scholarly journals Effect of Modified Septic Tank on Groundwater Quality around Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, South-west Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-89
Author(s):  
Kofoworola Olatunde ◽  
Modupe Sarumi ◽  
Sadiq Abdulsalaam ◽  
Babatunde Bada ◽  
Funmilola Oyebanji
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Septic Tanks ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Dug Wells

Groundwater forms a very important part of the water supply chain and its quality can be affected by improperly constructed septic tanks used by homeowners in peri-urban locations such as Abeokuta in recent times. Sixty groundwater samples collected from hand-dug wells ≤15m from septic tanks were analysed for physicochemical and bacteriological parameters using standard procedures. Results were integrated with multivariate and hydrogeochemical analyses to assess the effect improperly built septic tanks have on groundwater quality around the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. The range of values for the measured parameters include: pH (6.26 – 8.66), EC (83 – 1035 μS cm-1), TDS (42 – 621 mg L-1), Mg2+ (2 – 60 mg L-1), NO3- (5.09 – 17 mg L-1), Fe (-.04 – 5.32 mg L-1), BOD (0.1 – 13.2) and E. Coli (ND – 41×10 cfu mL-1). The abundance of major ions are in the order Ca2+˃Mg2+˃K+˃ Na+ and Cl- ˃SO42- >HCO3- >NO3- ˃PO42-. The piper trilinear plot shows that the dominant hydrochemical facies in the study area is the Ca2+–Cl- type. A correlation analysis and a principal component analysis both reflect intrusions from biological wastes such as surrounding septic tanks or municipal waste disposals as well as dissolutions from basal rocks. The possibility of infiltration from sewage into groundwater is confirmed by the number of samples with high BOD, NO3-, and E. coli concentrations. Contamination of groundwater with sewage exposes the populace to acute excreta-related illness. This therefore calls for stringent monitoring and management measures to be put in place by relevant regulatory authorities to safeguard the human health and environment within the study area.

scholarly journals Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Hydrogeological Profiles within Odeda Local Government, Abeokuta, Southwest Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-726
Author(s):  
K.A. Olatunde ◽  
M. Sanni ◽  
A. Omodayo ◽  
D. Odedeyi ◽  
J. Eze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Bacteriological Parameters

Groundwater quality can be affected by human activities such as agriculture and improper sewage disposal facilities currently in use by some homeowners within Odeda local government, Ogun State Nigeria. Sixty groundwatersamples collected from hand-dug wellswere analysed for physicochemical and bacteriological parameters using standard procedures. Results were integrated with multivariate and hydrogeochemical analyses to assess groundwater quality and hydrogeologycal facies within the study area. The range of values for the measured parameters include: pH (5.91 – 7.4), EC (101- 1142 μScm-1), TDS (50 - 581 mg L-1), NO3-(3 - 18 mg L-1), Cl- (25 – 234 mg L-1 ), BOD (0.1 – 17.9) and E. Coli (ND - 45×10cfu mL-1). The piper trilinear plot shows that the dominant hydrochemical facies in the study area is the Ca2+– Cl− type. A correlation analysis and a principal component analysis reflect dissolutions from basal rocks and contamination from biological wastes possibly arising from surrounding septic tanks or municipal waste disposal sites. There is need for a continuous monitoring of groundwater by relevant regulatory authorities to safeguard the human health and environment within the study area.

scholarly journals Assessment of sanitation and water supply system based on longitudinal IFLS data

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dasapta Erwin Irawan
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Routine Data ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
System Quality ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Dug Wells

