Origin and evolution of aus type fragrant rice (Oryza sativa L.) : A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-180
Author(s):  
S Das ◽  
CM Khanda
Keyword(s):  
Wild Rice ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Fragrant Rice ◽  
Wild Rice Species

Diversity in wild forms and landraces of a crop in a region is an indicator and the core tenet of determining its centre of origin. Jeypore tract of Odisha with diverse rice forms is considered as the earliest, independent rice domestication region of aus ecotype. The aus group of Asian cultivated rice is a distinct population with unique alleles for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and high genetic diversity even in its fragrant accessions, detected at the molecular level. Annual wild rice Oryza nivara is considered as the progenitor of aus rice. The aus type fragrant rice is the original crop of Indian sub-continent, domesticated in hill areas by primitive tribes, around 4500 years ago. The Chinese japonica rice which came to India later, inherited chloroplast and nuclear genome from wild aus rice and the resulting hybrids formed the aromatic group. Loss or gain of phenotypic characters is the common feature of evolution. The aus landraces possessing characters such as black hull, red pericarp, poor panicle features, low grain yield, associated with wild rice species have evolved into cultivated forms from the intermediate stages of domestication. Considering the archeological evidences, genetic inferences and correlations of different investigations relating to aus type fragrant rice, Jeypore tract is regarded as the place of origin and evolution of this small but significant group of fragrant rice.

Extraordinarily polymorphic ribosomal DNA in wild and cultivated rice

Genome ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Liu ◽  
Qifa Zhang ◽  
G. P. Yang ◽  
M. A. Saghai Maroof ◽  
S. H. Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Indica Rice ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Oryza Rufipogon ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Spacer Length ◽  
Origin And Evolution

A collection of 481 rice accessions was surveyed for ribosomal DNA (rDNA) intergenic spacer length polymorphism to assess the extent of genetic diversity in Chinese and Asian rice germplasm. The materials included 83 accessions of common wild rice, Oryza rufipogon, 75 of which were from China; 348 entries of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa), representing almost all the rice growing areas in China; and 50 cultivars from South and East Asia. A total of 42 spacer length variants (SLVs) were detected. The size differences between adjacent SLVs in the series were very heterogeneous, ranging from ca. 21 to 311 bp. The 42 SLVs formed 80 different rDNA phenotypic combinations. Wild rice displayed a much greater number of rDNA SLVs than cultivated rice, while cultivated rice showed a larger number of rDNA phenotypes. Indica and japonica groups of O. sativa contained about equal numbers of SLVs, but the SLV distribution was significantly differentiated: indica rice was preferentially associated with longer SLVs and japonica rice with shorter ones. The results may have significant implications regarding the origin and evolution of cultivated rice, as well as the inheritance and molecular evolution of rDNA intergenic spacers in rice. Key words : rDNA, Oryza rufipogon, Oryza sativa, germplasm diversity, evolution.

scholarly journals DNA Sequencing and Bioinformatics Analysis of Clone pOr78 from the Species Specific Suppression Subtractive Hybridization Library Constructed from Endemic Wild Rice Species O. rhizomatis

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Gowri Rajkumar ◽  
Jagathpriya Weerasena ◽  
Kumudu Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Wild Rice ◽  
Lipid Transfer Protein ◽  
Subtractive Hybridization ◽  
Lipid Transfer ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Novel Genes ◽  
Wild Rice Species ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Ssh Library

Oryza rhizomatis is an endemic wild rice species in Sri Lanka with some unique characteristics of biotic and abiotic stress resistance. Hence characterization of desirable novel genes found in Oryza rhizomatis will be useful for transferring traits to commercial varieties. Therefore, in this study, a species-specific cDNA library was constructed from the wild rice species O. rhizomatis to isolate and characterize novel genes which are specifically present in this species but absent in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa). Forty recombinant clones were randomly selected from the cDNA SSH library and the inserts were sequenced. Sequence analysis of all forty clones indicated that the suppression and hybridization procedures in the library construction were successful as most of the clones have significant alignment with other wild rice species than O. sativa used as a reference cDNA for construction of subtraction library in this study. Therefore the genes which were specifically expressed in the wild rice species O. rhizomatis enriched in the SSH library. From this study it was possible to characterize O. rhizomatis nsLTP1 proteins (non specific Lipid Transfer Protein 1) super family AAI_LTSS which are found to be involved in control of pathogen attack related responses in plants.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(2): 133-140

Whole grain morphology of Australian rice species

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kasem ◽  
D. L. E. Waters ◽  
N. Rice ◽  
F. M. Shapter ◽  
R. J. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Wild Rice ◽  
Grain Morphology ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Wild Rice Species ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Standard Classification ◽  
Novel Alleles ◽  
Grain Colour

