scholarly journals Assessment of water resources of the Bolshoy Kinel River for sustainable water use

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-23
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
The Moment

The article presents the results of analysis of the water flow data for main rivers in the Bolshoy Kinel River basin from the moment of the instrumental observation start in 1993. Analysis of inter/annual runoff of the Bol Kinel River showed that the average flow rate was 37.7 m3/s, the largest – 72.6 m3/s (1991), the smallest – 8.54 m3/s (1935). Starting from the 60s of the last century, the years 1991, 1987, 1990, and the low-water years were 196 7, 1975, and 1984. Due to climatic changes, the annual flow of the river for the period 1933-2010 increased from 34.6 m3/s to 37.5 m3/s. At the same time, the runoff of spring flood increased and the low-water runoff decreased. Analysis of seasonal runoff variability showed that the minimum runoff during the low-water period is a limiting factor for water supply. The smallest minimum monthly flow rate was 3.14 m3/s (January 1939). The lowest daily water flow rate was 0.71 m3/s (September 3.4, 1940). The results obtained prove that the Bol Kinel River during the low-water period of extremely dry years is an unreliable source of water supply. To ensure sustainable water supply in conditions of low water amid global climate warming, it is necessary to develop additional reserve options for supplying water to the urban population.

scholarly journals Water Consumption and Water Leakage Alert Using IoT

2019 ◽  
pp. 647-650
Author(s):  
Anand. P ◽  
Devipreetha. K ◽  
Haripriya. R
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Monitoring ◽  
Controlling System ◽  
Current Water ◽  
And Control

Managing water consumption is important for life preservation. Knowing water consumption at homes can have a great impact on water saving. There is a global water crisis due to increasing population growth, climate change, increasing consumption. Giving a report about the state of the planet’s water, especially in developing countries, the report describes the outlook for future generations as worries. To visually check water taps in the house consumes time and requires a family member to be at the house. To remotely do so, we propose a system that monitors, alerts the user and allows the user to control the water flow through taps whenever there is an unusual reading of the water usage at home. The Water Flow Monitoring and Controlling System is an android- based mobile application. It is equipped with external hardware to sense a tap’s water flow rate and control which means turning on or off the water supply line whenever necessary. Registered users can login and view their house’s current water flowage from the mobile application. The external hardware updates the water flow rate at every specified time to a database through the Internet connection. If the users decide to turn on or off the water supply taps at their homes, it can be done through the on or off button provided in the mobile application. A user’s on or off instruction is set within the database. The hardware receives this instruction and performs the desired action.

scholarly journals Theoretical Prediction of Optimum Chilled Water Distribution Configuration in Air Conditioning Terminal Unit

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abd Mohammed Saleh ◽  
Ali Reyadh Shabeeb
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Terminal Unit ◽  
Chilled Water ◽  
Valve Opening

 The distribution of chilled water flow rate in terminal unit is a major factor used to evaluate the performance of central air conditioning unit. In this work, a theoretical chilled water distribution in the terminal units has been studied to predict the optimum heat performance of terminal unit. The central Air-conditioning unit model consists of cooling/ heating coil (three units), chilled water source (chiller), three-way and two-way valve with bypass, piping network, and pump. The term of optimization in terminal unit ingredient has two categories, the first is the uniform of the water flow rate representing in statically permanents standard deviation (minimum value) and the second category is the maximum heat transfer rate from all terminal units. The hydraulic and energy equations governing the performance of unit solved with the aid of FORTRAN code with considering the following parameters: total water flow rate, chilled water supply temperature, and variable valve opening. It was found that the optimum solution of three-way valve case at 8°C water supply temperature, 0.12 kg/s total water flow rate and valve opening order (valve 1: 100%, valve 2: 100% and valve 3: 75%) with total heat rate (987.92 Watt) and standard deviation (1.181E-3). Also, for the two-way valve case the results showed that the optimum condition at 8°C water supply temperature, 0.12 kg/s total water flow rate and valve opening order (valve 1: 75%, valve 2: 75% and valve 3: 50%) with total heat rate and standard deviation (717Watt) and (5.69E-4) respectively.

scholarly journals Experimental Study of Optimum Chilled Water Distribution Configuration in Air Conditioning Terminal Unit Using RSM Technique

