scholarly journals hikaayaat kaliila wa-dimna li-tulaab al-lughat al-carabiyya (Tales from Kalila wa Dimna for Students of Arabic [retold])

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-162
Author(s):  
Paul Roochnik
Keyword(s):  
Language Teaching ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
Language Study ◽  
Literary Arabic

The title Kalila wa Dimna first came to my attention long ago in my secondyear of Arabic language study. Ahmad Amin mentions Kalila waDimna in passing in his autobiography, Hayati (Cairo: 1952), an excerpt ofwhich I read in Farhat Ziadeh’s Reader in Modern Literary Arabic. Overthe years, I tried occasionally to read a bit of the original and found the classicalArabic intimidating. The task of reviewing Munther Younes’s retellingof these stories represented the opportunity to taste the stories’ flavor withoutthe drudgery of dictionary look-up. Among other accomplishments,Younes simplifies the grammar and lexicon to the point where intermediatestudents of Arabic will understand what they read without excessive struggle.This review will touch upon the structure and substance of Kalila waDimna itself and Younes’ approach to retelling the stories and their utilizationas an Arabic language teaching tool.In the West, most of us hear and then read Aesop’s Fables as children.These stories, which date back as far as 620 BCE, feature anthropomorphicanimals who play out their dramas and conflicts in order to teach a moral.Kalila wa Dimna, attributed to the Indian author Bidpai and written inSanskrit during the third century, does much the same, but also includes asmattering of human characters. As Younes tells us, the Sassanid KingKhosro Anoushrawan sent his physician Burzuwayh to India to collect andtranslate Bidpai’s fables into Persian. In the process, Burzuwayh added storiesby other authors. What had now become a book was then translatedinto Syriac in 570; 200 years later, Abdullah ibn al-Muqafac translated itinto Arabic. Since its Arabization some 12 centuries ago, Kalila wa Dimna

Foundation Deposits from Third-Century BC Egypt

2020 ◽  
pp. 94-113
Author(s):  
Dorothy J. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Third Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
The Third ◽  
Limited Period

The chapter discusses inscribed bilingual dedicatory plaques made of metal, glass, and clay which were deposited as part of the foundation ritual of temples in Alexandria and elsewhere. It offers analysis of the traditions from which they came, the nature of the plaques themselves—their number, the materials of which they were formed, the writing and scripts that they bore—and the more general historical significance of the dedicatory practice in which they were involved. Plaques so far discovered are from a limited period in the second half of the third century BC; the dedications they record are royal dedications of temples, shrines, and other related structures, made to a variety of local gods; although the majority of examples are from Alexandria and immediately neighbouring areas, it is notable that this was not a phenomenon confined to the capital (examples survive from elsewhere in Egypt—from Taposiris Magna, along the coast to the west of Alexandria, and from Koussai in Middle Egypt).

The Old Syrian Baptismal Tradition and its Resettlement under the Influence of Jerusalem in the Fourth Century

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 19-37
Author(s):  
E. C. Ratcliff
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The Holy Spirit

It is well known that the old Syrian, or to give it a more comprehensive description, the old Eastern liturgical usage of Baptism differed markedly from that which obtained in the West. The most obvious difference is one of pattern, and appears in connection with the ceremony known to us as Confirmation. In Western usage, as we find it in North Africa, described by Tertullian at the beginning of the third century in his De Baptismo, the act of baptising is followed by two ceremonies. The first of these is an anointing with oil. Tertullian connects this anointing with that of Aaron by Moses, and ascribes to it an undefined spiritual benefit. The second ceremony is the last of the rite, and its culmination; it conveys, according to Tertullian, the gift of the Holy Spirit. ‘Dehinc,’ he says, ‘manus imponitur per benedictionem advocans et invitans spiritum sanctum. . . . Tunc ille sanctissimus spiritus super emundata et benedicta corpora libens a patre descendit.’ Shortly after the writing of De Baptismo, we meet with evidence for the existence of a similar rite at Rome. The text of Apostolic Tradition, as it has been put together from its several versions, requires to be treated with caution; but there is no doubt that Hippolytus knew a post-baptismal ceremony, comparable with the use of oil after the bath, and held to apply, ώς μύρῳ, the powers of the Holy Spirit, to those who have newly come up from the ‘bath’ (λουτρόν) of Baptism.

scholarly journals Duality Linguistic and Its Impact on Arabic Language: الازدواجيّة اللّغويّة وأثرها على اللّغة العربيّة

