GENDERIZING CONSEQUENCES OF FAMILY POLICIES IN POLAND IN 2010S: A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

The aim of this paper is to analyze four reforms introduced in the Polish family system in the 2010s. The reforms were introduced as an answer to a problem of very low fertility rates, as well as instruments helping women in achieving their work-life balance. The reforms are analyzed here in terms of their (de)genderization effects on Polish mothers and fathers. The use of a genderization-degenderization axis shows that the gendered division of domestic and care work is not challenged by the reforms, but it is rather reinforced by them. It is also doubtful if the reforms will manage to reverse current demographic trends.

Study of the current waveform effect on the formation of cathode deposits during direct electrolysis. Part 2. Electrolysis of sea water

Поваренная соль является сырьем для получения гипохлорита натрия, при этом затраты на ее приобретение и доставку составляют до 25–30% от общей стоимости произведенного дезинфектанта. Альтернативным сырьем для получения гипохлорита натрия могут быть хлориды, содержащиеся в природной минеральной воде, например подземной, морской и океанической. Минеральная вода будет сырьем для получения раствора гипохлорита натрия достаточно высокой концентрации, который можно затем добавлять в обрабатываемую воду. Опыт эксплуатации установок «ХЛОРЭФС» производства ООО НПП «ЭКОФЕС» показал, что основная проблема надежности работы электролизеров связана с образованием отложений солей жесткости: карбоната кальция на поверхности катодного электрода и гидроксида магния на поверхности катодов электролизера. Это приводит к негативному режиму электролиза, росту напряжения, перегреву и короблению электродной системы, разрушению оксидного покрытия анодов и т. д. Приведены результаты исследований прямого электролиза постоянным и реверсным током соленой воды Южно-Вьетнамского моря. В испытаниях оценивали влияние реверсного тока в сравнении с постоянным током на снижение образования нерастворимых веществ на катодах электролизера, а также определяли технологические параметры электролиза. Выход хлора по току для морской воды был выше 100% в реверсном режиме с плотностью тока 100 А/м2. Sodium chloride is a raw material for the production of sodium hypochlorite; however, the cost of its purchase and delivery is up to 25–30% of the total cost of the disinfectant produced. An alternative raw material for the production of sodium hypochlorite can be chlorides present in natural mineral water, e. g., underground, sea and oceanic water. Mineral water will be the raw material for obtaining sodium hypochlorite solution of a sufficiently high concentration that can then be added to the treated water. The experience of operating CHLOREFS units manufactured by EKOFES SPE LLC showed that the main problem related to the electrolyzer operation reliability is associated with the formation of deposits of hardness salts – calcium carbonate on the surface of the cathodic electrode, and magnesium hydroxide on the surface of the electrolyzer cathodes. This results in a negative electrolysis regime, an increase in voltage, overheating and warping of the electrode system, destruction of the oxide coating of the anodes, etc. The results of studies of direct electrolysis by direct and reverse current of salt water of the South Vietnam Sea are presented. During the tests the effect of reverse current in comparison with direct current on the reduction of the formation of insoluble substances on the cathodes of the electrolyzer was estimated, and besides, the electrolysis process parameters were determined. The current chlorine yield for seawater was above 100% in the reverse mode with a current density of 100 A/m2.

A CMOS Active Rectifier with Efficiency-Improving and Digitally Adaptive Delay Compensation for Wireless Power Transfer Systems

A CMOS active rectifier with digitally adaptive delay compensation for power efficiency improvement is presented in this work. The power transistors are turned on and turned off in advance under the control of the regenerated compensation signals, which are generated by the proposed compensation control circuit; therefore, the reverse current is eliminated, and the efficiency is increased. Simulation results in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS process show that the turn-on and turn-off delay of the rectifier is effectively compensated. The power efficiency is up to 90.6% when the proposed rectifier works at the operation frequency of 13.56 MHz.

Silicon carbide of 4H-SiC type Schottky diode current-voltage characteristics in small-sized type metal-polymeric package SOT-89

The forward and reverse current–voltage characteristics of Ti/Al/4H-SiC Schottky diode type DDSH411A91 in modern small-sized (SOT-89) type metal-polymeric package have been obtained. In forward direction (current up to 2 A) on the basis of analysis it is shown that Schottky diode corresponds to the "ideal" diode with ideality factor n=1.12 and effective Schottky barrier height φB =1.2 eV. It is shown that reverse current-voltage characteristics (breakdown voltage 1200 V) can be well approximated by mechanism of field dependence of barrier height lowering by the presence of the intermediate layer in the form of oxide on the 4H-SiC surface.

