Gender Disparity in Employment and Wages in Rural Labour Market in Odisha: Some Survey Findings and Empirical Analysis

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Agricultural Work ◽  
Positive Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Gender Based

Gender disparity prevails through various attributes, including gender specificity of agricultural operations, discriminating women in terms of wages, and system of wage payments. This paper employed a t-test to investigate the degree of gender disparity in the rural labour market in Cuttack district of Odisha, covering one irrigated village, Bahalpada, and a non-irrigated village Erancha with a sample of 50 female labourers, 20 male labourers, and ten employers from each village, where irrigation was used as the indicator of agricultural development. The results indicated no significant difference in the days of work available to males and females in farm activities in the irrigated village Bahalpada; however, there was a significant positive difference in male-female labour days in agricultural work non-irrigated village Erancha. Despite non-significant differences in days of employment in farm activities, the gender-based wage differentials persisted and were more pronounced in the non-irrigated village than in irrigated villages.

scholarly journals Gender Disparity Among Cooperative Farmers in Accessing Agricultural Credits in Anambra State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Helen O. Nduka ◽  
Uche R. Ezeokafor ◽  
Gabriel E. Ekwere ◽  
Ikechukwu E. Ngoka
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Set Up

Women have been the focus of gender disparity and this has been widely referred to the disparity faced by women in the field of agriculture. Agricultural credit is imperative for sustainable agricultural development in any country of the world. In order to substantiate the assertion, this study evaluated the issues of gender disparity in farmers’ access to agricultural credit among cooperative societies in Anambra north zone of Anambra State. Specific objectives were to ascertain the quantum of credit obtained and repaid by female and male members; determine the effect of gender on the quantum of credit obtained and repaid; ascertain critical factors influencing access to credit by cooperative members; determine how gender contributed to credit repayment behaviour of cooperative members and examine perception of members on gender-related issues in credit operations. ANOVA and regression models were used to test hypotheses 1-5. Findings revealed that male members obtained more credit than female members, and female members repay more than their male counterparts. Gender was not a significant determinant of credit obtained and repaid by cooperative members and gender issues in credit operation were handled among cooperative members. However, the researcher recommended that the issues of gender inequality should not be encouraged. Both males and females should have equal access to credit and repayment of credit operation; despite the membership strength, more members should be encouraged to join cooperative societies in order to access credit and repay accordingly and cooperative officers should set up friendly credit scheme to ensure a functional and effective credit access.

scholarly journals A Retrospective Analysis of Gender-Based Difference in Adherence to Initial Colon Cancer Screening Recommendations

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 215013272093132
Author(s):  
Jose Raul Valery ◽  
Andres Applewhite ◽  
Alyssa Manaois ◽  
John Dimuna ◽  
Taimur Sher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Physical Examination ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colon Cancer Screening ◽  
Crc Screening ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Gender Based

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, despite being largely preventable and treatable. Improving overall screening rates among both men and women is considered an important and effective strategy toward reducing morbidity and mortality from CRC. In order to optimize screening strategies, factors associated with decreased compliance need to be understood. This study aimed to compare initial CRC screening rates between males and females in a population of patients who presented for an annual physical examination. Methods: A retrospective chart review study of 380 patients designed to compare rates of initial CRC screening between males and females was conducted. Patients who were seen at our institution for an annual physical examination and were between 51 and 60 years of age were included. Results: There was no evidence of a difference in the rate of initial colon cancer screening between females (83.0%) and males (80.9%) in either unadjusted analysis (odds ratio = 1.16, P = .59) or in multivariable analysis adjusting for potential confounding variables (odds ratio = 1.16, P = .61). Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the rate of initial CRC screening between males and females who presented for an annual physical examination. This suggests that designing interventions to improve screening specific to gender may not be needed in a population of patients who attend routine preventive health examinations. Further study is needed in the general population to examine for gender-based differences in initial CRC screening among patients who do not regularly follow up for preventive examinations.

