The problem of modern literary criticism between tradition and renewal: The theory of receive and interpretation : إشكالية النقد الأدبي الحديث بين التقليد والتجديد "نظرية التلقي والتأويل"

Identifying the concept of a text, its analysis and interpretation are of great importance in literary critical studies among western and Arab scientists and researchers of all time. This theory was rooted in Arabic Rhetoric and interpretation of Holy Qura'n before the existence of modern linguistics and western theories. Recently, the text- reader relation has been developed in light of these grounded theories assuring that the base of the literary work in the interaction between the text construction and its readers. This interaction is mainly attained from the real interactivity between them both through receive theory as the recipient gets involved expecting something. The most important point is that reading should be productive by adding new dimensions and unlimited to the barriers of the text. The problems of reading and interpretation revolve around two main axes; first, the literary work and nature of the text, second, the interpretation and understanding of the text. Then, the issue is related to the subjectivity and objectivity of the text, and the degree of the reader's understanding and interpretation of it. So, it is a harmonized system that collects the elements of creativity; the author, the reader and the text when relating reading process to receive mechanics and interpretation. The current results confirmed that Arabic Rhetoric and critical literature have significant roles in the treatment of the text and its components.

Media Expectations; The Rhetoric of Persuasive Speech

The goal of this study is to look into the concept of persuasive rhetoric from the perspective of current realism and life expectations. In the past, Arab scholars used communication and comprehension philosophy as an effective means of understanding and comprehending through accurate awareness of the eloquence of persuasive discourse; thus, they initiated, developed, and engaged with it through the concept of the terms; “the signification of the word on the meaning” or “the signification of the signifier (Ad-daal) on the eloquence of persuasive discourse.” The argument applies to awareness and understanding of some of the circumstances, relationships, events, and conditions surrounding the persuasive discourse, as well as awareness of similar emergency conditions through explicit and implicit interpretation, making the persuasive discourse a necessary outlet for reporting and persuasion between the sender and the addressee. As a result, this current study contributes to the study of Arabic rhetoric from the perspective of mental attribution or mental importance, employing persuasion and informative techniques

The problems of teaching Arabic Rhetoric for the secondary grade students in Jordan from teachers' point of view and its relationship with the gender and teaching experience: مُشكلات تدريس البلاغة لطلبة المرحلة الثّانويّة في الأردن من وجهة نظر المعلمين وتأثّرها بمتغيّري الجنس والخبرة التدريسية

The study aimed at identifying the problems of teaching Arabic Rhetoric for the secondary grade students in Jordan from teachers' point of view. using the descriptive analytical curriculum, the sample of the study consisted of (85) secondary classroom teachers of Arabic language in the Directorate of the University directorates to answer the questionnaire, they are the whole study community. And (16) teachers to answer the corresponding questions. Data was analyzed by using (SPSS) to find means, ranks, and the level. And "t" test. The results of the study showed that the level of the rhetoric teaching problems facing the secondary grade students in university directorates from teachers' point of view was moderate as a whole, with a mean of (2.80). Moreover, teaching problems related to the dimensions of the required (textbook) was in the first place, with a high level. Whereas, the level of the rhetoric teaching problems related to (the teacher dimension) was low with the lowest means. This study also shows that There were no significant statistical differences due to gender and teaching experience meanwhile the results showed no statistically significant differences for the interaction between gender. And accordingly, a set of recommendations and suggestions were presented to solve the problem of rhetoric teaching to the secondary students and support teaching it.

‘Ilm Al-Bayan and Its Suitability in Analyzing Malay Poetry Texts

The beauty of poetry is influenced by the choice of words expressed in the style of any languages. There are influences of Arabic language and literature in the Malay world. In addition, most of studies on Malay literature text are using western theories. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the appropriateness of the use of ‘Ilm al-Bayan which is a form of Arabic Rhetoric in analyzing Malay poetry texts. The library approach is used in this study. The choice of this approach is to gather information related to ‘Ilm al-Bayan. Descriptive analysis approach is used to analyze the information gathered to see suitability of the Arabic style that used in assessing the Malay literature texts. The study found that there are similarities between the functions ‘Ilm al-Bayan with Malay rhetoric, although the terms of each of these languages are different. It is certainly based on the expression of the original speakers of the language, whether in Arabic or Malay literatures.