Snapback-Free Reverse-Conducting SOI LIGBT with an Integrated Self-Biased MOSFET

A novel snapback-free RC-LIGBT with integrated self-biased N-MOSFET is proposed and investigated by simulation. The device features an integrated self-biased N-MOSFET(ISM) on the anode active region. One side of the ISM is shorted to the P+ anode electrode of RC-LIGBT and the other side is connected to the N+ anode via a floating ohmic contact. The adaptively turn-on/off of the ISM contributes to improve the static and dynamic performance of the ISM RC-LIGBT. In the forward-state, due to the off-state of the ISM, the snapback could be effectively suppressed without requiring extra device area compared with the SSA (separated shorted anode) and STA (segmented trenches in the anode) LIGBTs. In the reverse conduction, the ISM is turned on and the parasitic NPN in the ISM is punched through, which provides a current path for the reverse current. Meanwhile, during the turn-off and reverse recovery states, the ISM turns on, providing a rapid electron extraction path. Thus, a superior tradeoff between the on-state voltage drop (Von) and turnoff loss (Eoff) as well as an improved reverse recovery characteristic can be obtained. Compared with the STA device, the proposed ISM RC-LIGBT reduces Eoff by 21.5% without snapback. Its reverse recovery charge is reduced by 53.7%/58.6% compared to that of the SSA LIGBT with Lb=40/60μm at the same Von. Due to the prominent static and dynamic characteristic, the power loss of ISM RC-LIGBT in a completed switching cycle is reduced.

Application of pulse current for dissolution of heat-resistant GS32-VI alloy

Objectives. To identify the regularities of electrochemical processing of the heat-resistant GS32-VI alloy in a sulfuric acid electrolyte with a concentration of 100 g/dm3 under the action of a pulsed current in a pulsed mode.Methods. Using the electrochemical technological complex EHK-1012 (developed by IP Tetran) and a non-compensatory method of measuring potential, polarization and depolarization curves with a change in pulse duration and a pause between them were recorded. The current pulses had an amplitude ranging from 0 to 3.5 A (when recording the polarization and depolarization curves), pulse durations ranging from 200 to 1200 ms, and a pause (delay) between pulses ranging from 50 to 500 ms. There were no reverse current pulses.Results. The parameters of the current program that provide the maximum values of the alloy dissolution rate and current output were determined: with a current pulse amplitude of 2 A, a current pulse duration of 500 ms, and a pause duration between pulses of 250 ms, the maximum dissolution rate of the alloy is 0.048 g/h·cm2, while the current output for nickel is 61.6% with an anode area of 10 cm2. The basic technological scheme for processing the heat-resistant GS32-VI alloy, which includes anodic alloy dissolution in a pulsed mode, is proposed.Conclusions. Electrochemical dissolution of GS32-VI alloy under pulsed current action results in an optimal dissolution rate ratio of the alloy components, ensuring the production of a cathode precipitate with a total nickel and cobalt content of 97.5%.

Experimental studies and a double gate JFET model for analog integrated circuits

One of directions of improving parameters of analog integrated circuits is a development of new and modernization of existing designs of integrated elements without significantly changing of a technological route of integrated circuit manufacturing with a simultaneous creation of new integrated elements models. The article considers the results of experimental studies of the double gate junction field-effect transistor manufactured according to the 3CBiT technological route of JSC Integral. Based on the obtained results, the electrical model of double gate junction field-effect transistor is proposed, which describes the features of its application in analog integrated circuits. Comparison of I-V characteristics of measurements results and created model simulation are presented. A small capacity and a reverse current of a double gate junction field-effect transistor top gate, an ability to compensate for the DC (direct current) component of an input current provide a significant improvement in the characteristics of analog integrated circuits such as electrometric operational amplifiers and charge-sensitive amplifiers. The developed double gate junction field-effect transistor can be used in signal readout devices required in the analog interfaces of space instrument sensors and nuclear electronics.

Influence of α-particles irradiation on the properties and performance of silicon semiconductor detectors

Deterioration of the operation parameters of p-type Si surface-barrier detector and Si(Li) p-i-n detector upon irradiation by alpha-particles was investigated. The detectors were irradiated at room temperature up to a total number of the registered α-particles Nα equal to 6 × 109. Prolonged irradiation has resulted in a deterioration of the detectors energy resolution ability and it was found that the increase of α-peaks broadening can be described by a linear function of Nα with a slope Δσ/ΔNα ∼ (1.4–1.8) × 10–9 keV/α for both detectors. Resolution deterioration was associated with the increase of the detectors leakage current, which proceeds linearly with the number of absorbed α-particles with the slope ΔI/ΔNα ∼ (7-17) × 10-17 A/α. The increase of the detectors reverse current was related with appearance of radiation-induced defect level at 0.56 eV above the valence band.