Abstrak:Kesehatan masyarakat belum banyak dihubungkan dengan properti fisik lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari hubungan antara data kesehatan masyarakat dengan data fisik infrastruktur dan kualitas sumber air dari IFLS dan data kualitas air tanah sebagai salah satu sumber air terbesar yang digunakan oleh masyrakat Indonesia, khususnya Bandung.Kami mengambil data kualitas air di sebanyak 70 titik sumur warga dengan kedalaman bervariasi antara 6 hingga 20 m. Konsentrasi tujuh ion utama dianalisis dengan tambahan pengukuran temperatur, TDS, dan pH di lapangan menggunakan peralatan jinjing yang ringan. Khusus di kawasan bantaran Sungai Cikapundung, kami melakukan identifikasi kandungan bakteriologi, dalam hal ini bakteri E coli. Kemudian di beberapa lokasi, kami dibantu mahasiswa S1, juga melakukan pengukuran berulang (time series) sebanyak empat kali dalam sehari, untuk melihat fluktuasi parameter temperatur, TDS, dan pH pada air sungai.Hasilnya cukup menarik, saat data IFLS dan data penderita diare di Puskesmas, menunjukkan adanya korelasi positif antara kualitas infrastruktur sumber air dengan jumlah penderita diare. Hal ini didukung dengan peningkatan kandungan E coli di air S. CIkapundung sebesar hampir 2 kali lipat antara kawasan hulu dengan kawasan hilir. Kondisi ini berimbas kepada air tanah, karena pada daerah selatan (dari Viaduct ke Dayeuhkolot), air sungai meresap ke dalam akuifer. Dari sini, kami berpendapat bahwa akan terjadi interaksi yang sangat intensif antara air sumur warga di sekitar sungai (khususnya yang menggunakan pompa) dengan air sungai.Untuk meningkatkan kontribusi kepada ITB dan Kota Bandung pada umumnya, kami mengusulkan adanya portal data hidrologi yang dikelola bersama antara Pemkot Bandung dan ITB agar data didapatkan secara rutin dan dapat dianalisis kapanpun. Hal ini kami usulkan karena seringkali analisis tidak dapat dilakukan secara instan, karena perlu diawali dengan tahapan mencari data.Selain itu, riset ini juga menambah contoh riset terbuka kepada para dosen/peneliti dengan cara: membuat repositori data dan repositori riset yang terbuka (selain Simlitabmas yang masih tertutup), membuat artikel blog yang diperbarui mengikuti perkembangan riset, serta membudayakan konsep open access, yang mana seluruh luaran riset ini bebas untuk dibaca, digunakan/dianalisis ulang, dan dipadukan dengan hasil yang lain (free to read, reuse, remix), untuk berbagai keperluan pembaca.Abstract:Public health has not been connected closely to physical environment. This research looks for the connections between public health using sum of diarrhoea case in Bandung area (using kecamatan puskesmas data) with water quality, water source quality (especially groundwater quality) and sanitation system quality. As we know, groundwater is the main water supply in Indonesia.We took 70 samples from community and private dug wells with depth varied from six to 20 m underground. We measured field parameters using portable equipments: groundwater depth, temperature, TDS, pH, to support lab analysis on seven major ions. In the Cikapundung riverbank, the team had sampled bacteriology content, E coli. Next, at some points, we also brought some undergraduate and master students to measure temperature, TDS, and pH readings in the river water, four times a day for 5 months to see the fluctuation and daily, weekly, and monthly variations.The initial results is interesting, when IFLS data matches with data from puskesmas in the sum of diarrhoea case. We also note a possitive correlation between water supply infrastructure with the diarrhoea case. The concentration of E coli in the river stream increases nearly two times between upstream and downstream. This condition contributes to the groundwater quality given the close connection between both unconfined groundwater and surface water, especially in the southern part with losing stream type. We could expect an intensive mixing between dug wells in the riverbank with river water.To extend our contribution to ITB and Bandung, we also initiate a open data portal for hydrological records that can be managed both my ITB and Bandung government to provide a routine data collecting. We convince this step could solve data sharing problem between governmental unit with data users. We also need to showcase a model of open research implementation among researchers by providing open data repository, project blog, aside to only use close-system Simlitabmas portal. The blog project is the one that take the most of our interest with the increasing number of readers. This research shows another open access way to run a research program, where all of the research outputs are free to read, reuse, and remix by the readers.

scholarly journals Human impact of septic tank effluent on groundwater quality in the rural area of Ain Soltane (Ain Defla), Algieria