Gender-Based Differences in Hemostatic Responses. Implications in Effective Anticoagulant Management.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 2103-2103
Author(s):  
Omer Iqbal ◽  
Nasir Sadeghi ◽  
Fadi Bakhos ◽  
Debra Hoppensteadt ◽  
Jawed Fareed
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
The United States ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Anticoagulant Drugs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Gender Based

Abstract Abstract 2103 Poster Board II-80 Abstract: Recent reports from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute indicate that as many as 3 million women (particularly young) in the United States suffer from a form of heart disease fundamentally different from that in men, characterized by more even plaque development inside major and smaller blood vessels, posing diagnostic and treatment challenges leading to increased morbidity and mortality. It is hypothesized that women have variable but attenuated hemostatic responses to anticoagulant drugs when compared to men. In order to validate this hypothesis the hemostatic responses in healthy males (n=10) and females (n=10) were evaluated by performing the global clotting assays, fibrinokinetic assays and thrombin generation assays in the presence of Rivaroxaban, an oral Factor Xa inhibitor likely to replace warfarin, Enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin and saline as a control. Blood (20 ml) was drawn from healthy volunteers, males (n=10) and females (n=10) and placed into citrated tubes with one part of 3.2% sodium citrate to 9 parts of blood. The citrated whole blood was supplemented with Rivaroxaban (FC=0.3mg/ml), Enoxaparin (FC=5mg/ml) and saline as a control. The samples were analyzed to determine the whole blood APTT and Heptest clotting assays. The remaining citrated blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm to obtain platelet poor plasma that was aliquoted and kept frozen at -70°C until further analysis. The plasma was then thawed and supplemented with saline, rivaroxaban (FC=0.3mg/ml) and Enoxaparin (FC=5mg/ml). A statistically significant difference between males and females was noted in APTT (p=0.0442)) and Heptest (p=0.0345) assays in the saline control values. However, the anticoagulant response to supplementation of the plasma samples with rivaroxaban at a final concentration of 0.3ug/ml and Enoxaparin at 5 ug/ml showed a statistically significant difference between males and females in the Heptest (P=0.0423) while the APTT assay felt a little short of statistical significance (P=0.0511). Fibrinokinetics was performed and absorbance recorded (405 nm) at every minute for the next 30 minutes. There are gender-based differences in fibrinokinetic responses to anticoagulant drugs with females showing faster fibrin formation than males. The attenuated hemostatic responses observed in women compared to men may interfere in achieving adequate and effective anticoagulation leading to thrombotic complications. Time (min) 0 30 Gender Male ODs Female ODs Male - ODs Female - ODs Male - ODs Female - ODs Saline control 0.857±0.31 0.611±0.22 1.367±0.28 1.214±0.28 1.377±0.26 1.24±0.28 Rivaroxaban (0.3ug/ml) 0.853±0.32 0.602±0.21 1.353±0.27 1.221±0.18 1.363±0.27 1.23±0.18 Enoxaparin (5ug/ml) 0.713±0.35 0.507±0.24 0.794±0.33 0.621±0.23 0.802±0.33 0.629±0.23 Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Rats Display Sexual Dimorphism in Phosphorylation of Brain Tau with Age

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Jiahui Niu ◽  
Khalid Iqbal ◽  
Fei Liu ◽  
Wen Hu
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Tau Pathology ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Total Tau ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females

Background: Women have a two-fold higher risk than men to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) at midlife. Larger brain tau burden was consistently shown in older women than age-matched men. The biological basis for this gender disparity remains elusive. Objective: We sought to know whether tau expression and phosphorylation physiologically differ between males and females. Methods: We used western blots and immunohistochemistry to compare the levels of total tau and phosphorylated tau in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (EC) between sexes in Wistar rats at 40 days, and 8 and 20 months of age. Results: We detected no statistically significant difference in total tau, 3R-tau, and 4R-tau between sexes. However, female rats exhibited lower levels of tau unphosphorylated at the Tau-1 site at 40 days of age. At 8 months of age, females showed higher levels of tau phosphorylated at Ser190, Ser387, and Ser395 (Ser199, Ser396, and Ser404 of human tau, respectively) than males in EC. At 20 months of age, both brain regions of female rats consistently showed higher levels than males of tau phosphorylated at Ser253, Ser387, PHF-1 (Ser387/395), and Ser413 sites, which correspond to Ser262, Ser396, Ser396/404, and Ser422 of human tau, respectively. Conclusion: Rats of both sexes have comparable levels of total tau, 3R-tau, and 4R-tau, whereas females exhibit higher levels of tau phosphorylated at multiple sites that are implicated in AD tau pathology, indicating a sexual dimorphism of tau phosphorylation that may potentially underlie the disparity in brain tau burden and risk for AD between sexes.

