scholarly journals I think I understand: Investigating misconceptions regarding hypothesis test concepts among university students

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Zaini ◽  
Haziq Jamil ◽  
Elvynna Leong
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Undergraduate University Students ◽  
Significance Levels ◽  
Multiple Choice Questionnaire ◽  
Confidence Ratings

Hypothesis testing is an essential tool among researchers and practitioners alike, with its use being being widely taught in many a programme at university level. However, past studies have shown that students hold misconceptions about important statistical concepts. This present study aims to reconfirm past efforts in this area, specifically in a South East Asian higher education institution. To test how well undergraduate university students’ understood key concepts in hypothesis testing, an online multiple choice questionnaire was deployed. The questionnaire also asked for students’ confidence ratings for each question, allowing us to distinguish the confident versus non-confident incorrect responses. A follow- up interview was then conducted to give deeper insights into reasons behind respondents’ errors. The main finding is that there are significantly more confident wrong answers than non-confident ones – highly indicative of the presence of misconceptions among respondents. Among them, students firmly believed that statistical inference procedures provide a direct calculational proof of the null hypothesis. Additionally, students have difficulty formulating correct hypotheses to be tested, and have poor grasp of the role of significance levels in hypothesis testing. Whether or not students were taking a quantitative-focused programme, or had prior statistics training, had no bearing on their score. Despite this, confidence ratings were significantly higher in both groups.

scholarly journals Heavy Drinking and Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs among University Students: A 9-Year Follow-Up

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 2939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Busto Miramontes ◽  
Lucía Moure-Rodríguez ◽  
Ainara Díaz-Geada ◽  
Socorro Rodríguez-Holguín ◽  
Montserrat Corral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
University Students ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
Cannabis Consumption

Purpose: Investigations suggest non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is associated with heavy drinking and polydrug use among university students. Our aim is to determine the prevalence of NMUPD among university students and to analyze its association with alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use, and to study the role of the age of drinking onset. Methods: Cohort study among university Spanish students (n = 1382). Heavy drinking (HED) and risky consumption (RC) were measured with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Questions related to tobacco and cannabis consumption were also formulated. NMUPD refers to sedative, anxiety, or pain medication intake within the last 15 days without medical prescription. All variables were measured at 18, 20, and 27 years. Multilevel logistic regression for repeated measures was used to obtain adjusted OR (odds ratios). We analyzed the results from a gender perspective. Results: Prevalence of NMUPD were higher in students who already partook in NMUPD at the beginning of the study. NMUPD in women at 27 is 3 times higher than at 18, while in men it is twice. Among females, RC (OR = 1.43) and cannabis consumption (OR = 1.33) are risk factors for NMUPD, while later onset of alcohol use (OR = 0.66) constitutes a protective factor. No significant differences were found for males. Conclusions: NMUPD is prevalent among university students. RC and early onset of alcohol use were associated with higher prevalence of NMUPD in females. The prevalence of NMUPD increased with age in both sexes. Strategies for reducing risky drinking and delaying onset of drinking should be provided for university students. Pharmacists and parents should be alerted to the risk of NMUPD.

scholarly journals Statistical Inference by Confidence Intervals: Issues of Interpretation and Utilization

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius Sim ◽  
Norma Reid
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Statistical Inference ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Sample Statistic ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract This article examines the role of the confidence interval (CI) in statistical inference and its advantages over conventional hypothesis testing, particularly when data are applied in the context of clinical practice. A CI provides a range of population values with which a sample statistic is consistent at a given level of confidence (usually 95%). Conventional hypothesis testing serves to either reject or retain a null hypothesis. A CI, while also functioning as a hypothesis test, provides additional information on the variability of an observed sample statistic (ie, its precision) and on its probable relationship to the value of this statistic in the population from which the sample was drawn (ie, its accuracy). Thus, the CI focuses attention on the magnitude and the probability of a treatment or other effect. It thereby assists in determining the clinical usefulness and importance of, as well as the statistical significance of, findings. The CI is appropriate for both parametric and nonparametric analyses and for both individual studies and aggregated data in meta-analyses. It is recommended that, when inferential statistical analysis is performed, CIs should accompany point estimates and conventional hypothesis tests wherever possible.

