Study of the current waveform effect on the formation of cathode deposits during direct electrolysis Part 1. Electrolysis of fresh water

Author(s):  
И.В. Пчельников ◽  
Т.Т.З. Нгуен ◽  
Л.Н. Фесенко

При электрохимической обработке хлоридсодержащих природных вод в бездиафрагменном электролизере образуются соли хлорноватистой кислоты, проявляющие окислительные свойства. Этот процесс широко используется для производства дезинфицирующих растворов на основе гипохлорита натрия. Сырьем для производства гипохлорита натрия могут быть не только искусственно приготовленные солевые растворы, но и природные минеральные воды, содержащие хлориды. Электролиз таких растворов приводит к образованию на катоде электролизера нерастворимых солей кальция и магния, что препятствует массообмену в межэлектродном пространстве, а также к возникновению аварийных ситуаций. В первой части статьи приведены результаты исследований прямого электролиза постоянным и реверсным током пресной воды г. Донгхой, Республика Вьетнам. В проведенных испытаниях определяли влияние реверсного тока в сравнении с постоянным током на снижение образования нерастворимых веществ на катодах электролизера. Эксперименты показали преимущество реверсного тока над постоянным. Так, при электролизе реверсным током продолжительностью периода до 6 часов масса отложений на электродах не увеличивалась, а на постоянном токе накапливалась с момента начала электролиза. Это связано с тем, что осадок, образующийся в катодный полупериод, растворяется в анодный полупериод кислотой – продуктом окисления воды. Выход хлора по току для водопроводной воды составил не более 23% с плотностью тока 100 А/м2. During the electrochemical processing of chloride-containing natural water in a membraneless electrolyzer, salts of hypochlorous acid are formed that are exhibiting oxidizing properties. This process is widely used for the production of sodium hypochlorite disinfectants. The raw material for the production of sodium hypochlorite can be not only artificially prepared saline solutions, but also natural mineral water containing chlorides. The electrolysis of such solutions results in the formation of insoluble calcium and magnesium salts at the cathode of the electrolyzer thus inhibiting mass transfer in the interelectrode space and the occurrence of emergency situations. The first part of the article presents the results of studies of direct electrolysis of fresh water with constant and reverse current in Dong Hoi city, Republic of Vietnam. In the conducted tests the effect of reverse current in comparison with direct current on the reduction of the formation of insoluble substances at the cathodes of the electrolyzer was determined. The experiments have shown the advantage of reverse current over direct current. So, during the electrolysis with reverse current for a period of up to 6 hours, the amount of deposits on the electrodes did not increase, however, with direct current the deposits accumulated from the very beginning of the electrolysis process. This is due to the fact that the precipitate formed during the cathodic half cycle is dissolved during the anodic half cycle by acid, a product of water oxidation. The current output of chlorine for tap water was no more than 23% with a current density of 100 A/m2.

Author(s):  
И.В. Пчельников ◽  
Т.Т.З. Нгуен ◽  
Л.Н. Фесенко

Поваренная соль является сырьем для получения гипохлорита натрия, при этом затраты на ее приобретение и доставку составляют до 25–30% от общей стоимости произведенного дезинфектанта. Альтернативным сырьем для получения гипохлорита натрия могут быть хлориды, содержащиеся в природной минеральной воде, например подземной, морской и океанической. Минеральная вода будет сырьем для получения раствора гипохлорита натрия достаточно высокой концентрации, который можно затем добавлять в обрабатываемую воду. Опыт эксплуатации установок «ХЛОРЭФС» производства ООО НПП «ЭКОФЕС» показал, что основная проблема надежности работы электролизеров связана с образованием отложений солей жесткости: карбоната кальция на поверхности катодного электрода и гидроксида магния на поверхности катодов электролизера. Это приводит к негативному режиму электролиза, росту напряжения, перегреву и короблению электродной системы, разрушению оксидного покрытия анодов и т. д. Приведены результаты исследований прямого электролиза постоянным и реверсным током соленой воды Южно-Вьетнамского моря. В испытаниях оценивали влияние реверсного тока в сравнении с постоянным током на снижение образования нерастворимых веществ на катодах электролизера, а также определяли технологические параметры электролиза. Выход хлора по току для морской воды был выше 100% в реверсном режиме с плотностью тока 100 А/м2. Sodium chloride is a raw material for the production of sodium hypochlorite; however, the cost of its purchase and delivery is up to 25–30% of the total cost of the disinfectant produced. An alternative raw material for the production of sodium hypochlorite can be chlorides present in natural mineral water, e. g., underground, sea and oceanic water. Mineral water will be the raw material for obtaining sodium hypochlorite solution of a sufficiently high concentration that can then be added to the treated water. The experience of operating CHLOREFS units manufactured by EKOFES SPE LLC showed that the main problem related to the electrolyzer operation reliability is associated with the formation of deposits of hardness salts – calcium carbonate on the surface of the cathodic electrode, and magnesium hydroxide on the surface of the electrolyzer cathodes. This results in a negative electrolysis regime, an increase in voltage, overheating and warping of the electrode system, destruction of the oxide coating of the anodes, etc. The results of studies of direct electrolysis by direct and reverse current of salt water of the South Vietnam Sea are presented. During the tests the effect of reverse current in comparison with direct current on the reduction of the formation of insoluble substances on the cathodes of the electrolyzer was estimated, and besides, the electrolysis process parameters were determined. The current chlorine yield for seawater was above 100% in the reverse mode with a current density of 100 A/m2.