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abd Mohammed Saleh ◽  
Ali Reyadh Shabeeb
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Chilled Water ◽  
Valve Opening

The distribution of chilled water flow rate in terminal unit is an important factor used to evaluate the performance of central air conditioning unit. A prototype of A/C unit has been made, which contains three terminal units with a complete set of accessories (3-way valve, 2-way valve, and sensors) to study the effect of the main parameters, such as total water flow rate and chilled water supply temperature with variable valve opening. In this work, 40 tests were carried out. These tests were in two groups, 20 test for 3-way valve case and 20 test for 2-way valve case. These tests were performed at three levels of valve opening, total water flow rate and water supply temperature according to the design matrices established by Design of Experiment (DOE) software 'version 7' with Response surface methodology (RSM) technique. The model was conducted for each case of total heat rate, then checked statistically for adequacy by Analysis of variance (ANOVA), and found good with 95% confidence level. The results showed that the water supply temperature has a significant effect on the total heat rate of two cases. It was found that the optimum solution for maximum total heat rate and minimum flow deviation represented by standard deviation was obtained at 10°C water supply temperature, 5.5 l/min total water flow rate and 70% valve opening. The total heat rate and standard deviation were (890.249 Watt), (0.000513), respectively in three-way valve case and (743.155 Watt), (0.00277), respectively in two-way valve case. Finally, the predicted and experimental results of total heat rate and standard deviation were in agreement with a maximum error of 6.6 % in three-way valve case and 1.4% in two-way valve case.  

scholarly journals Effect of Water Flow on Underwater Wet Welded A36 Steel

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 682
Author(s):  
Eko Surojo ◽  
Aziz Harya Gumilang ◽  
Triyono Triyono ◽  
Aditya Rio Prabowo ◽  
Eko Prasetya Budiana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shielded Metal Arc Welding ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Bending Effect ◽  
Metal Arc Welding ◽  
A36 Steel

Underwater wet welding (UWW) combined with the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) method has proven to be an effective way of permanently joining metals that can be performed in water. This research was conducted to determine the effect of water flow rate on the physical and mechanical properties (tensile, hardness, toughness, and bending effect) of underwater welded bead on A36 steel plate. The control variables used were a welding speed of 4 mm/s, a current of 120 A, electrode E7018 with a diameter of 4 mm, and freshwater. The results show that variations in water flow affected defects, microstructure, and mechanical properties of underwater welds. These defects include spatter, porosity, and undercut, which occur in all underwater welding results. The presence of flow and an increased flow rate causes differences in the microstructure, increased porosity on the weld metal, and undercut on the UWW specimen. An increase in water flow rate causes the acicular ferrite microstructure to appear greater, and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) will form finer grains. The best mechanical properties are achieved by welding with the highest flow rate, with a tensile strength of 534.1 MPa, 3.6% elongation, a Vickers microhardness in the HAZ area of 424 HV, and an impact strength of 1.47 J/mm2.

Experimental Characterization of a Modified Airlift Pump

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afshin Goharzadeh ◽  
Keegan Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Inner Diameter ◽  
Airlift Pump ◽  
Flow Map ◽  
Churn Flow

This paper presents an experimental investigation on a modified airlift pump. Experiments were undertaken as a function of air-water flow rate for two submergence ratios (ε=0.58 and 0.74), and two different riser geometries (i) straight pipe with a constant inner diameter of 19 mm and (ii) enlarged pipe with a sudden expanded diameter of 19 to 32 mm. These transparent vertical pipes, of 1 m length, were submerged in a transparent rectangular tank (0.45×0.45×1.1 m3). The compressed air was injected into the vertical pipe to lift the water from the reservoir. The flow map regime is established for both configurations and compared with previous studies. The two phase air-water flow structure at the expansion region is experimentally characterized. Pipeline geometry is found to have a significant influence on the output water flow rate. Using high speed photography and electrical conductivity probes, new flow regimes, such as “slug to churn” and “annular to churn” flow, are observed and their influence on the output water flow rate and efficiency are discussed. These experimental results provide fundamental insights into the physics of modified airlift pump.

scholarly journals Impacts of Water Flow Rate on Freezing Prevention of Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers in Power Plants

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonghong Guo ◽  
Huimin Wei ◽  
Xiaoru Yang ◽  
Weijia Wang ◽  
Xiaoze Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Water Flow Rate
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