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Abdelkader Bouderbala
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Septic Tanks ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Septic Tank Effluent ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact of individual septic tank effluent on groundwater quality was investigated in the rural area of the Ain Soltane municipality in Algeria. This area has an important number of individual septic tanks, and it is devoid of a drinking water supply and sewerage systems. The septic tank is a pre-treatment solution of sewage by bacteria living without oxygen (anaerobic). The alluvial aquifer in this area is covered by a layer of good permeability on the surface, which can pollute groundwater by vertical transport of pollutants through the soil, including microbial contamination. Groundwater samples were collected from 33 wells in the dry period of 2016. The monitoring of groundwater quality has shown a significant degree of organic and inorganic pollution in the majority of wells, with very high concentrations of sulphate and chloride exceeding 450 mg/l and 250 mg/l respectively. The analyzes also show the presence of bacterial germs in the groundwater of which the origin is faecal (faecal coliform densities are above 10 organisms per 100 ml, and the Total Streptococcus is more than 240 colonies per 100 ml). Monitoring confirms the contamination of these wells from septic tanks and that it was moving into groundwater, which makes it unfit for drinking due to the pathogenic germs. This poses a major problem for public health. This study has identified the effects of septic tank effluent on groundwater quality in this area.

scholarly journals Study of groundwater contamination and drinking suitability in basaltic terrain of Maharashtra, India through PIG and multivariate statistical techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasant Wagh ◽  
Shrikant Mukate ◽  
Aniket Muley ◽  
Ajaykumar Kadam ◽  
Dipak Panaskar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Ions ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Techniques ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Groundwater Samples

Abstract The integration of pollution index of groundwater (PIG), multivariate statistical techniques including correlation matrix (CM), principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA) and various ionic plots was applied to elucidate the influence of natural and anthropogenic inputs on groundwater chemistry and quality of the Kadava river basin. A total of 80 groundwater samples were collected and analysed for major ions during pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2012. Analytical results inferred that Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4 and NO3 surpass the desirable limit (DL) and permissible limit (PL) of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in both the seasons. The elevated content of total dissolved solids (TDS), Cl, SO4, Mg, Na and NO3 is influenced by precipitation and agricultural dominance. PIG results inferred that 52.5 and 35%, 30 and 37.5%, 12.5 and 20%, 2.5 and 5% groundwater samples fall in insignificant, low, moderate and high pollution category (PC) in pre- and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. PC 1 confirms salinity controlled process due to high inputs of TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl and SO4. Also, PC 2 suggests alkalinity influence by pH, CO3, HCO3 and F content. PIG and statistical techniques help to interpret the water quality data in an easier way.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Nutrients in the Leachate and the Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Farming around the Nkolfoulou Landfill in Yaoundé, Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Gilbert Feuyit ◽  
John Ngolui Lambi ◽  
Estella Njoyim-Tamungang ◽  
Samuel Laminsi
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Standard Set ◽  
Effluent Discharge ◽  
Pollute Groundwater

This study focuses on the assessment of the nutrients in the leachate and the groundwater quality around the Nkolfoulou landfill in Yaoundé known in French as “Centre de Traitement de Déchets (CTD).” Landfilling generates leachate that can pollute groundwater. Leachate along with groundwater samples (n=1+13) was collected in January (long dry season) and May (long wet season) 2014 and explored for various parameters including pH, temperature, EC, turbidity, TDS, TA, TSS, TH, BOD5, COD, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+, NO3−, Cl−, F−, SO42−, PO43−, HCO3−, and colour using standard methods. In the leachate samples, values of TSS (700.2 and 130.2 mg/L), BOD5 (140 mg/L), COD (1350 and 1750 mg/L), NH4+ (82.50 and 39.51 mg/L), NO3− (159.32 and 74.82 mg/L), and Cl− (702.69 and 345.50 mg/L) exceeded the Cameroonian standards for effluent discharge. All the values of pH and some values of turbidity (4.55 and 4.50 NTU) and NH4+ (0.51 and 0.73 mg/L) in the groundwater samples violated the Cameroonian standards for drinking water. Based on the water quality index (WQI), an average of 11.53% of groundwater samples was improper for drinking in both seasons. Based on the parameters assessed, all the samples complied with the standard set for irrigation, poultry, and livestock. The hazard quotient (HQ) and the hazard index (HI) of NO3− and F− for children and adults were <1, and hence, the increased non-cancer risks due to these ions through the drinking of groundwater was low. From the statistical analysis, the Nkolfoulou landfill may not be the main source of major ions to the nearby groundwater.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical and multivariate analysis of groundwater quality in the northwest of Sinai, Egypt