The grain morphology of 17 wild rice relatives were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy and compared to two cultivated rice varieties (Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare and O. sativa cv. Teqing). Observations were made of the grain colour, size and shape. Grains from wild rice species exhibited a variety of colours that have potential aesthetic and nutritional value. The grains of these species exhibited a wide array of sizes and shapes, but still fell within the standard classification scale that rice breeders use for routine breeding evaluation. These results highlight the potential of these species as whole grain foods or as sources of novel alleles in conventional rice breeding programmes.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Rice Leaf Photosynthesis by Crossing between Cultivated Rice,Oryza sativaand Wild Rice Species,Oryza rufipogon

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chisato Masumoto ◽  
Takashige Ishii ◽  
Sono Kataoka ◽  
Tomoko Hatanaka ◽  
Naotsugu Uchida
Keyword(s):  
Wild Rice ◽  
Oryza Rufipogon ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Rice Leaf ◽  
Wild Rice Species

scholarly journals Comparison between wild and related cultivated rice species reveals strong impacts of crop domestication on methane metabolism of the rhizomicrobiome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Tian ◽  
Jingjing Chang ◽  
Shaohua Shi ◽  
Li Ji ◽  
Jianfeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Wild Rice Species ◽  
Methane Metabolism ◽  
First Time ◽  
Rice Domestication

Abstract Background Rice root-inhabited microbial communities are seriously affected by domestication as evidenced by comparing the rhizomicrobiomes of wild and related cultivated rice species. While earlier studies focused on the structures of the rhizomicrobiomes, here, we compared the functioning of the microbial communities in the rhizosphere of wild versus that of related cultivated rice species, which were originated from Africa and Asia. Results The microbial functions involved in carbon metabolism and nucleotide metabolism were found to be enriched in wild rice species, whereas those involved in nitrogen metabolism, lipid metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and xenobiotic biodegradation were more enriched in cultivated rice species. Among the overall carbon metabolism, specifically, methane metabolism of the rhizomicrobiomes clearly differed between wild and cultivated rice. The key enzymes in methane production and utilization were overrepresented in wild rice species, suggesting that the rhizomicrobiome of wild rice maintained a better ecological balance for methane production and utilization than the related cultivated rice species. Conclusions For the first time, the impacts of rice domestication on the main metabolic pathways of the rhizomicrobiome were assessed, which revealed the strong impacts of rice domestication on methane metabolism that is one of the most critical functions of the microbial community of the rhizosphere of rice. The results provide important guidelines for future breeding and cultivation of rice in the framework of more sustainable rice production.

scholarly journals Spesies Padi Liar (Oryza sp.) sebagai Sumber Gen Ketahanan Cekaman Abiotik dan Biotik pada Padi Budidaya

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Tintin Suhartini
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Wild Rice Species ◽  
Oryza Meyeriana

<p>ABSTRACT<br />Wild rice species could be used  for improvement of rice varieties because they have a good character for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Some of Indonesian wild rice species are Oryza meyeriana, O. granulata, O. longiglumis, O. officinalis, O. ridleyi, O. rufipogon and O. schlechteri. IRRI has a collection of 2,500 accesions of wild rice and 18 species were collected in ICABIOGRAD, Bogor. Some species of wild rice are known to have resistance genes to biotic and abiotic stresses. A number of<br />accessions of O.  officinalis contained resistance gene to brown planthopper, blast disease, bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and sheath rot. One of the species that has resistance to pests and diseases is O. minuta. The resistance to tungro virus occurs in O. punctata. Tolerance to drought, Al and Fe toxicities occurs in wild rice species of O. sativa genome AA group. Resistance genes from wild rice species can be inserted into cultivated rice through conventional techniques in combination with biotechnology, while gene transfer and gene detection from wild rice to cultivated rice can be done through cross breeding, molecular markers, backcrossing and embryo rescue. The success of introgression of resistance genes from wild rice species to cultivated rice will increase genetic diversity of rice. As an example O. minuta has been implemented in introgression of BLB resistance gene on IR64. Introgression of O. nivara gene in IRRI had improved some superior rice varieties in Indonesia, namely IR30, IR32, IR34, IR36 and IR38, which were tolerant to brown planthopper, dwarf virus and bacterial leaf blight. Oryza rufipogon wich has BLB and blast resistance gene has been used for improvement of new varieties Inpari Blas and Inpari HDB which were released in 2013.<br />Keywords: Oryza spp., varietal improvement, resistance genes, biotic stresses, abiotic stresses</p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Spesies padi liar dapat dimanfaatkan dalam perakitan varietas unggul karena memiliki gen ketahanan terhadap cekaman biotik dan abiotik. Spesies padi liar yang ada di Indonesia adalah Oryza meyeriana, O. granulata, O. longiglumis, O. officinalis, O. ridleyi, O. rufipogon, dan O. schlechteri. IRRI memiliki koleksi 2.500 aksesi padi liar dan 18 spesies dikoleksi di BB Biogen. Sejumlah aksesi O. officinalis memiliki gen ketahanan terhadap wereng coklat, penyakit blas, hawar daun bakteri (HDB), dan busuk pelepah. Salah satu spesies yang memiliki ketahanan terhadap hama-penyakit tersebut adalah O. minuta. Ketahanan terhadap virus tungro terdapat pada O. punctata. Toleransi terhadap kekeringan, keracunan Al, dan Fe terdapat pada spesies padi liar kelompok O. sativa genom AA. Gen ketahanan dari spesies padi liar dapat dimasukkan (introgresi) ke dalam padi budi daya melalui teknik konvensional yang dikombinasikan dengan bioteknologi, sementara transfer gen dapat melalui persilangan, marka molekuler, silang balik, dan penyelamatan embrio. Keberhasilan introgresi gen ketahanan dari spesies padi liar ke padi budi daya akan meningkatkan keragaman genetik tanaman. Spesies padi liar O. minuta telah dimanfaatkan dalam introgresi gen ketahanan HDB pada varietas IR64. Introgresi gen asal O. nivara di IRRI menambah varietas unggul di Indonesia, yaitu IR30, IR32, IR34, IR36, dan IR38, yang toleran terhadap wereng coklat, virus kerdil rumput, dan HDB. Spesies padi liar O. rufipogon yang memiliki gen ketahanan HDB dan blas telah digunakan dalam pembentukan varietas unggul baru Inpari HDB dan Inpari Blas yang dilepas pada 2013.<br /><br /></p>

