scholarly journals The Preminence of Ahmad Ibn Tulun as the Leading Amir of the Tulunid Kingdom

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 4863-4867
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
The West ◽  
Historical Interpretation ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Umayyad Dynasty ◽  
Full Independence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biographical Study ◽  
Set Up

The Abbasid Empire emerged as the main power ruling the Muslim world in the year 132H/750CE with its centre in Baghdad, after defeating the Umayyad Dynasty in the battlefield. The Abbasid Empire began to achieve its golden age during the era of Caliph Harun al-Rashid (171-193H/787-809CE). However, the Abbasids gradually experienced decline after the rise of the Turkic military which was brought en masse during the rule of Caliph al-Mu‘tasim (218-226H/833-841CE). The Turkic military began to seize power and some of them set up their own small kingdoms. The most influential leader among the Turkic was Amir Ahmad ibn Tulun (254-270H/868-884CE), who succeeded in founding the Tulunid Kingdom in Egypt. Thus the objective of this research is to examine in detail the biography of Amir Ibn Tulun and attempt to understand and appraise from history, his attitude, interests and authority as the leading Tulunid ruler. This is in view of the close relationship partially between an individual’s current interests and behaviour with the environment in which he grew up. This is a qualitative research using historical and biographical study. This research uses documentation as a method of collecting data by focusing on primary and secondary sources. Analysis of data is descriptive using content analysis and interpretation of sources based on historical interpretation. Research results find that Ibn Tulun succeeded in laying down the ultimate benchmark in the history of Egypt by establishing his domain extending from Syria to the borders of Iraq in the East and to Libya in the West, and declaring full independence from the Abbasid Dynasty centred in Baghdad at that time

The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Campbell-Kelly ◽  
Daniel D Garcia-Swartz
Keyword(s):  
Network Effects ◽  
Transmission Control Protocol ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Economic Framework ◽  
Systematic Effort ◽  
Dominant Designs ◽  
Commercial Networks ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up

The origins of the Internet are only partially understood. It is often believed that the Internet grew as a tree from a tiny acorn, the ARPANET network set up in 1969. In this study, we argue that this interpretation is incomplete at best and seriously flawed at worst. Our article makes three contributions. First, on the basis of a wide variety of primary and secondary sources we reconstruct the history of computer networks between the late 1950s and the early 1990s. We show that the ARPANET network was one among a myriad of (commercial and non-commercial) networks that developed over that period of time – the integration of these networks into an internet was likely to happen, whether ARPANET existed or not. Second, we make a systematic effort to quantify the significance of these various networks. This allows us to visualize more clearly the extent to which the ARPANET network was one among many, and not a particularly large one at that. Third, we provide a nuanced interpretation of the rise of various technologies, including the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and the World Wide Web, as ‘dominant designs.’ Their rise should be interpreted within the economic framework of industries with network effects, in which historical accidents bring about tipping points that lead to universal acceptance. We thus show that history matters for understanding why information systems function in the way they do.

scholarly journals Agricultural Development under Thal Development Authority (1949-69)

2020 ◽  
Vol V (II) ◽  
pp. 80-89
Author(s):  
Muhammad Wasim Abbas ◽  
Imran Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Farooq Akbar Leghari
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
The West ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Punjab Province ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Masses

The Thal is a desert in the west of Punjab province of Pakistan having an area of five million-acre. It had been a barren piece of land for centuries. West Pakistan Government not only provided canal water to almost 2.1 million acres of the region but also developed the area from 1949 to 1969. The agricultural development of the Thal region carried out by the Thal Development Authority is a historical event in the history of Pakistan. This study is historical research and data has been collected through primary and secondary sources. This paper will highlight the agricultural development of the region in detail and its socio-economic effects on the masses as well.

scholarly journals Kaavi Kalé: The indigenous architectural ornamentation technique of the Konkan Coast, India

2020 ◽  
pp. 383-394
Author(s):  
Janardhan Rao Havanje ◽  
Caroline D’Souza
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
Domestic Architecture ◽  
The West ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Art Form ◽  
Western Ghats Of India ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hindu Temples ◽  
Lime Plaster

At the foothills of the formidable Western Ghats of India lies a coastal strip of land, the Konkan Coast, which forms part of the extended coastline along the west coast of the country. The unique culture found in the Konkan coastal landscape has produced a magnificent ornamental style named Kaavi Kalé. Kaavi, or kavé, means in this context “red oxide”, while kalé means “art form”. It is fundamentally an incised work performed on an architectural surface that has been previously finished with lime plaster and then a red oxide layer over it. This forms elaborate murals and motifs inspired by the unique folklore of Dravidian culture. Although predominantly found in Hindu temples, this secular art form can also be seen in churches, a mosque, Jain temples and folk deity temples, as well as in domestic architecture. This paper presents the history of the art form, its techniques, a brief iconographic study of its compositions and possible methods of conservation, through accounts of extensive primary surveys and on-site experiments and a study of secondary sources.

The history of the industrial and commercial area of ‘Abbāsid Al-Raqqa, called Al-Raqqa Al-Muhtariqa

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEFAN HEIDEMANN
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
Commercial Area ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up

The history of the industrial and commercial district between al-Raqqa and al-Rāfiqa is reconstructed on the basis of literary sources, numismatic finds and aerial views from the early twentieth century. It probably came into being during the 160s/780s when the ‘old market of the caliph Hishām’ was transferred from within al-Raqqa to the free land between the two cities. The decision of Hārūn al-Rashīd to reside in al-Raqqa created a new demand, and consequently glass furnaces and pottery kilns were set up for mass production. A road running from the east gate of al-Rāfiqa connected this area. After 198/213 the governor of the west, Tārhir ibn al-Husain, erected a wall north of the area in order to protect it from Bedouin raids. During the third/ninth century at the latest the area developed into a third urban entity. Al-Muqaddasī mentions an al-Raqqa al-Muhtariqa. The identification with the commercial and industrial area is proposed. The decline of al-Raqqa al-Muhtariqa began in the 270s/880s and 280s/890s. The devastating rule of the Hamdânids probably marks its end.

A note on John Hawkins (1761–1841) and the Hawkins archive

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-268
Author(s):  
R. J. CLEEVELY
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Reference Lists ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

A note dealing with the history of the Hawkins Papers, including the material relating to John Hawkins (1761–1841) presented to the West Sussex Record Office in the 1960s, recently transferred to the Cornwall County Record Office, Truro, in order to be consolidated with the major part of the Hawkins archive held there. Reference lists to the correspondence of Sibthorp-Hawkins, Hawkins-Sibthorp, and Hawkins to his mother mentioned in The Flora Graeca story (Lack, 1999) are provided.

Fictive Mode, ‘Journey to the West’, and Transformation of Space: ‘Ali Mubarak’s Discourses of Modernization

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-358
Author(s):  
WEN-CHIN OUYANG
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Theoretical Principle ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The West ◽  
Arab Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Journey To The West

I begin my exploration of ‘Ali Mubarak (1823/4–1893) and the discourses on modernization ‘performed’ in his only attempt at fiction, ‘Alam al-Din (The Sign of Religion, 1882), with a quote from Guy Davenport because it elegantly sums up a key theoretical principle underpinning any discussion of cultural transformation and, more particularly, of modernization. Locating ‘Ali Mubarak and his only fictional work at the juncture of the transformation from the ‘traditional’ to the ‘modern’ in the recent history of Arab culture and of Arabic narrative, I find Davenport's pronouncement tantalizingly appropriate. He not only places the stakes of history and geography in one another, but simultaneously opens up the imagination to the combined forces of time and space that stand behind these two distinct yet related disciplines.

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