scholarly journals A History of Arab-Islamic Geography (9th-16th Century AD)

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 102-103
Author(s):  
Mushtaqur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Language Difficulty ◽  
Order Part ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Time To Learn

“Everything you ever wanted to know about the Arab-Islamic contribution togeography (but have had no time to learn up to now),” aptly describes SayyidMaqbool Ahmad‘s A History of Arab-Islamic Geography, which is a descriptionof the Arab-Islamic contribution to geography between the sixth and nineth centuries.To the uninitiated reader, the book may seem like a spider’s web; there isa guiding thread to follow, but that thread is hard to find and easy to lose.Barring language difficulty and the insipid organization of the text, the book ismonumental. It clarifies a number of misconceptions and provides authenticdetails about Arab-Islamic geography.The book is based on over 50 years of painstaking research of Arabicpalimpsests and chronicles and their translations into English and otherEuropean languages. It was the late Professor Hamilton Gibb of St. JohnsCollege (Oxford University), a shining light among Western Orientalists, whoasked Ahmad in 1945 for research on the subject. Following his mentor, Ahmadhas done a remarkable job of distilling much of the chaotic and contentious mattersrelating to Arab-Islamic geography. Never before has anyone attempted toprovide detailed “basic data” on Arab-Islamic geography. Contrary to whatmany Western Orientalists believe, the Arabs-in addition to being inheritorsand preservers of Greek, Indian, and Persian knowledge-made significant contributionsto geography. It was partly the contribution of Nasir al-Din Tusi(astronomy), al-Battani (astronomy), Mohammed Musa al-Khwarizmi (mathematics),Ibn al-Haytham (optics), Abul-Rayhan al-Biruni (astronomy, physics),Ibn Sina (medicine), Al-Jazari (mechanics), Al-Sharif al-Idrisi (geography), Al-Masudi (geography), Ibn al-Nafis (blood circulation), Ibn Majid (magnetic compass),and others to science and technology.that motivated the IndustrialRevolution of Europe.The book is organized into two parts and twenty-two chapters to present thevast literature by subject and chronological order. Part I of the book has threesections and nine chapters, which discuss the origins of scientific geography,astronomical and philosophical literature, reports of the explorers and Arabembassies, and regional discussions. These chapters are conclusive that Arab-Islamic scientific geography began with Al-Ma’mun (813-833 AD), who establishedthe first academy, known as Bayt al-Hikmu (the House of Wisdom). As aresult, in Baghdad after the middle of the ninth century, general and descriptivegeographical works began appearing. Included in this section are also chapterson the Iraqi and Balkhi school of geography. Chapters 10 through 15 discuss theimportant regional, philosophical, and astronomical geography works whichappeared in Baghdad. lbn Khurdadbih was the fit writer on the subject andhence can be called the father of Arab-Islamic geography. His Kirub ul-Musalikwu ul-Mumulik (Book of Roads and Kingdoms) is a classic.Two appendices, one concerning the Waqwaq Islands and the other concerningModification of Ptolemy’s Geography by Al-Idrisi, are the most revealingparts of the book because the location of the Waqwaq Islands and Al-Idrisi’smodification of Ptolemy’s map have long baffled Orientalists. Waqwaq Islands(ul-Juzur al-Wuqwuq) were fit mentioned in Ibn Khurdashbih’s Kitab ul-Musulik wu a1 -Mamulik. Appendix 2, Al-Idris’s modification of Ptolemy’s map, ...

Biblical Israel in the Ninth Century?

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIP R. DAVIES
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Biblical Narrative ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Critical History ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
United Monarchy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Crucial Part

Most archaeologists of ancient Israel still operate with a pro-biblical ideology, while the role that archaeology has played in Zionist nation building is extensively documented. Terms such as ‘ninth century’ and ‘Iron Age’ represent an improvement on ‘United Monarchy’ and ‘Divided Monarchy’, but these latter terms remain implanted mentally as part of a larger portrait that may be called ‘biblical Israel’. This chapter argues that the question of ‘biblical Israel’ must be regarded as distinct from the kingdoms of Israel and Judah as a major historical problem rather than a given datum. ‘Biblical Israel’ can never be the subject of a modern critical history, but is rather a crucial part of that history, a ‘memory’, no doubt historically conditioned, that became crucial in creating Judaism. This realization will enable us not only to write a decent critical history of Iron Age central Palestine but also to bring that history and the biblical narrative into the kind of critical engagement that will lead to a better understanding of the Bible itself.

scholarly journals Alexander John Haddow, 27 December 1912 - 26 December 1978

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 225-254 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Late Professor ◽  
Medical Degree ◽  
The Past ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Carl Linnaeus ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Medical Qualification

Alexander Haddow belonged to that dying race of ‘medical entomologists,’ some of whom had also been Fellows of the Royal Society. The most illustrious example was Carl Linnaeus (1707-78) whose systematic work on plants and animals including insects was to have the most profound influence on biology; he is not admired for his medical contributions, and he only acquired a medical degree (M.D. Harderwijk) because his prospective father-in-law would not allow him to marry his daughter without this recognition. Another medical entomologist of the past was Martin Lister, F.R.S. (1639-1712), who is remembered more for his studies on the life history of various insects and other invertebrates, than for his activities in the Royal College of Physicians or his appointment as Physician to Queen Anne. The most recent examples of the breed were the late Sir Rickard Christophers, F.R.S., whose major interest was entomology (author of the magnum opus: Aedes aegypti the late Professor Patrick Buxton, F.R.S., who like Haddow, only took a medical degree to get a broader outlook on the subject, and the still active Sir Vincent Wigglesworth, F.R.S., whose medical interests are minimal. Today the entomologist, whether medical or not, is a professional in his own right and finds a medical qualification unnecessary.