scholarly journals Gender Differences In The Fear Of Crime Victimization And Precautionary Behaviours

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
Taskeen Mansoor ◽  
Rukhsana Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Risk Takers ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

This quantitative study was conducted to explore the gender differences in the fear of crime victimization and associated precautionary behaviours. A questionnaire was designed and administered on 180 students of public and private universities in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Data analyzed in SPSS showed a significant difference in the responses of males and females where females were more worried and felt more unsafe about being a victim of a crime than males. More females observed precautionary behaviours to avoid being a victim of a crime in relation to the males. The females were fearful of crime related to use of public transport, sexual and gender based attack whereas males feared verbal abuse by strangers or acquaintances. It was discussed that females, being members of a marginalized and vulnerable group, may consider themselves as potential victims to crimes, and therefore exhibit a high fear of crime along with higher incidence of precautionary behaviour. Furthermore, in the patriarchal structure of the Pakistani society, the socio-cultural norms and traditional gender role socialization teach the boys to be dominant, risk-takers and fearless and the girls to be submissive, risk avoiding and fearful which tends to restrict the mobility and freedom of females.

Gender Disparity between Absolute versus Relative Size of Condylar Chondral Defects: An MRI Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (05) ◽  
pp. 448-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Berman ◽  
Kelly Rogers ◽  
Justin Griffin ◽  
Kevin Bonner
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Defect Size ◽  
Cartilage Defects ◽  
Lateral Condyle ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Chondral Defects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractSurgical repair of articular cartilage defects in the knee currently utilizes surgical algorithms based on absolute defect size. These algorithms, which have not been validated, are currently utilized not only by surgeons but also by insurance carriers for justification of reimbursement policy. However, current algorithms do not account for morphological differences between individual patients and defect size relative to condylar dimension. We hypothesized that a significant difference in relative defect size compared with condylar dimension may exist between individuals. A 3T magnetic resonance imaging from 220 skeletally mature patients, 110 males and 110 females, were analyzed. Exclusion criteria included degenerative arthritis, anatomical defects, poor image quality, and genetic abnormalities such as dwarfism. Utilizing a radiological curved measurement probe, the femoral condylar articular width was obtained for both the medial and lateral condyles. The mean condylar width from a reproducible anatomic location representing the maximal condylar dimension was measured. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-sample t-test. The lateral condyle articular cartilage width (mm) for males and females was 31.62 ± 3.54 and 26.53 ± 3.70, respectively (p < 0.0001). The medical condyle articular cartilage width was 27.26 ± 4.42 and 23.05 ± 4.11 (p < 0.00001). There was a width variation up to 22.66 mm between male patients and 22.10 mm between female patients. Differences up to 28.26 mm were found between males and females. A condylar defect measuring 10 mm represents as little as 24.29% of a condyle in some males versus as much as 77.46% in smaller females. Existing surgical algorithms for condylar chondral defects apply absolute size to patients regardless of individual condylar variations. Our study suggests the relative sizes of the defect vary significantly from male to female patients as well as within the same gender. Future studies may investigate clinical outcomes utilizing surgical algorithms that take into account these differences.

Religiosity and female labour market attainment in Canada: the Protestant exception

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Dilmaghani ◽  
Jason Dean
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Female Labour Supply ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The relationship between religiosity and female labour market attainment has been widely investigated for the USA; however, no comparable study has been undertaken for the Canadian context. The purpose of this paper is to redress this critical oversight of the literature by examining the impact of religiosity on Canadian female labour supply, both at extensive and intensive margins. Design/methodology/approach – Using data from the Canadian Ethnic Diversity Survey, the authors consider all the measurable dimensions of religiosity, for the pooled sample, as well as by religious group. A wide array of control variables is included in the regressions to insure the reliability of the estimates. Findings – The authors find that overall religiosity inversely relates to female labour supply in Canada. When the impact of religiosity is assessed on a by religion basis, it is revealed that Protestant females are penalized, by far the most. Practical implications – The result is comparable with the pattern uncovered in the USA for Conservative Protestant females. Unlike what can be expected, no statistically significant difference is detected between religious-nones and Catholics, suggesting a convergence of gender ideologies. Originality/value – The investigation reveals interesting patterns that not only contribute to the current state of literature, but also motivate future research. Fairlie and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition techniques are also used to further explore attainment gaps among the religious groups.

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