Does “One Cannot Know” Entail “Everyone is Right?” The Relationship between Epistemic Scepticism and Relativism

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-118
Author(s):  
Majid Amini ◽  
Christopher Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Epistemic Relativism ◽  
The Difference ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Peter Unger ◽  
Paul Boghossian

The objective of the paper is to seek clarification on the relationship between epistemic relativism and scepticism. It is not infrequent to come across contemporary discussions of epistemic relativism that rely upon aspects of scepticism and, vice versa, discussions of scepticism drawing upon aspects of relativism. Our goal is to highlight the difference(s) between them by illustrating (1) that some arguments thought to be against relativism are actually against scepticism, (2) that there are different ways of understanding the relationship between relativism and scepticism, and (3) that a commitment to either relativism or scepticism does not entail commitment to the other. The paper focuses upon the works of Peter Unger and Paul Boghossian to show how this terrain can be variously conceived and to illustrate that Boghossian's conception of the landscape is incorrect.

Boghossian's Refutation of Relativism

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Amini ◽  
Christopher M. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Epistemic Relativism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Simple Matter ◽  
Human And Social Sciences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Paul Boghossian

AbstractIn Fear of Knowledge, Paul Boghossian presents a series of arguments against epistemic relativism and constructivism, doctrines that he considers to have exerted an overly unjustified influence over the human and social sciences in the past two decades. In the presentation of his arguments, Boghossian charts out a terrain that closely identifies relativism with skepticism. Yet, the relationship between the two does not seem to be a simple matter of entailment or implication. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the landscape surrounding relativism and skepticism and thereby to highlight their difference(s). The implications of such a clarification will include illustrating (1) that some arguments thought to be against relativism are actually against skepticism, (2) that there are very different ways of understanding the relationship between relativism and skepticism, and (3) that a commitment to either relativism or skepticism does not entail commitment to the other. The overall objective is to show that Boghossian's conception of the terrain is incorrect and to offer an explanation for this pervasive misconception about the connection between relativism and skepticism.

scholarly journals The Respiration of some Planktonic copepods II. The Effect Of Temperature

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Gauld ◽  
J. E. G. Raymont
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Acartia Clausi ◽  
Temora Longicornis ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Planktonic Copepods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The respiratory rates of three species of planktonic copepods, Acartia clausi, Centropages hamatus and Temora longicornis, were measured at four different temperatures.The relationship between respiratory rate and temperature was found to be similar to that previously found for Calanus, although the slope of the curves differed in the different species.The observations on Centropages at 13 and 170 C. can be divided into two groups and it is suggested that the differences are due to the use of copepods from two different generations.The relationship between the respiratory rates and lengths of Acartia and Centropages agreed very well with that previously found for other species. That for Temora was rather different: the difference is probably due to the distinct difference in the shape of the body of Temora from those of the other species.The application of these measurements to estimates of the food requirements of the copepods is discussed.

scholarly journals Another Name for Liberty: Revelation, ‘Objectivity,’ and Intellectual Freedom in Barth and Marion