Author(s):  
Igor, Pchel’nikov ◽  
A. Terikov ◽  
T.T.Z. Nguen ◽  
S. Shchukin

Electrochemical sodium hypochlorite is used at water supply facilities all around the world. The use of natural waters containing chlorides as a raw material is very promising since it greatly simplifies the process flow scheme for producing sodium hypochlorite. Direct electrolysis technology can be retrofitted into the existing water treatment schemes without significant changes. The use of natural water containing chlorides eliminates the purchase of salt which reduces the cost of the finished product. The results of studies of direct electrolysis of water in the Vietnam Sea are presented. During the experiments the effect of seawater flow rate and current density on the concentration of active chlorine in the resulting sodium hypochlorite, the change in the current chlorine yield and the specific energy consumption per 1 kg of generated active chlorine were determined. The main process parameters are determined that provide for producing sodium hypochlorite by direct electrolysis of sea water using an iridiumruthenium oxide titanium anode as electrodes. It was shown that the current chlorine yield reaches maximum values (85 90) at an active chlorine concentration in the product of 2 0.2 g/dm3 which motivate the technological and economic feasibility of obtaining sodium hypochlorite from sea (ocean) water.Электрохимический гипохлорит натрия применяется на объектах водоснабжения во всем мире. В качестве сырья перспективно использование природных вод, содержащих хлориды, что существенно упрощает технологическую схему получения гипохлорита натрия. Технология прямого электролиза может встраиваться в действующие схемы водоподготовки без их существенного изменения. Применение природных вод, содержащих хлориды, позволяет отказаться от покупки поваренной соли, что снижает стоимость готового продукта. Представлены результаты исследований прямого электролиза воды Вьетнамского моря. В ходе экспериментов определяли влияние расхода морской воды и плотности тока на концентрацию активного хлора в получаемом гипохлорите натрия, изменение величины выхода хлора по току и удельный расход электроэнергии на 1 кг образующегося активного хлора. Определены основные технологические параметры, позволяющие получать гипохлорит натрия прямым электролизом морской воды с использованием в качестве электродов оксидный иридиеворутений титановый анод. Показано, что выход хлора по току достигает максимальных значений (85 90) при концентрации активного хлора в продукте 2 0,2 г/дм3, что обусловливает технологическую и экономическую целесообразность получения гипохлорита натрия из морской (океанской) воды.


2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1089-1098
Author(s):  
Elena Suzana Biris Dorhoi ◽  
Maria Tofana ◽  
Simona Maria Chis ◽  
Carmen Elena Lupu ◽  
Ticuta Negreanu Pirjol

The valorification of the marine biomass is an important resource for many industries like pharmaceutical, supplying raw material for the extraction of bioactive substances (vitamins, sterols and collagen), cosmetics, biofertilizers and wastewater treatment. In the last years a special attention has been given to the use of macroalgae. The aim of this study was to emphasize the capacity of two representative green algae species frequent presents on the Romanian shore, Ulva lactuca (L.) and Cladophora vagabunda (L.) Hoek, to remove two usual detergents from wastewater. The green algae washed, dried at room temperature, macerated to powder were introduced into different filter paper for comparison, then immersed in waste water treated with different concentrations of detergents. Tap water was used for the experiment. The results show that Ulva lactuca (L.) species is suitable than Cladophora vagabunda (L.) Hoek species, for wastewater treatment.


RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (31) ◽  
pp. 19106-19112
Author(s):  
Xutao Yu ◽  
Haonan Zheng ◽  
Yanghua Lu ◽  
Runjiang Shen ◽  
Yanfei Yan ◽  
...  