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamam Hamad Almnaizl
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Three Solutions ◽  
The West ◽  
Public Places ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Classical Language

The research dealt with six axes. In the first topic, the study dealt with the definition of the language in general at the linguists of the Arabs and the West, and concluded that the language is a means of communication through which all people express their purposes. In the second axis, the research dealt with the concept of linguistic and bilateral duality in many researchers, and concluded that duplication and dualism is one thing that occurs between one language, such as the phonetic and the colloquial, or between two different languages. In the third axis, the research dealt with the emergence of duplication in Arabic, and that it existed since the pre- Islamic era, but it was not as serious as it is now. In the fourth axis, he talked about the manifestations of duplication and its causes, and that there are two manifestations of duplication: the first is the writing, the duality took two forms of circulation: drawing and writing for the Pharaonic, The second appearance is the language of Almchafha, which is the language of conversations, and common in public places, and were not written, and talked about the reasons that led to the existence of this phenomenon. In the fifth axis, the study dealt with the problem of duplication and the fact that it is a problem of serious problems that affect the classical language, fear of the colloquial place and the disappearance of Mandarin, and other things that confirm the seriousness and prove to be a problem. In the last axis, the research dealt with the proposed solutions and possible solutions to the problem of duplication, there were three solutions: the first recognition of the reality of language and the delivery of duplication, and the adoption of the traditional only, or the vernacular only to unite on one, and the third approximation between them.

I.—The Christian Antiquities of Tripolitania

Archaeologia ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 1-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Ward Perkins ◽  
R. G. Goodchild
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Public Security ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
Single Exception ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Church Councils ◽  
The Church ◽  
Official Recognition

In late antiquity, as under the earlier Empire, Tripolitania was a small and somewhat isolated territory. The creation of a separate province of Tripolitania, in the closing years of the third century, was no more than the official recognition of an established geographical fact. There continued to be important military and cultural links with the provinces to the west; but the natural isolation of the territory was inevitably increased by the decline in public security; and although the church came under the primacy of the bishop of Carthage, the records of the church councils bear eloquent witness to the hazards and difficulties of travel from such outlying districts. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that the surviving Christian antiquities of Tripolitania exhibit a robust regionalism; or that artistically, with the single exception of the mosaic in the church that Justinian built at Sabratha, none is of outstanding intrinsic merit.

scholarly journals اللسانيات وتدريس اللغة العربية: تدريس اللغة العربية من منظور لساني وظيفي حديث (Linguistics and Teaching Arabic Language: Teaching Arabic Language from the Perspective of Modern Functioning Linguistic)

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
عبد الوهاب صديقي (Abdel Wahab Sadiqi)
Keyword(s):  
Language Teaching ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Simple Sentence ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
Computer Languages ◽  
Junior Secondary ◽  
Language Study ◽  
Arabic Rhetoric ◽  
Linguistic Control ◽  
New Discovery