Scarcity in time as inconvenience: The role of dispositional reactance in product evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Seung Yun Lee ◽  
Sunho Jung
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Product Evaluation ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Undergraduate University Students ◽  
Positive Effect

Advertisements for products and services often contain a scarcity in time appeal to influence consumers. Previous findings indicate that a claim of time scarcity generally has a positive effect on consumers' product evaluation. Participants comprised 100 undergraduate university students who were given a printout of a fictitious Englishlanguage website of a fashion retailer, in which we manipulated absent versus present scarcity in time. Results show that the positive effect of scarcity in time on product evaluation was moderated by dispositional reactance. Further, this moderating effect arose from the interpretation of scarcity in time as causing inconvenience. The results indicate that marketers benefit from scarcity in time advertising when consumers' dispositional reactance is low.

scholarly journals The Role of Prices, Locations, and Promotions on Smartphone Purchase Decisions in Electronics Shop in Indonesia: a Lesson from Sidoarjo

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinta Devi ◽  
Slamet Harjatno
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
T Test ◽  
Purchase Decisions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Validity Test ◽  
Simultaneous Test ◽  
A Value ◽  
Test Result

This study aims to determine the effect of price, location and promotion simultaneously and partially to the decision to purchase a smartphone in JH Phone Sidoarjo and to find out the most influential variables on purchasing decision. Hypothesis testing using simultaneous test (F test) and partial test (t test) by using program SPSS version 18.0.The results of research based on Validity Test showed that all research instruments is valid because it has a value of r arithmetic > r table. Based on hypothesis test result showed that the price, location and promotion simultaneously have a significant effect on the decision of purchasing a smartphone in JH Phone Sidoarjo. Hypothesis test results also showed that the price, location and promotion partially have a significant effect on the decision to purchase a smartphone in JH Phone Sidoarjo.

The Role of Prices, Locations, and Promotions on Smartphone Purchase Decisions in Electronics Shop in Indonesia: a Lesson from Sidoarjo

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinta Devi ◽  
Slamet Harjatno
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
T Test ◽  
Purchase Decisions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Validity Test ◽  
Simultaneous Test ◽  
A Value ◽  
Test Result

This study aims to determine the effect of price, location and promotion simultaneously and partially to the decision to purchase a smartphone in JH Phone Sidoarjo and to find out the most influential variables on purchasing decision. Hypothesis testing using simultaneous test (F test) and partial test (t test) by using program SPSS version 18.0.The results of research based on Validity Test showed that all research instruments is valid because it has a value of r arithmetic > r table. Based on hypothesis test result showed that the price, location and promotion simultaneously have a significant effect on the decision of purchasing a smartphone in JH Phone Sidoarjo. Hypothesis test results also showed that the price, location and promotion partially have a significant effect on the decision to purchase a smartphone in JH Phone Sidoarjo.

scholarly journals أثر إنجاز تعلم اللغة العربية علي قدرة حفظ القرآن بمدرسة المتوسطة نور الإسلام تنجاران

Al-Lisan ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-63
Author(s):  
Ainy Faizah
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Significance Levels ◽  
The Subject

Abstract This research is one of the attempts to find out the role of the achievement of learning the Arabic language on the ability to memorize the Qur’an among the students at junior high school of Nurul Islam Tengaran. The main issues that the researcher will answer in this research are (1) How was the achievement of learning Arabic language among the students at junior high school of Nurul Islam Tengaran? (2) How was the ability to memorize the Qur’an among the students at junior high school of Nurul Islam Tengaran? (3) Is there an impact of the achievement of learning the Arabic language on the ability to memorize the Qur’an among the students at junior high school of Nurul Islam Tengaran?.To answer these questions, the researcher uses a quantitative approach. The method used by the researcher to collect data is the method of questionnaire, viewing, and documentation. To analyze the data, the statistical methods are used by Product Moment symbols and the percentage according to the subject of the research means the correlation. The results of this research are: The achievement of learning the Arabic language in the students at junior high school of Nurul Islam Tengaran, be on a high bike because most of them get a high score or greater than the minimum completion of the calibrated. As for the hypothesis test, there is the effect of the achievement of learning the Arabic language on the ability to memorize the Qur'an among the students at junior high school of Nurul Islam Tengaran. Given that the research, which was analyzed by statistical method with the symbols of Product Moment, obtained the result (rxy) = 0,891 and agreed with the table of Product Moment N = 34, in the order of significance 5% is 0,339 and the significance levels of 1% are 0,436. This includes the result of (rxy) more than table (r) or in other words (0,891> 0,436 >0,339). Keywords : The achievement of learning, Arabic language, The ability to memorize the Qur’an

Self-Treatment with Antibiotics: Knowledge level, Prevalence and Indications for Practicing among University Students in Jordan

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahya Najjar ◽  
Zeinab Hassan
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Undergraduate University Students ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Level Of Knowledge