In this study, a generator based on a metal/semiconductor dynamic Schottky junction has achieved ultrahigh and continuous direct current output by harvesting wind energy.


Electronics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Aleena Swetapadma ◽  
Shobha Agarwal ◽  
Satarupa Chakrabarti ◽  
Soham Chakrabarti ◽  
Adel El-Shahat ◽  
...  

Most of the fault location methods in high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines usemethods which require signals from both ends. It will be difficult to estimate fault location if the signal recorded is not correct due to communication problems.Hence a robust method is required which can locate fault with minimum error. In this work, faults are located using boosting ensembles in HVDC transmission lines based on single terminal direct current (DC) signals. The signals are processed to obtain input features that vary with the fault distance. These input features are obtained by taking maximum of half cycle current signals after fault and minimum of half cycle voltage signals after fault from the root mean square of DC signals. The input features are input to a boosting ensemble for estimating the location of fault. Boosting ensemble method attempts to correct the errors from the previous models and find outputs by combining all models. The boosting ensemble method has been also compared with the decision tree method and thebagging-based ensemble method. Fault locations are estimated using three methods and compared to obtain an optimal method. The boosting ensemble method has better performance than all the other methods in locating the faults. It also validated varying fault resistance, smoothing reactors, boundary faults, pole to ground faults and pole to pole faults. The advantage of the method is that no communication link is needed. Another advantage is that it allowsreach setting up to 99.9% and does not exhibitthe problem of over-fitting. Another advantage is that the percentage error in locating faults is within 1% and has a low realization cost. The proposed method can be implemented in HVDC transmission lines effectively as an alternative to overcome the drawbacks of traveling wave methods.


Nano Energy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Shao ◽  
Jian Fang ◽  
Hongxia Wang ◽  
Haitao Niu ◽  
Hua Zhou ◽  
...  

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1047-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEEN BAERT ◽  
ISABELLE VANDEKINDEREN ◽  
FRANK DEVLIEGHERE ◽  
ELS VAN COILLIE ◽  
JOHAN DEBEVERE ◽  
...  

The efficiency of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and peroxyacetic acid (PAA) to reduce murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), a surrogate for human norovirus, and Bacteroides fragilis HSP40–infecting phage B40-8 on shredded iceberg lettuce was investigated. The levels of removal of viruses MNV-1 and B40-8 were compared with the reductions observed for bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Two inoculation levels, one with a high organic load and the other containing a 10-fold lower number of pathogens and organic matter, showed that the effectiveness of NaOClwas greatly influenced by the presence of organic material, which was not observed for PAA. Moreover, the present study showed that 200 mg/liter NaOCl or 250 mg/liter PAA is needed to obtain an additional reduction of 1 log (compared with tap water) of MNV-1 on shredded iceberg lettuce, whereas only 250 mg/liter PAA achieved this for bacterial pathogens. None of the treatments resulted in a supplementary 1-log PFU/g reduction of B40-8 compared with tap water. B40-8 could therefore be useful as an indicator of decontamination processes of shredded iceberg lettuce based on NaOCl or PAA. Neither MNV-1, B40-8, nor bacterial pathogens could be detected in residual wash water after shredded iceberg lettuce was treated with NaOCl and PAA, whereas considerable numbers of all these microorganisms were found in residual wash water consisting solely of tap water. This study illustrates the usefulness of PAA and NaOCl in preventing cross-contamination during the washing process rather than in causing a reduction of the number of pathogens present on lettuce.


Author(s):  
И. Ю. Рой ◽  
Н. А. Клименко ◽  
Г. М. Здоровенко ◽  
В. В. Гончарук

Author(s):  
Zhuqing Liu ◽  
Yu Dong ◽  
Wenshan Jiang

The efficacy of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW, 20 mg/l of available chlorine) and sodium hypochlorite solution (NaClO, 120 mg/l of available chlorine) used as potential sanitizers for fresh-cut cucumbers was evaluated. SAEW with a near-neutral pH value (5.0 to 6.5) and lower available chlorine concentration (ACC) had an equivalent or higher efficiency to reduce microbial counts on the cucumbers compared to NaClO solution. A 5-minute treatment of SAEW and NaClO solution significantly reduced the indigenous aerobic bacteria on cucumbers by 1.62 and 1.51 log10 CFU/g, and molds and yeasts by 1.35 and 1.12 log10 CFU/g, respectively (P < 0.05). The reduction of microbial counts on cucumbers by tap water was markedly less than that by SAEW and NaClO solution (P < 0.05). Results indicate that SAEW provides an alternative technique for sanitization of fresh-cut vegetables with environmentally friendly broad spectrum microbial decontamination.


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