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 644-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. El-Shahat ◽  
M. A. Sadek ◽  
W. M. Salem ◽  
A. A. Embaby ◽  
F. A. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Principal Factors

The northwestern coast of Sinai is home to many economic activities and development programs, thus evaluation of the potentiality and vulnerability of water resources is important. The present work has been conducted on the groundwater resources of this area for describing the major features of groundwater quality and the principal factors that control salinity evolution. The major ionic content of 39 groundwater samples collected from the Quaternary aquifer shows high coefficients of variation reflecting asymmetry of aquifer recharge. The groundwater samples have been classified into four clusters (using hierarchical cluster analysis), these match the variety of total dissolvable solids, water types and ionic orders. The principal component analysis combined the ionic parameters of the studied groundwater samples into two principal components. The first represents about 56% of the whole sample variance reflecting a salinization due to evaporation, leaching, dissolution of marine salts and/or seawater intrusion. The second represents about 15.8% reflecting dilution with rain water and the El-Salam Canal. Most groundwater samples were not suitable for human consumption and about 41% are suitable for irrigation. However, all groundwater samples are suitable for cattle, about 69% and 15% are suitable for horses and poultry, respectively.

scholarly journals Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Jajrood River Basin, Tehran, Iran: A Coupled Physicochemical and Hydrogeochemical Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-254
Author(s):  
Maeyan Givi ◽  
◽  
Mahsa Jahangiri-Rad ◽  
Hamidreza Tashauoei ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Quality Characteristic ◽  
Water Quality Characteristic ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Subsurface Soil

Background: The physicochemical composition of groundwater is affected by the quantity and quality of surrounding aquifers which are in turn recharging from adjacent river waters. Methods: In the present study, 20 surface and 16 groundwater samples were collected in pre- and post-monsoon season from the Jajrood River basin, Tehran, Iran. The samples were analyzed for 18 physicochemical water quality characteristics to assess the river and groundwater qualities. Hydrogeochemical analyses of groundwater samples were also performed to determine the Water Quality Index (WQI) for drinking and evaluate factors governing the water quality characteristic in the study area. Accordingly, the Piper diagram and Gibbs and Chadha plots were drawn to assess seasonal variations in hydrochemical facies and processes in the basin. Subsurface soil samples were also examined with respect to the structure, elemental composition, and multi-elemental trace analysis. Results: Results showed the abundance of major ions in the order of Ca+2 >Na+>Mg+2>K+ for cations and HCO3- >SO42- >Cl- >NO3- >F- for anions. In general, all drinking groundwater samples met WHO permissible limits except for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and HCO3-. Moreover, the water is categorized as Ca-Mg-HCO3 type. Subsurface soil analyses demonstrated quartz and calcium carbonate as the main phases of soil structure, suggesting the enrichment of groundwater with temporary hardness. Conclusion: Overall, the groundwater quality was suitable for drinking and agricultural activities.

