scholarly journals Rethinking Development Strategy –The Importance of the Rural Non Farm Economy in Growth and Poverty Reduction in Pakistan

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (Special Edition) ◽  
pp. 189-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohail Jehangir Malik
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The 1960S

The structural transformation of Pakistan’s economy has not been accompanied by a concomitant decline in the proportion of labor employed in agriculture. While this transformation has resulted in a non-farm sector that is large and growing it has not lead to the rapid absorption of the pool of relatively low productivity labor away from the agriculture sector, as predicted by conventional development theory embodied in the models of the 1960s. Despite the obvious importance of the role of a vibrant rural non-farm economy (RNFE), and in particular, a vibrant non-farm services sector to address the challenges of poverty, food security, agricultural growth and rural development, this sector has received inadequate attention in the debate in Pakistan. Based on a review of literature and data from two large surveys – the Rural Investment Climate Survey of Pakistan 2005 and the Surveys of Domestic Commerce 2007 – this paper attempts to analyze the factors underlying the low level of development of the rural non farm economy and the potential role it can play in Pakistan’s economic development.

scholarly journals Effects of Labour Migration on Poverty and Agricultural Growth in Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 87-101
Author(s):  
Krishna P Pant
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Labour Migration ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Cultural Effects ◽  
Output Elasticity ◽  
The Social

Increasing labour shortage in agriculture sector and contribution of remittance on poverty reduction has raised the importance of studies on employment, poverty and agricultural growth nexus. The study explores the effects of foreign employment on poverty and agricultural growth. The study using time series secondary data for 19 years fitted econometric models at sectoral level to establish the effects of migration on poverty and agricultural production. It also compares agricultural output elasticity of foreign employment and assesses the role of foreign employment on the relationships between growth, poverty and agricultural development. The results show that migration decreases poverty and at the same time decreases agriculture production. But, the decrease in agriculture gross domestic product per unit of labour migrated is smaller than the per capita remittance. The study does not dwell on the social and cultural effects of the labour migration. The results will be useful for decision makers to devise sound policies on migration, poverty and agricultural development.

scholarly journals Liposomes in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (101) ◽  
pp. 20140459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Monteiro ◽  
Albino Martins ◽  
Rui L. Reis ◽  
Nuno M. Neves
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Lipid Membrane ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biomaterial Scaffolds ◽  
Bioactive Agents ◽  
The 1960S

Liposomes are vesicular structures made of lipids that are formed in aqueous solutions. Structurally, they resemble the lipid membrane of living cells. Therefore, they have been widely investigated, since the 1960s, as models to study the cell membrane, and as carriers for protection and/or delivery of bioactive agents. They have been used in different areas of research including vaccines, imaging, applications in cosmetics and tissue engineering. Tissue engineering is defined as a strategy for promoting the regeneration of tissues for the human body. This strategy may involve the coordinated application of defined cell types with structured biomaterial scaffolds to produce living structures. To create a new tissue, based on this strategy, a controlled stimulation of cultured cells is needed, through a systematic combination of bioactive agents and mechanical signals. In this review, we highlight the potential role of liposomes as a platform for the sustained and local delivery of bioactive agents for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches.

The Global Poor as Agents of Justice

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monique Deveaux
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
Philosophical Writing ◽  
Development Organizations ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Global North

“Agent-centered” approaches to global poverty insist that effective arguments for poverty reduction must specify the concrete duties of particular duty-bearers. This article takes up a recent, influential, version of this view, Thomas Pogge’s human rights-based argument for global economic reforms to reduce chronic deprivation. While signaling a welcome shift from the diffuse allocation of responsibilities common to much philosophical writing on poverty, I argue that Pogge’s approach too readily assigns to powerful institutions in the global North the role of devising and directing anti-poverty initiatives. In so doing, he overlooks the agency—actual and potential—of the poor themselves, as evidenced by poor-led political movements and poor-centered, participatory models of poverty reduction in development theory and practice. While agent-oriented approaches are right to focus our attention on structures that cause poverty, they ought not to assume that the powerful agents responsible for these are the only—or most appropriate—agents to lead the way to poverty reduction. Just as development organizations working in the global South have come to recognize that the participation of poor communities is critical to the success of development strategies, so should normative theorists writing about global injustice acknowledge the importance of the poor as active agents in poverty reduction efforts.

scholarly journals Performance of Agriculture Sector in Foreign Trade of Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol V (I) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Gulzar Ali ◽  
Ghulam Mustafa ◽  
Said Zamin Shah
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Private And Public

The vigorous and dynamic expansion and technical progression of the agriculture productivity pave the way to considerable achievements in providing raw materials to the industrial sector and fulfilling domestic demand. The agriculture sector has an imperative role in poverty reduction, growth, increased employment opportunities and increasing foreign exchange reserves through exportable agricultural products. In short, agriculture is the backbone of economic stability and development in the country. This study is an attempt to investigate the performance of the agriculture sector and its impact on Pakistans foreign trade. The findings of the study revealed the affirmative and noteworthy role of the agriculture sector in the foreign trade of Pakistan during 1980-2017. The policymakers and government of Pakistan should encourage private and public investors for agriculture investment to enhance the production and agricultural exports.

