação básica na América Latina e no Caribe, e como decorrência, busca compartilhar as políticas de formação docente que estão sendo implementadas nesses locais. A conclusão da pesquisa é que os baixos padrões para o ingresso no magistério têm produzido resultados inexpressivos na educação.AbstractIn this work, it is used as theoretical and methodological reference the Critical Discourse Analysis formulated by Norman Fairclough to characterize the discursive practices in which the most recent World Bank publication falls. This is the book Great Teachers: How to improve student learning in Latin America and the Caribbean authored by Barbara Bruns, Javier Luque and other employees. This publication addresses the basic education teacher performance in Latin America and the Caribbean, and as a result, search share the teacher training policies being implemented at these sites. The conclusion of the research is that low standards for entry into teaching have produced unimpressive results in education.

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Problemas socio-jurídicos en torno a la creación de un espacio común de educación superior en Latinoamérica y Caribe

Revista de Derecho de la UNED (RDUNED) ◽

10.5944/rduned.9.2011.11078 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Lucía Puertas Bravo

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

European Union ◽

Latin America ◽

Social Situation ◽

Educación Superior ◽

The European Union ◽

Legal Problem ◽

Educacion Superior ◽

The Caribbean ◽

America Latina

En el presente artículo, se exponen los «problemas o amenazas» para la creación de un Espacio Común de Educación Superior en Latinoamérica y el Caribe, que proviene de la experiencia de la Unión Europea, la Convención de Bolonia y de iniciativas de creación de espacios comunes propuestos por algunas organizaciones en América Latina. Los problemas jurídicos que se analizan parten del hecho de que en nuestro Continente no existe una organización con la misma capacidad de unificación legal de la Unión Europea. Por tanto, la incorporación de un espacio común de educación superior en América Latina y el Caribe, a través de la suscripción de un convenio entre estados, requiere conocer la normativa interna y el proceso para el reconocimiento de las normas internacionales en las constituciones de cada país (primer problema legal). Por otra parte se identifica que no existe libertad de circulación y/o movilidad en nuestra Región, debido a políticas y leyes migratorias (segundo problema legal). Finalmente se considera la situación social de nuestros países como una tercera limitación, dada la heterogeneidad de los sistemas de educación superior y la escasa calidad de la enseñanza y sus instituciones en algunos casos.This article describes the «problems or threats» for the creation of a Common Space for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean, which comes from the experience of the European Union, the Convention of Bologna, and building initiatives common spaces proposed by some organizations in Latin America. The legal issues are discussed based on the fact that in our continent there is no organization with the same capacity of legal unification of the European Union. Therefore, the incorporation of a common area of higher education in Latin America and the Caribbean, through the signing of an agreement between states, requires knowledge of the internal rules and the process for international recognition in the constitutions of each country (the first legal problem). On the other hand is identified that there is no freedom of movement and / or mobility in our region, due to migration laws and policies (second legal problem). Finally we consider the social situation of our countries as a third limitation, given the heterogeneity of the systems of higher education and the poor quality of education and its institutions in some cases.

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Impacto del comercio y el transporte internacional sobre la calidad ambiental: un estudio en países de América Latina y el Caribe

Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales ◽

10.7201/earn.2018.01.03 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 49

Author(s):

Christian Martín García

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Latin America ◽

Trade Liberalization ◽

Trade Openness ◽

High Income ◽

International Transport ◽

The Caribbean ◽

America Latina

This paper explores the effect of trade liberalization and international transport on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 18 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean for the period 1995-2013. The results indicate that an increase in the levels of trade openness has a greater effect for high-income countries (0.17 %) than for the others (0.067 %). While it is observed that an increase of 1 % in the tons transported per kilometer increases CO2 emissions by 0.022 % (high-income countries) and by 0.014 % (middle-high income countries).