ملخص البحث: نعرض في هذه الدراسة، لبعض إشكالات تدريس اللغة العربية، بالسلك الثانوي الإعدادي، لاسيما مكون الدرس اللغوي، وكان مشروع الدراسة يروم التأسيس لمنظور جديد في تدريس اللغة العربية، قوامه الانفتاح على اللسانيات وديدكتيكا اللغات، ونعني باللسانيات مختلف الأفكار التي طرحتها مشاريع اللسانيين العرب، لتطوير أداء اللغة العربية، ومعالجة قضايا تدريسها من منظور لساني وظيفي يتبنى فكرة إمكانية استثمار لسانيات التراث، أفكارها المبثوثة بين ثنايا كتب النحو والعروض والبلاغة العربية، لخدمة اللغة العربية،معجما وتركيبا ودلالة وصوتا، مع الانفتاح على مستجدات الدرس اللساني الحديث، وتؤمن هذه الدراسة بأن علاقة لسانيات التراث باللسانيات الحديثة هي علاقة أصول وامتداد في جانب التدريس والتربية. هذا التطويع الداخلي للغة، يستدعي في نظري تدريس اللغة العربية بالأسلاك التعليمية من منظور لساني وظيفي، بحيث تصبح لغة وظيفية بامتياز في الشارع والإدارة، والمصارف، ولغة التجارة، ولغة الحاسوب، بحيث يحس المتعلم أن ما يتلقاه من دروس وقواعد لغوية لسانية في الفصول، يمكن استثماره في المحيط الاقتصادي والاجتماعي من حوله؛ لهذا توقفت الدراسة مليا عند المنحى الوظيفي عند أحمد المتوكل نظريا؛ وتم تذيل كل بشق تطبيقي؛ الجملة البسطة نموذجا. الكلمات المفتاحية: المفاهيم- لسانيات التراث- اللسانيات المعاصرة- التوليدية- الحوسبة في اللغة.Abstract:We are going to present in this study some obstacles of teaching Arabic Language at Senior and Junior Secondary levels; mainly composure of Language study. This study intends establishment of foundation for new theory in teaching Arabic Language which will stand firmly on Linguistics and Languages levels. We mean by linguistic, different opinions were raised in Arab Linguistics works; to develop using competency of Arabic Language and examine its teaching issues from functioning Linguistics control, which will confirm fitness of utilizing our linguistic study and its different observations that were elaborated in different books of Syntax, Parsing, and Arabic Rhetoric; in order to serve Arabic Language, Lexicography, structures, semantics and phonetics, and open our awareness to new discovery in the field of Modern Linguistics. This study beliefs that relationship between Arab Linguistics and Modern linguistic is like inner relationship between origin and its extension in field of teaching and pedagogy. This inner assumption for language calls for teaching Arabic Language from functioning linguistic control; so that the language becomes functioning, used on roads, offices, banks, business and computer languages. So that the learners will fell that what they learn in language rules can be utilized in politics, economic and social pools around them. This study has stopped for a while with Functioning Grammarian Ahmad Al-Mutawakil theoretically, and what he contributed can be used at applied branch taking simple sentence as a case study.Keywords: Understanding- Legacy Linguistics- Contemporary Linguistics- Formational- Computer in Language.Abstrak:Kajian ini memaparkan beberapa permasalahan pengajaran bahasa Arab di tahap pendidikan menengah rendah khususnya berkenaan dengan penggubah sukatan bahasa. Ia bertujuan memberikan satu perspektif baharu dalam pengajaran bahasa Arab agar mengambil kira input daripada kajian linguistic dan didaktika bahasa. Linguistik yang dimaksudkan di sini ialah segala sumbang saran yang dikemukakan oleh para pengkaji bahasa Arab untuk meningkatkan  prestasi bahasa Arab dan mencari penyelesaian permasalah pengajarannya dari perspektif linguistic fungsional yang turut mengambil kira sumbangan dari kajian-kajian bahasa klasik yang terangkum dalam karangan-karangan berkenaan tatabahasa, ‘Arudh dan retorika bahasa Arab. Ini adalah untuk menyuburkan lagi kepentingan bahasa Arab dari segi perkataan, frasa, semantic dan fonetiknya dengan membuka ruang terhadap dapatan terbaharu daripada kajian linguistic moden. Kajian ini memaparkan bahawa hubungan linguistic moden dan lampau adalah hubungan di antara asal usul dan perkembangannya dalam aspek pengajaran bahasa. Bertitik tolak dari ini, pengajaran bahasa Arab perlu bersandar kepada perspektif linguistic fungsional yang melihat penggunaan bahasa adalah dari sudut fungsinya di jalanan, pentadbiran dan bank-bank. Ia juga adalah medium  dalam dunia komersial, pengkomputeran, justeru adalah perlu menyuburkan relevansi pengajaran bahasa itu dengan bidang-bidang kehidupan tadi kepada para penuntutnya. Untuk tujuan itu, kajian ini akan menumpukan kepada wacana fungsional, secara teorinya, yang diajukan oleh seorang sarjana: Ahmed Mutawakkil, manakala dari aspek perlaksanaannya, beberapa ayat ringkas akan dijadikan sebagai sampel kajian. kesilapan Kata kunci: Kefahaman- Bahasa Klasik- Linguistik Moden- Transformasi- Pengkomputeran.