II. The English Wool Trade in the reign of Edward IV

1926 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Power
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Institutional History ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
Edward Iii ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Financial Organisation

The importance of the English wool trade in the middle ages is so well recognised that it is difficult to remember that its history is still largely unwritten. This is particularly true of the century before the advent of the Tudor dynasty to the throne. The careful researches of Professor Tout have thrown some light upon the origins of the Staple system in Edward II's reign and those of the late Professor Unwin and his seminar upon the wool trade in the reign of Edward III, but in this, as in most other branches of economic history, the period of the Lancastrian and Yorkist dynasties is an almost unworked field. Ample materials for an investigation of the subject exist, but many of the most important are still hidden in English and foreign archives and much laborious spade work remains to be done before the whole story can be told. That story really involves two distinct problems, which for convenience's sake can be separated—first the institutional history of the Staple and its financial and other relations with the government, and secondly the history of the wool trade, that is to say the technical and financial organisation of the trade, the persons engaged in it, their relations with wool growers at home and wool buyers abroad, and the dimensions of the trade year by year, as reflected in the customs accounts. This article is an attempt to sketch the second of these subjects only, and that for a very limited period. The reign of Edward IV has been chosen because it was a period of considerable commercial activity and because there happens to exist a particularly important collection of material relating to the wool trade at this time.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Metode Pembelajaran Kooperatif Team Assisted of Individualitation Terhadap Hasil Belajar Sejarah di SMANegeri I Karawang

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Ikina Sabililah Nurillah
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Learning History ◽  
Turn On ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Time To Learn ◽  
Learning Team ◽  
The Impact

This study based on learning of history that it less appealing to students seen on first observations, such as : The first, when a teacher to explain the lesson just some students who really pay attention. Second, looks a lack of interest students against a history lesson, so that the activitiy in the learning process be less active. Third, students less understand the subject matter quite a lot with time to learn that brief so needed a method of learning that can turn on the students in the history of learning. The aim of the study is to reveal the impact of instructional method cooperative learning Team Assisted Individualization against the results of learning history in SMAN 1 Karawang. This study conducted of month August untill months September 2013. The approach research is a quantitative approach with the experiment.

scholarly journals The Prior Analytics in the Syriac and Arabic tradition

Vivarium ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 134-158
Author(s):  
Uwe Vagelpohl
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Commentary Tradition

AbstractThe reception history of Aristotle’s Prior Analytics in the Islamic world began even before its ninth-century translation into Arabic. Three generations earlier, Arabic authors already absorbed echoes of the varied and extensive logical teaching tradition of Greek- and Syriac-speaking religious communities in the new Islamic state. Once translated into Arabic, the Prior Analytics inspired a rich tradition of logical studies, culminating in the creation of an independent Islamic logical tradition by Ibn Sina (d. 1037), Ibn Rušd (d. 1098) and others. This article traces the translation and commentary tradition of the Prior Analytics in Syriac and Arabic in the sixth to ninth centuries and sketches its appropriation, revision and, ultimately, transformation by Islamic philosophers between the ninth and eleventh centuries.

XXVIII Chinese Writing in the Chou Dynasty in the Light of Recent Discoveries

1911 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 1011-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North China ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Vigorous Activity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Chinese Writing

It is the aim of the following paper to present to the readers of this Journal the problem of the origin of Chinese writing as it appears at the opening of the historical period in the ninth century b.c., and to give some account of the new light thrown upon the subject by recent discoveries in North China. It is also my hope to show that there are reasons for endeavouring to stir an interest in this question of origin, and some grounds for defining, as clearly as present conditions allow, the main features of what is already known of the problem, and indicating the lines along which fruitful investigation must advance. Especially valuable it should be to investigators of other primitive systems of writing to have a working knowledge of the rise and progressive changes of a script, probably of very ancient origin, certainly claiming a continuous history of 3,600 years, still in vigorous activity, betraying no signs of impending decay. The facts of such a life-history, properly ascertained and appreciated, might well contribute some illuminating sidelights or useful suggestions on analogous inquirics.

The Greek church under the Turks: problems of research

1975 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 223-235
Author(s):  
Steven Runciman
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
The Social ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Absolute

Historical research is full of surprises and shocks. It may produce the blessings of which professor Hill has so eloquently reminded us; but it can also leave the student thwarted and disappointed. We cannot know when we embark on a subject what uncharted reefs and contrary currents are going to impede our course. A few years ago I rashly set out to work on the subject that the late professor Iorga called Byzance après Byzance. I hoped to tell of the fate of the Greeks and their neighbours in the orthodox Christian world when they passed under the absolute rule of the infidel ottoman sultan, during the centuries when they were tended by the orthodox patriarchate of Constantinople: to which one could apply, far more accurately than to the papacy, Hobbes’s description of ‘the ghost of the Roman Empire sitting crowned upon the ruins thereof’ – but the ruins were miserably dilapidated and the crown did not fit. I decided not to attempt a full history of the social life of the Christian minorities nor a detailed discussion of theological developments but to concentrate my study on the central organisation of the patriarchate itself. Even so it proved to be a daunting task.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

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