Open Theology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 430-450
Author(s):  
Kristóf Oltvai
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Intellectual Freedom ◽  
Specific Kind ◽  
Absolute Truth ◽  
Saturated Phenomenon ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Karl Barth’s and Jean-Luc Marion’s theories of revelation, though prominent and popular, are often criticized by both theologians and philosophers for effacing the human subject’s epistemic integrity. I argue here that, in fact, both Barth and Marion appeal to revelation in an attempt to respond to a tendency within philosophy to coerce thought. Philosophy, when it claims to be able to access a universal, absolute truth within history, degenerates into ideology. By making conceptually possible some ‚evental’ phenomena that always evade a priori epistemic conditions, Barth’s and Marion’s theories of revelation relativize all philosophical knowledge, rendering any ideological claim to absolute truth impossible. The difference between their two theories, then, lies in how they understand the relationship between philosophy and theology. For Barth, philosophy’s attempts to make itself absolute is a produce of sinful human vanity; its corrective is thus an authentic revealed theology, which Barth articulates in Christian, dogmatic terms. Marion, on the other hand, equipped with Heidegger’s critique of ontotheology, highlights one specific kind of philosophizing—metaphysics—as generative of ideology. To counter metaphysics, Marion draws heavily on Barth’s account of revelation but secularizes it, reinterpreting the ‚event’ as the saturated phenomenon. Revelation’s unpredictability is thus preserved within Marion’s philosophy, but is no longer restricted to the appearing of God. Both understandings of revelation achieve the same epistemological result, however. Reality can never be rendered transparent to thought; within history, all truth is provisional. A concept of revelation drawn originally from Christian theology thus, counterintuitively, is what secures philosophy’s right to challenge and critique the pre-given, a hermeneutic freedom I suggest is the meaning of sola scriptura.

ТHE CONCEPT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL AUTHORITY

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
BORIS KORDIĆ
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
People Development ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Psychoanalytic Theories ◽  
World Point

The problems of relations of authority and power, authority and violence, authority and security in today's world point to the need to continually write about and discuss the authority. The paper proceeds from the ontological understanding of authority as a voluntary activity that is done because the actor believes the other person will watch their activity with approval. After that the results of research on the relationship of authority and obedience are problematized, and the question is raised about reasons for rejecting obedience. The difference of internal and external authorities is introduced and then analysed the emergence and development of the internal authority according to psychoanalytic theories. It turns out that the internal authority is attached to the inner true being of man and is based on caring for other people. Development of internal authority can set us free of coercion of outside authorities and help in coping and fight against human destructiveness.

scholarly journals Midwifery matters: resilience and subjective wellbeing of midwives

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Caiazzo ◽  
L Kundisowa ◽  
G Bocci ◽  
N Vonci ◽  
L Alaimo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Italian Version ◽  
Resilience Scale ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Introduction Resilience is the ability to resist, cope with life positively after suffering a negative event. Midwifery has been defined as ’emotionally demanding’; midwives with an higher levels of resilience experience higher levels of subjective well-being (SWB). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between resilience and SWB amongst midwives. Materials and methods Data were collected using a questionnaire, distributed between September 2018-January 2019 in hospitals in the Tuscany region (Italy). For evaluation of SWB, we used OECD scale (2013) evaluating three items: actual happiness (AH); emotive wellbeing (BE) composed of positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) and life satisfaction (LS). Also, job satisfaction (JS) was evaluated. Resilience (RS) was evaluated using the Italian version of the Resilience Scale by Wagnild and Young. All items were expressed on the Likert scale, statistical analysis was performed with Minitab 18. Results In total 123 questionnaires were analyzed. The average scores were: AH: 6.9±1.8; BE: 5.9±1.6; PA: 6.0±1.8; NA: 4.2±2.1; LS: 7.1±1.6; JS: 6.5 ± 2.4. Average R was 130.3±18.1. RS was correlated (p < 0.001) to AH (Coef=0.4), PA (Coef=0.4), BE (Coef=0.3) e LS (Coef=0.4). The sample was divided into three groups according to RS: low (LR)<116, medium (MR):116-139 and high (HR) ≥140. MR represented 44%, followed by HR (35%). AH, PA, BE values were significantly higher in the HR group (ANOVA; Tukey; p < 0.001). For NA the highest values were observed in the LR group, but the difference was not significant. LS resulted significantly lower in LR group (ANOVA; Tukey; p < 0.001) and JS was significantly higher in medium resilience group in confrontation to other two groups (ANOVA; Tukey; p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results confirmed, that the higher levels of RS influenced positively almost all components of SWB (AH, PA, BE, LS). On the other hand to achieve a higher level of JS the level of RS should not be nor too high, nor too low. Key messages Midwifery has been defined as ’emotionally demanding’, higher levels of resilience influenced positively almost all components of subjective wellbeing. The medium resilience was correlated to higher level of job satisfaction.