Manicheism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Kirwan
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The West ◽  
Augustine Of Hippo ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Problem Of Evil

Manicheism is a defunct religion, born in Mesopotamia in the third century ad and last attested in the sixteenth century in China. Its founder, Mani (c.216–76), had some familiarity with Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism, and aimed to supplant them all. He taught a form of dualism, influenced by earlier Gnostics: God is opposed by forces of darkness; they, not God, created human beings, who nevertheless contain particles of light which can be released by abstemious living. Two points of contrast with Catholic Christianity are particularly striking. First, in Manicheism, sinfulness is the natural state of human beings (because of their creators), and does not stem from Adam’s Fall. Second, the Manichean God did not create and does not control the forces of darkness (although he will eventually triumph); hence the problem of evil does not arise in as stark a form as it does for the all-powerful Christian God. Although Mani’s own missionary journeys took him eastwards, it was in the Roman Empire to the west that the main impact of his teaching was first felt; Augustine of Hippo was an adherent for nine years. The religion was eventually suppressed in the Roman Empire, and driven east by the Arab conquest of Mesopotamia. In the West, various Christian heresies were loosely called Manichean throughout the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals Race and the Working-Class Past in the United States: Multiple Identities and the Future of Labor History

1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (S1) ◽  
pp. 127-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Roediger
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Labor History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multiple Identities ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The West ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Reformation

The most magnificent drama in the last thousand years of human history is the transportation of ten million human beings out of the dark beauty of their mother continent into the new-found Eldorado of the West. They descended into Hell; and in the third century they arose from the dead, in the finest effort to achieve democracy for the working millions which this world had ever seen. It [post-Civil War Reconstruction in the U.S.] was a tragedy that beggared the Greek; it was an upheaval of humanity like the Reformation and the French Revolution. Yet we are blind and led by the blind. We discern in it no part of our labour movement [ … ]1

Excavations at Lincoln 1970–1972: The Western Defences of the Lower Town: An Interim Report

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Colyer
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stone Wall ◽  
Late Roman Period ◽  
New Gateway

During 1970–2 three sites on the western defences of the lower Roman and medieval town were examined. The earliest defences, which consisted of a rampart fronted by a stone wall 5 feet (1·5 m.) wide, and a ditch-system, were built in the late second or early third century. At some later date, interval-towers were added to the back of the wall: that at The Park was replaced by a new gateway which was rebuilt in the later fourth century. There was slight evidence that the other gate presumed to lie on the west side of the lower town at West Parade was rebuilt at the same time. North of this, on Mother by Hill, the third-century interval-tower was partially demolished in the fourth century and replaced by an internal platform. There was contemporary thickening or rebuilding of the wall at various other points, including either side of the gate at The Park. At some time in the late Roman period a new wider ditch was dug.The Roman defences continued substantially in use throughout the medieval period, although the gateway at The Park was no longer functioning. In the thirteenth century the line of the western defences was extended southwards to the Brayford Pool, terminating in the circular Lucy Tower. North of the tower, the new defences comprised a stone wall 7 feet (2·1 m.) wide and a ditch whose size could not be determined.The excavations also revealed interesting but fragmentary information about occupation within the defences. There were Roman buildings as far south as The Park from the Flavian period.

Cirencester, 1969–1972: Ninth Interim Report

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan D. McWhirr
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Short Report ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
The West ◽  
Boundary Wall ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
Iron Working

SummaryThe 1969–72 excavations have concentrated on two main areas to be affected by the proposed relief road around Cirencester. In insula XII two houses, apparently constructed in the second half of the third century A.D., have been uncovered and planned. A total of twelve mosaics were found in varying states of preservation. Building XII, I was rectangular with a bath suite to the west, whilst the latest phase of XII, 2 resembled the plan of a winged corridor villa. From this building came evidence of iron working. Both buildings continued to be used in the fourth century and there is slight structural evidence suggesting fifth century occupation.To the west of Cirencester excavation of a late Roman cemetery has produced 268 burials, not all of which were complete, and a small number of associated finds. All but one were inhumations and two were in stone coffins. The skeletons have been studied by Dr. C. Wells and a short report on his work is included. Work has also been carried out on a road leading towards the amphitheatre. To the north of this road was a boundary(?) wall. Other excavated sites are mentioned in this report. Several interesting pieces of Roman sculpture were found.Two appendices are included which discuss the mosaics and inscriptions found during the period under review.

Urban Landscape Development in Twelfth-Century Acre

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-274
Author(s):  
MICHAEL EHRLICH
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
The City

Acre is situated on the northern Mediterranean coast of Israel, about 13 km to the north of Haifa. Its history since the twentieth century bce has been well-documented. Until the third century bce it stood on a mound called Tel al-Fukhar. From the Hellenistic period the city developed on the plain to the west of this mound. Acre experienced two important phases during its long existence. The first was during the Hellenistic era, when it occupied the mound, the plain, and the rocky peninsula to the south of the western sector of the plain. The second was during the Crusader period, when it occupied an even larger area. Between these two periods, the city declined, although it was still repeatedly referred to in historical sources.

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