Modeling of pathogen inactivation in thermal septic tanks

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Koottatep ◽  
S. Phuphisith ◽  
T. Pussayanavin ◽  
A. Panuvatvanich ◽  
C. Polprasert
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Weibull Model ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Septic Tanks ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Safe Level

Thermal application has been widely used for pathogen inactivation in various fields. The purpose of this research was to develop a model of pathogen inactivation in septic tanks operating at various temperatures. Four laboratory-scale septic tanks fed with septage were operated at temperatures of 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was selected as the pathogenic indicator. The efficiencies of E. coli inactivation were found to increase with increasing temperatures, while the opposites were observed for chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction. At 60 °C, the E. coli concentrations were reduced from 9.6 × 106 to about 10 most probable number (MPN)/100 mL or 6 log reduction. The kinetics of E. coli reduction followed a modified Weibull model which could be applied to septic tank design and operation. The percentage COD removal was found to be 93, 94, 89 and 84 at temperatures of 32, 40, 50 and 60 °C, respectively. The results of this study suggested that pathogenic microorganisms in septic tanks could be inactivated to be at a safe level with thermal application.

scholarly journals Integration of multivariate statistics and water quality indices to evaluate groundwater quality and its suitability in middle Gangetic floodplain, Bihar

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Govind Bhatt ◽  
Anand Kumar ◽  
Priya Ranjan Trivedi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Group 2

AbstractThis study is conducted along the middle Gangetic floodplain, to investigate the hydrogeochemical characteristics and suitability of groundwater for irrigation and human consumptions. Altogether 65 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major ions and water quality parameters. pH of all the samples except 1 is found > 7, which suggests alkaline aquifer condition. Groundwater samples predominately belong to Ca-Mg-HCO3 water type followed by Na-HCO3, Mg-HCO3 and Mg-SO4 water types. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) combines groundwater into two distinct groups, Group 1 is found as less mineralized as the average EC value is found 625.3 μS/cm, while it is found 1375 μS/cm for Group 2. The results of correlation analysis and PCA suggest influence of natural and anthropogenic activities on groundwater. PCA extracts four major PCs which describes 71.7% of total variance. PC1 indicates influence of both lithogenic and anthropogenic activities on groundwater quality. PC2 and PC3 infer natural factors, and PC4 suggests influence of anthropogenic activities on groundwater. Exceeding concentration of F−, Fe and Mn above WHO guidelines are found as major public health concern. WQI of all except 4 groundwater samples suggests excellent to good water quality; however, 23% of the samples are not suitable based on WPI values. Irrigation indices suggest that groundwater is mostly suitable for irrigation; however, 10.7%, 12.3% and 3% samples for RSBC, MAR and KR, respectively, exceed the recommended limits and are unsuitable for irrigation. A proper management strategy and quality assurance is recommended before groundwater consumption and use in the study area.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical Characterization of Groundwater Quality in Nkalagu District, Southeastern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-50
Author(s):  
I. M. Onwe ◽  
B. E. B. Akudinobi ◽  
C. J. Chizoba ◽  
K. A. Ifeanyichukwu
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Silicate Mineral ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Hydrochemical Characterization ◽  
Drinking Purpose

Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater quality in Nkalagu District, southeastern Nigeria was carried to determine the main factors controlling the chemistry of groundwater and its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Sixty (60) groundwater samples collected from boreholes and hand-dug wells in different parts of the area were analyzed for a range of physiochemical parameters and heavy metal constituents. The results show that concentration of the major ions were in the order Cl->HCO3->SO42->NO3- and Na>Ca2+>Mg2+>K+. The groundwater samples are slightly acidic with pH of 5.28 to 8.04; moderately hard with TH of 112.88 to 467.78 mg/l. The district is mainly controlled by carbonate and silicate mineral weathering based on the available result. Three main flow regimes were identified with Q-mode cluster analysis. Based on the WQIanalysis results, the groundwater quality in the district was classified, generally as ‘poor’ to ‘excellent’ for drinking purpose. Groundwater quality for drinking purpose were noted to deteriorates as one move from west towards the east of the district, while the north and south part pf the study area indicated the best quality in the district. Groundwater quality for irrigation purpose showed excellent quality based on the United States Salinity Laboratory and Wilcox diagrams. For future use of groundwater resource in the district we recommend implementation rules and guidelines in the area to enhance health and preserve groundwater sources in the district.

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