Growth, Poverty, and Distribution in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
pp. 351-365
Author(s):  
Abebe Shimeles
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Over Time

The Ethiopian economy has maintained a rate of growth in output per worker for twenty years, averaging 6 per cent in real terms. As a result, per capita GDP during this period has doubled, the poverty rate has declined, and productivity in agriculture has improved. However, the country still grapples with rising youth unemployment and widespread poverty mediated by rapid population growth. This chapter examines the interactions between growth, poverty, and inequality by examining features of the Ethiopian labour market. The dynamics of poverty are discussed from the perspective of stylized facts on its components, including the persistence of poverty over time and the role of initial conditions in facilitating or impeding poverty reduction. The chapter investigates the potential role of changes in the sectoral share of employment on poverty and inequality under various policy settings.

Meeting Future Food Needs: the Potential Role of Potato in South Asia

1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-182
Author(s):  
Saleem Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Food Demand ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Food Needs ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Cereal Yields

It is cereals that are relied on to meet the food needs of the majority of the world's people. And for very good reasons: they are relatively easy to grow and harvest, and convenient to handle, store and cook. They also have high nutritional values. The development and spread of high-yielding wheat, rice and maize varieties in the 1960s and 70s — at a time when prospects of widespread famine loomed large in the minds of policymakers — increased the importance of cereals. It also postponed by about half a century the threat of the Malthusian catastrophe. But to what extent can we continue to hope for increases in cereal yields to help meet the increasing food demand of our spiralling population, especially when we seem to be running out of additional land to bring under cultivation? Perhaps instead of continuing to put all our eggs in one basket, we should consider examining the role of other food crops as well. In South Asia, potato appears to be a promising crop to consider. It yields 2–3 times more than cereals, and also provides more energy and protein per hectare.

scholarly journals THE ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC POTENTIAL IN NORTH SUMATERA PROVINCE

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ahmad Habibi Harahap ◽  
Eko Wahyu Nugrahadi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Growth Ratio ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The North

Economic growth of North Sumatera Province is not quite on the top of optimum. If the compared by some of others province in Indonesia and by  all of his potention, the North Sumatera Province only on the 10th rank of economic growth in Indonesia in 2009-2013 period. The purpose of this study is toanalyze the economic sectors which are the basis in each district/city in North Sumatera province and to determine the structure of economic growth in the district /city both sectoral and aggregate the province of North Sumatera. Structural transformation to some extent will have an impact on overall economic growth. Analysis tools used in this study is Location Quetiont (LQ), Growth Ratio Model (MRP), overlay analysis, and shift share analysis. Results of this study showed that the agriculture sector is a sector which is the basis in nearly 13 districts/cities in North Sumatera Province. But the growth in agriculture, processing industries, mining and quarrying, and the electricity, gas & water supply sector likely slowed, otherwise all tertiary sectors which include: trade, hotels, and restaurants; transportation and communication, finance, leasing, and services company, and the services sector is likely to experience growth positive. Transportation and communication is a sector with the highest growth occurring in North Sumatera Province. Shift Share Analysis results showed that in the Province of North Sumatera is going structural transformation characterized by decreasing the role of the agricultural sector, and the increasing role of the service sector. This condition as well as contrary to the Kuznets theory which states that the process of structural transformation contribution marked by shifting agriculture to manufacturing and then to services sector.

scholarly journals Pakistan's Agriculture in the 21st Century

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (4II) ◽  
pp. 245-256
Author(s):  
Rashid Faruqee
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
The Past ◽  
Resource Degradation ◽  
Degradation Failure ◽  
Productivity Increase ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Fertiliser Use ◽  
Future Growth

In Pakistan, agriculture, which accounts for more than 20 percent of GDP and provides more than 50 percent of jobs, has a special role to play in growth, poverty reduction, and environmental protectiOl'. Agricultural growth in the past thirty years has been impressive, at more than 3 percent a year. Sources of growth, however, have changed over the years-from the seed, fertiliser, and irrigation package of the 1960s, to intensification of water and fertiliser use in the 1970s, to improvements in crop management and incentives in the 1980s. Those sources of growth have all but run their course, and agriculture growth in the next century will depend on increasing productivity. At present there are clear signs of stagnation in productivity growth. In fact, total factor productivity, a good measure of overall productivity, may even have declined since the mid-1970s due to resource degradation, failure to adapt technical change, and poor incentives, among others causes. Future growth through productivity increase, however, will require major changes in systems, policies, and institutions for agriculture. These changes are crucial because agriculture in the next century will continue to be key in achieving growth with poverty alleviation and environmental protection.

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