Al-Naẓm Stylistic Discourse in I’jāz al-Qur’ān Based on Al-Jurjānī’s Perspective: Analysis of Arabic Literature Criticism on the Qur'an Studies

This article discusses Arabic literature criticism during the classical period represented in al-Jurjāni’s naẓm (poetic) theory. It aims to analyze al-Jurjānī's thoughts in the field of balāgha (Arabic rhetoric) in revealing the miracles of the Qur'an in terms of its language beauty. Al-Jurjānī argues that one of the miraculous aspects of the Qur'an is concerned with its naẓm. Although the theory of naẓm had been previously proposed by Arabic literary scholars, such as al-Jāhiẓ, al-Baqillānī and al-Rummānī, al-Jurjānī, however, elaborated and developed the theory naẓm in great details. His theory contributes to the development of the meaning of balāgha and introduces it to public audience amongst scholars of the Qur’an. Al-Jurjānī concludes that naẓm is determined by the meaning of the Qur'anic verses as well as the structure in the discipline of naḥwu (grammar). The naḥwu and naẓm theory work together to generate meaning of the spoken sentence. Al-Jurjānī’s concept of naẓm supersedes later experts' and even modern Western linguists' discoveries and knowledge in the field of Arabic literary criticism.

AL-’ISTICA:RAT AL-TAMTHI:LIYYAT METAPHOR IN THE AHADITH OF RASULULLAH S.A.W

The Ahadith of Rasulullah s.a.w are jawamic al-kalim that possess special and distinct language features. Scholars since the classical time have paid great attention to balaghah al-hadith {Hadith rhetoric). However, a specific study on balaghah al-hadith was only found after the publication of the book al-Majazat al-Nabawiyyah by al-Sharif al-Radiyy (359 – 406H). He collected as many as 360 Ahadith of the Prophet s.a.w in his book while explaining the features of al-Isticarah as well as the beauty of the language and the uniqueness and fineness of its literature. Besides this book, the discussion about balaghah al-hadith can also be found in the book al-Fa’iq Fi Gharib al-Hadith by al-Zamakhshariyy and Hadith commentary books like cUmdah al-Qari by Imam Badruddin al-cAyni. Based on the study, the author finds that researches that had been done for Master’s and Ph.D. studies at Universiti Malaya, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia dan Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia mainly concentrated on balaghah al-Qur’an and only very few that touched on balaghah al-hadith. Looking at this situation, this study attempts to analyze al-’Istica:rat al-Tamthi:liyyat in several selected Ahadith from the book Riyad al-Salihin. One of the objectives of the analysis is to see more closely the uniqueness of al-’Istica:rat al-Tamthi:liyyat in the Ahadith of Rasulullah s.a.w. and its effectiveness in delivering the meaning and message to the audience. The findings from this research will hopefully be able to contribute to the development and lead to a greater appreciation of the knowledge of Hadith as well as Arabic rhetoric in Malaysia.

THE HISTORY OF RHETORIC: ARABIC RHETORIC ITS CONCEPT‚ ORIGINS‚ SECTIONS‚ AND OBJECTIVES OF ITS TEACHING( DIDACTIC RHETORIC ACTIVITY IN THE SECONDARY PHASE)

The importance of literature in its two parts - poetry and prose - lies in the theoretical and applied studies that the sciences of the Arabic language (grammar, morphology, criticism, presentations, rhetoric ...) seek to achieve, as the latter tries to identify the linguistic aspects that help to control the language and show its beauty. It also trains the tongue in the correct use and enjoyment of it. The science of rhetoric is a branch of the sciences of the Arabic language, as it is concerned with controlling the language in terms of methods in its various forms, and by it we distinguish good speech from its corrupt, as we understand the truth and the face of the metaphor in it, we will devote the conversation in this research paper on the history of rhetoric: Arabic rhetoric its concept, origin, divisions and objectives Taught.

THE PROBLEM OF FITTING THE FIGURE IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE ELOQUENT SIMILE

The article talks about a known problem in Arabic rhetoric, namely the Figure of speech from which the similarity tool has been removed, and also the common meaning between the two parties. and Some saw it as an analogy, while others saw it as a metaphor. Their discussion was long. and This research came to explain the case and show the cause of the conflict by adopting a descriptive and analytical approach

The Essence of Arabic Rhetoric Contributions from Arabic-English Translation

In translation, the target text in general displays fewer linguistic variations than the source text, and its lexical and syntactic patterns incline to be copied, creating interference and standardization of the ST. Is a translation meant for audiences who are unable to comprehend the original text? Or is it saying the same thing again? These questions demonstrate the divergence of the audience in the domain of art. Yet any rendition, which tries to convey the function, cannot transmit anything but essential information. Does this mean that conveying the essential information represents the cause of inferior translation? Does the inferiority come as a result of the transfer of inaccurate content? This is the trademark of translationese. Is it true that traduttore, traditore? Does this really mean a translator is born not made? However, scholars engaged in a heated debate about what is generally regarded as the essential material of a literary work, what it contains in addition to information. Does it mean that we admit that literary work is profound and mysterious? Do we admit that literary work is poetic to the extent that it can only be reproduced by a translator only if he is also a poet? This will be true whenever a translation undertakes to serve its readerships. However, do we blame the translator if the original culture does not exist in the reader’s language and culture? In the present paper, we will attempt to lay a finger on the significance of achieving equivalence in literary translation within cultural implications that may block the translator. A primary of the place is assigned to البلاغة (Arabic rhetoric) as one of the cornerstones of Arabic.