Background: Self-treatment with antibiotics involves obtaining medicines without a prescription, sharing medicines with members of one’s social circle, or using leftover medicines stored at home. Objective: Assess the prevalence, knowledge level, reasons for practicing self-treatment of antibiotic among undergraduate university students. Methods: The study was conducted cross-sectional on a sample of 201 students. A pre-validated questionnaire called "self-treatment with antibiotics", containing 27 close-ended questions, was administered to each subject. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 and the results expressed as counts and percentages. Results and Discussion: Knowledge about self-treatment with antibiotics was good in general, and health-related students had a better level of knowledge about self-treatment with antibiotics than non-health-related students. The majority of the participants had not used self-treatment with antibiotics. Gender, age, and the last time antibiotic taken affected selftreatment with antibiotics. The most common indication for self-treatment with antibiotics was flu, cold and tonsillitis. The most common reason for practicing self-treatment with antibiotics was being considered as a convenient and rapid solution. Internet was the main source for university students regarding knowledge about antibiotic use and resistance. Conclusion: Self-treatment with antibiotics is affected by several social and demographic variables, and the role of media, public policies, university curricula as well as physicians and pharmacists should be enforced and activated to eliminate inappropriate uses of antibiotics and to correct misconceptions that encourage self-treatment with antibiotics.

scholarly journals Predicting University Enrollment for Confirmed and Non-Confirmed Admitted Undergraduate University Students

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
University Students ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Nonresponse Bias ◽  
Sampling Weights ◽  
Higher Education Institution ◽  
Survey Nonresponse ◽  
Undergraduate University Students ◽  
University Enrollment

There is a wealth of literature on nonresponse bias, as well as sampling weights and other methods of assessing for survey nonresponse; however, there is little research in an applied setting such as higher education. Surveys administered to non-enrolled admitted students suffer from nonresponse; specifically, students who are not planning to enroll at a certain institution may be less likely to respond to the survey. In order to fill a gap in the literature, this study uses data from a higher education institution that utilizes the Confirmed and Regretted Admitted Students Questionnaire (CRASQ) to examine the effects of using sampling weights to correct for nonresponse biased.

The contribution of emotional intelligence and spirituality in understanding creativity and entrepreneurial intention of higher education students

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (7/8) ◽  
pp. 870-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Rodrigues ◽  
Filipa Eira Jorge ◽  
Carlos André Pires ◽  
Patrícia António
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
University Students ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Portuguese Higher Education ◽  
Positive Effect

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of spirituality and emotional intelligence in understanding creativity, attitudes towards entrepreneurship, perceived behavioural control (PBC) and entrepreneurial intention of students of a Portuguese higher education institution. A conceptual model is proposed representing direct and indirect relationships among these constructs. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative approach was adopted in the form of a survey questionnaire applied to a sample of 345 university students. To test the hypothesised relationships between the constructs, the authors used the path analysis technique. Findings Results show that personal attitudes towards entrepreneurship and PBC have a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention, and mediate the effect of emotional intelligence on entrepreneurial intention. Emotional intelligence has a direct positive effect on creativity. The results reveal no or a tenuous influence of spirituality in the various concepts studied. Practical implications It is expected that the model can serve as a support for facilitating and promoting entrepreneurship in higher education environments. It could be of valuable use to furthering our understanding of the role of individual/psychological characteristics, motivational and attitudinal factors in fostering entrepreneurial intention of university students. Originality/value Some studies suggest that psychological factors play an essential role in developing alternative models to the entrepreneurial process. However, the studies that directly explore how individual differences in emotional intelligence, spirituality and creativity relate to entrepreneurial intention are relatively few.

Psychological Resilience Provides No Independent Protection From Suicidal Risk

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danica W. Y. Liu ◽  
A. Kate Fairweather-Schmidt ◽  
Richard Burns ◽  
Rachel M. Roberts ◽  
Kaarin J. Anstey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Life Project ◽  
Resilience Factors ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Background: Little is known about the role of resilience in the likelihood of suicidal ideation (SI) over time. Aims: We examined the association between resilience and SI in a young-adult cohort over 4 years. Our objectives were to determine whether resilience was associated with SI at follow-up or, conversely, whether SI was associated with lowered resilience at follow-up. Method: Participants were selected from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project from Canberra and Queanbeyan, Australia, aged 28–32 years at the first time point and 32–36 at the second. Multinomial, linear, and binary regression analyses explored the association between resilience and SI over two time points. Models were adjusted for suicidality risk factors. Results: While unadjusted analyses identified associations between resilience and SI, these effects were fully explained by the inclusion of other suicidality risk factors. Conclusion: Despite strong cross-sectional associations, resilience and SI appear to be unrelated in a longitudinal context, once risk/resilience factors are controlled for. As independent indicators of psychological well-being, suicidality and resilience are essential if current status is to be captured. However, the addition of other factors (e.g., support, mastery) makes this association tenuous. Consequently, resilience per se may not be protective of SI.

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