Giacomo Devoto 1898–1974

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-513
Author(s):  
Paolo Ramat
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Studies ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Significance ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Relationship

Summary The paper essays to give a brief survey of the imposing and complex work of Giacomo Devoto (1897–1974), with particular emphasis on its principal traits seen both from the point of view of the history of linguistics and its scientific significance. Especial attention is drawn first of all to Devoto’s position vis-à-vis Benedetto Croce’s Idealism and the linguistic positivism of the first half of the 20th century. It seems possible to define Devoto’s position as a dialectic one between these two intellectual currents, which eventually led to an historicism, which actually was typical of the Italian linguistic tradition. From this viewpoint then Devoto’s understanding of language as an ‘institution’ is examined, including his intervention in the dispute between N. Ja. Marr and Stalin. After having dealt with his concept of a ‘stylistics of language’, which returns to regarding langue as an historicaland social institution, and its difference from a literary stylistics, Devoto’s Indo-European studies are examined. Here, the question of the relationship between linguistics and the other disciplines concerned with antiuqty is discussed, a relationship which Devotohad been obliged on several occasions to come back to. The ‘Devotian’ position is presented critically with the help of discussions which Devoto himself had entertained, with archaeologists and with linguists.

The Effect of Waking Suggestion on Post-Hypnotic Amnesia

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Fourie
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hypnotic Susceptibility ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Female Subjects

It is increasingly realized that hypnosis may be seen from an interpersonal point of view, meaning that it forms part of the relationship between the hypnotist and the subject. From this premise it follows that what goes on in the relationship prior to hypnosis probably has an influence on the hypnosis. Certain of these prior occurences can then be seen as waking suggestionns (however implicitly given) that the subject should behave in a certain way with regard to the subsequent hypnosis. A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that waking suggestions regarding post-hypnotic amnesia are effective. Eighteen female subjects were randomly divided into two groups. The groups listened to a tape-recorded talk on hypnosis in which for the one group amnesia for the subsequent hypnotic experience and for the other group no such amnesia was suggested. Thereafter the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale was administered to all subjects. Only the interrogation part of the amnesia item of the scale was administered. The subjects to whom post-hypnotic amnesia was suggested tended to score lower on the amnesia item than the other subjects, as was expected, but the difference between the mean amnesia scores of the two groups was not significant.

A Paedomorphocline in Eucalyptus. II. Variation in Seedling Morphology in the E. risdonii/E. tenuiramis Complex

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 789 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJE Wiltshire ◽  
BM Potts ◽  
JB Reid
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ontogenetic Variation ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Transitional Area ◽  
Juvenile Leaf ◽  
Phenetic Relationships ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Previous studies of phenotypic variation among natural populations in the Eucalyptus risdonii/E. tenuiramis cindicated that the two taxa are linked by a cline in the retention of the juvenile leaf form (paedomorphocline) and that division into the two taxa, E. risdonii and E. tenuiramis, on the basis of these ontogenetic differences obscures the phenetic relationships within and between the taxa. This study attempts to remove the environmental and ontogenetic variation to reveal the genetically based variation by examining seedling morphology. The results suggest that genetic variation between geographically contiguous populations of E. risdonii and E. tenuiramis is relatively small and continuous, and classification into either taxon on the basis of seedling phenotype is not possible for populations in this transitional area. The major dichotomy between phenetic clusters is not between forms that can be assigned to E. risdonii and E. tenuiramis on the basis of ontogenetic differences, but between geographically isolated forms of E. tenuiramis. The ambiguous variation in the adult phenotype is clarified by the marked difference in seedling morphology between the two East Coast populations and the other E. tenuiramis populations which, on present data, appear to be separated by a geographical disjunction. When viewed in terms of the phenetic distance between populations of the two closest species (E. coccifera and E. nitida), the magnitude of the difference between the East Coast E. tenuiramis and the other phenetic groups in the E. risdonii/E. tenuiramis complex is emphasised. The relationship and origin of populations intermediate between E. tenuiramis and E. coccifera are also discussed.