Geographic pattern of variation among Asian native rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) based on fifteen isozyme loci

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 782-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Glaszmann
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Indica Rice ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Geographic Pattern ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Himalayan Foothills

The geographic pattern of isozyme variation among rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) in Asia is described based on an electrophoretic survey of 1688 accessions for 15 loci. The distribution patterns are strongly determined by the existence of several varietal groups that are characterized by contrasting multilocus types with dissimilar environmental and macrogeographic distributions. The two main groups correspond to the indica and japonica subspecies. Other types are frequently found in the Indian subcontinent, especially along the Himalayan foothills. These types are predominant in the Indus River basin. They are differentiated into four groups in the eastern part of the Himalayan foothills. There is variation within the groups. Non-random allele distributions are observed, such as regional clines and narrow localization of alleles. Diversity among indica rice is evenly distributed in whole tropical Asia. Variation among japonica rice shows the hilly part of continental Southeast Asia to be the region of highest genetic diversity and its probable area of origin. All this information provides a guide for further analysis aimed at elucidating the history of cultivated rice in Asia and, subsequently, in other continents.Key words: Asian rice, genetic diversity, isozymes, geographic distributions.

scholarly journals Endophytic Colonization and In Planta Nitrogen Fixation by a Herbaspirillum sp. Isolated from Wild Rice Species

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 5285-5293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel Elbeltagy ◽  
Kiyo Nishioka ◽  
Tadashi Sato ◽  
Hisa Suzuki ◽  
Bin Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Phenotypic Properties ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Wild Rice Species

ABSTRACT Nitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated from the stems of wild and cultivated rice on a modified Rennie medium. Based on 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences, the diazotrophic isolates were phylogenetically close to four genera: Herbaspirillum,Ideonella, Enterobacter, andAzospirillum. Phenotypic properties and signature sequences of 16S rDNA indicated that three isolates (B65, B501, and B512) belong to the Herbaspirillum genus. To examine whether Herbaspirillum sp. strain B501 isolated from wild rice, Oryza officinalis, endophytically colonizes rice plants, the gfp gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) was introduced into the bacteria. Observations by fluorescence stereomicroscopy showed that the GFP-tagged bacteria colonized shoots and seeds of aseptically grown seedlings of the original wild rice after inoculation of the seeds. Conversely, for cultivated rice Oryza sativa, no GFP fluorescence was observed for shoots and only weak signals were observed for seeds. Observations by fluorescence and electron microscopy revealed that Herbaspirillum sp. strain B501 colonized mainly intercellular spaces in the leaves of wild rice. Colony counts of surface-sterilized rice seedlings inoculated with the GFP-tagged bacteria indicated significantly more bacterial populations inside the original wild rice than in cultivated rice varieties. Moreover, after bacterial inoculation, in planta nitrogen fixation in young seedlings of wild rice, O. officinalis, was detected by the acetylene reduction and 15N2gas incorporation assays. Therefore, we conclude thatHerbaspirillum sp. strain B501 is a diazotrophic endophyte compatible with wild rice, particularly O. officinalis.

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