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Retos para La internacionalización de Los Estudios de Posgrado en América Latina y el Caribe: el caso del Posgrado en Planificación de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica / CHALLENGES FOR THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: THE CASE OF THE POST-GRADUATE PROGRAM IN PLANNING OF THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COSTA RICA

PLURAIS - Revista Multidisciplinar ◽

10.29378/plurais.2447-9373.2017.v2.n2.27-45 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

Luis Fernando Morales Abarca - Costa Rica

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Costa Rica ◽

Graduate Program ◽

Post Graduate ◽

National University ◽

Postgraduate Studies ◽

The Caribbean ◽

America Latina ◽

Carpe Diem

Ante la existencia de distintas megatendencias en los campos de la demografía, la tecnología, la educación, la economía, la sociología, entre otras, cabe hacernos un par de preguntas. La primera interrogante consiste en tratar de comprender ¿hacia dónde va el mundo?; la segunda interrogante nos plantea un gran desafío - ¿hacia dónde queremos ir nosotros? Si nos aferramos a la primera pregunta y dejamos de lado la segunda interrogante, seríamos como hojas que el viento las mueve y las lleva a cualquier lugar. Mientras tanto, si asumimos el desafío de tratar de construir una respuesta a la segunda interrogante. Entonces, debemos ser capaces de apropiarnos de nuestro pasado, de nuestro presente y de intentar construir, juntos, y de manera participativa, el futuro que deseamos para nosotros y las próximas generaciones, desde un punto de vista de los principales retos académicos a nivel de la enseñanza y la investigación de posgrado en América Latina y el Caribe. Carpe diem.

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Desempleo en América Latina y el Caribe: Análisis bajo un enfoque de descomposición

ECA Sinergia ◽

10.33936/eca_sinergia.v12i1.2937 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 136

Author(s):

Leobaldo Enrique Molero Oliva ◽

Holger Esteban Álava Martínez ◽

John Alexander Campuzano Vázquez ◽

Jorge Santiago Dávila Herrera

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Unemployment Rate ◽

Decomposition Approach ◽

Development Indicators ◽

Palabras Clave ◽

Factor Decomposition ◽

Unemployment Data ◽

The Caribbean ◽

America Latina

El objetivo de este documento es analizar los cambios en el desempleo en América Latina y el Caribe mediante un enfoque de descomposición de cuatro factores, sobre la base de información del desempleo experimentado por los países de esta región, en dos años 2009 y 2019. La presente investigación en cuanto a la metodología tiene un alcance o nivel descriptivo, con diseño documental bibliográfico, no experimental, y bajo un enfoque cuantitativo. Para analizar el comportamiento del desempleo, se recolectaron datos de las variables de interés para veintiséis países de América Latina y el Caribe desde la base Indicadores del Desarrollo, cuya fuente es Banco Mundial. Los resultados encontrados son heterogéneos en el grupo de países, aunque prevalece principalmente el efecto de las variaciones de la tasa de desempleo en el cambio del número de personas desempleadas. El trabajo también identifica el rol de los cambios en otros componentes, como la tasa de actividad. Palabras clave: Desempleo, América Latina y el Caribe, tasa de desempleo, mercado de trabajo, metodología de descomposición. ABSTRACT The objective of this document is to analyze the changes in unemployment in Latin America and the Caribbean through a four-factor decomposition approach, based on information on unemployment experienced by the countries of this region, in two years 2009 and 2019. In terms of methodology, this research has a descriptive scope or level, with a non-experimental bibliographic documentary design, and under a quantitative approach. To analyze the behavior of unemployment, data was collected on the variables of interest for twenty-six countries in Latin America and the Caribbean from the Development Indicators database, whose source is the World Bank. The results found are heterogeneous in the group of countries, although the effect of variations in the unemployment rate prevails mainly in the change in the number of unemployed people. The work also identifies the role of changes in other components, such as the activity rate. Key words: Unemployment, Latin America and the Caribbean, unemployment rate, labor market, decomposition methodology.

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The Military Standing of the Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean Region in the Period Between 2008–2020

Anuario Latinoamericano – Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales ◽

10.17951/al.2020.9.137-171 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 137

Author(s):

Ireneusz Topolski

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Caribbean Region ◽

The Caribbean ◽

America Latina ◽

The Military

La posición militar internacional de un Estado puede describirse principalmente en categorías cuantitativas. En el caso de la región de América Latina y el Caribe, hay también otros determinantes que influyen en la evaluación de la posición militar de los países. Los más importantes parecen ser: las amenazas externas e internas a la seguridad nacional, incluidas las amenazas no militares de carácter transfronterizo, la posición militar internacional de los Estados Unidos de América, el contexto histórico y cultural, el papel de los militares en la política interna, la modernización del ejército, las nuevas tareas de las fuerzas armadas y las condiciones geográficas. En este artículo se analizará la posición de las fuerzas terrestres, aéreas, navales, así como de las formaciones paramilitares de los países de la región en el período 2008–2020.

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