scholarly journals Certain Attitudes Towards Byzantium As Manifested in the Russian Historiosophical Literature of the Early and Middle 19th Century (Ivan Kireyevsky, Petr Chaadaev, Alexander Pushkin, Arist Kunik)

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
Dmitry Biriukov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
First Line ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. I expose in Ivan Kireyevsky a specific attitude to the Byzantium, which I qualify as byzantinocentric. Methods and materials. I use the historical method. Materials are Russian Historical and Publicistic Literature. Analysis. In the course of research, I identify two opposite lines in terms of perception of the image of Byzantium, manifested in the circle of Kireyevsky. One of these lines may be called anti-Byzantine, while the other Pro-Byzantine. The first line goes back to the anti-Byzantine message inherent for the age of Enlightenment. It found its expression in the “Lectures for the philosophy of history” by Georg Hegel, which became known in Russia soon after its publication. In this study, I point out in Kireyevsky the traces of an implicit polemic with Hegel’s anti-Byzantinism and reveal the context of this polemic in Russian literature. I find such a context in Arist Kunik’s papers. Results. This anti-Byzantine line is clearly seen in Petr Chaadaev, for whom the theme of the relationship of Russian civilization with the Byzantine was sensitive, because Chaadaev considered such a relationship very negatively. This view is the opposite of Kireyevsky’s one, for whom this relationship is also obvious, but Kireyevsky perceives it as happy. Alexander Pushkin – a close acquaintance of both Chaadaev and Kireyevsky (in pre-Slavophil period of the latter) – also recognizes this kinship and, like later Kireyevsky, perceives it as happy and beneficial for Russia (i.e. the both share the Pro-Byzantine line). At the same time, Pushkin’s view assumes freedom and the absence of determinism of Russia by Byzantium, which is inherent to Chaadaev’s position. The difference between Pushkin and Kireyevsky in this respect is that Kireyevsky’s byzantinocentrism includes the idea of a higher spiritual connection between Byzantium and Russia, whereas Pushkin leaves Russia free from Byzantium in this respect as well.

scholarly journals Ontological Machinery of the Artistic Process: the Becoming-Technical and Art

TECHNOLOGOS ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 88-98
Author(s):  
Tcyrlina Yana
Keyword(s):  
Modern Art ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Artistic Process ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Final Question ◽  
The Relationship

This article pursues dual purpose. On the one hand, the author analyzes the general and the most important in the technical being since only therewith it is possible to conceptualize the sphere of technical objects and to determine the place of technics with respect to the art. So the article is devoted to new ontological opportunity of the technics’ entity perception by its connection with art. This relationship we consider in the context of “technological revolution” in the art. Moreover, it has been tried to be revealed possible mechanisms of technics emancipation with the help of the art and to be shown that technology can emancipate the art using both artistic techniques and inartistic technological processes. On the other hand, the aim of our article is to provide with a presentation of some onto technological key ideas, along with some conceptual approaches (for example, Levis Brуant’s onto-cartography) which we can distinguish by their further connection with the modern art. Conception of ontology in the terms of technics by all means has become the urgent task for philosophy, and one of the ways to solve this task is to investigate the relationship between ontology and technics. The author of the article argues that the confrontation between nature and technology is an illusion. We tried to complete this argument combining the ontology of nature and of technology in one concept – the concept of machine. Recently most works of art have become technological objects revealing the problem of “technical” art. In the article it is proposed the analysis of some modern works of art and is demonstrated that “the nature” and technics cannot be no more opposed and differentiated since one gives birth to another. Moreover, it is existed only techno-nature and its production (in the difference of repetition and creation) is the final question of techno-art.

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