scholarly journals Video compression based on Multiwavelet and Multi Stage Vector Quantization using Adaptive Diamond Refinement Search Algorithm

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S5) ◽  
pp. 203-207
Keyword(s):  
Video Coding ◽  
Video Compression ◽  
Vector Quantization ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Essential Requirement ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Good Compression

Due to the advances in the digital technology, multimedia processing has become the essential requirement in many applications. These applications find wide use in mobile, personal computer(PC), TV, surveillance and satellite broadcast. Also it is necessary that the video coding algorithms to be updated in order to meet the requirements of latest hardware devices. The processing speed and bandwidth are essential parameters in these applications. A good video compression standard can achieve these parameters adequately. In the proposed system, the video coding standard is implemented using the three important stages. In which the first sage uses multiwavelets to achieve good compression rate. Also it reduces the memory and bandwidth requirement. Second stage is the Multi Stage Vector Quantization(MVSQ) which reduces the complexity of searching process and the size of codebook. Third stage uses Adaptive Diamond Refinement Search(ADRS) algorithm for the motion estimation which has better performance than the Adaptive Diamond Orthogonal Search(ADOS) and Diamond Refinement Search(DRS) algorithms. The combination of multiwavelet, Multi Stage Vector Quantization(MVSQ) and Adaptive Diamond Refinement Search(ADRS) algorithm gives the high compression ratios. Preliminary results indicate that the proposed method has good performance in terms of average number of search points, PSNR values and compression rates.

An Anaerobic Process for Treatment of CTMP Effluent

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Welander
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Methanogenic Bacteria ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Aluminum Iron ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Iron And Calcium

A multi-stage process for treatment of CTMP effluent has been developed. It comprises primary settling and four biological stages. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide, a compound which is toxic to anaerobic bacteria, is reduced in the first biological stage by means of the biocatalytic action of biomass that is recycled from the following acidogenic and/or aerobic stages. The second stage is an acidogenic stage, in which volatile fatty acids are formed and remaining peroxide is decomposed. A mixture of aluminum, iron and calcium salts is added to the effluent in order to detoxify compounds which are toxic to methanogenic bacteria. The main part of the COD and BOD removal takes place in the third stage, the methanogenic stage, after which follows an aerobic stage for polishing and removal of bad-smelling compounds. The COD and BOD7 removals in the anaerobic part of the process are 60 and 90 %, respectively, and the methane yield is 0.20-0.25 Nm3/kg COD removed.

A three-stage heuristic procedure for allocating spatially and temporally feasible cutting rights on public lands

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 762-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Nelson ◽  
A. F. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Random Search ◽  
Public Lands ◽  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Heuristic Procedure ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Short Time

A three-stage heuristic procedure is described for allocating spatially and temporally feasible timber harvesting rights among competing operators. Within the forest, subzones that contain cut blocks are defined, a harvest schedule is generated, and then these zones are allocated to individual mills. In the first stage, a random search algorithm is used at the forest level to schedule cut blocks so that adjacency constraints and temporal volume flows are satisfied. In the second stage, zones are assigned to deficit mills using a least squares procedure that minimizes the deviations from specified targets. Multiple outputs can be included in the process through a normalization and goal-weighting technique. In the third stage, a ranking procedure that minimizes the total deviations from all targets is used to select the best solution from the set of feasible alternatives that was generated in stage 2. The three-stage heuristic procedure is demonstrated on a sample problem containing 20 zones, 430 cut blocks, three mills, and a 100-year planning horizon. Over 200 feasible alternatives to the allocation problem were found within a relatively short time. The three-stage procedure provides a useful framework for analyzing resource trade-offs among competing users.

scholarly journals An Efficient Codebook Search Algorithm for Line Spectrum Frequency (LSF) Vector Quantization in Speech Codec

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Yuqun Xue ◽  
Yongsen Wang ◽  
Jianhua Jiang ◽  
Zenghui Yu ◽  
Yi Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Video Compression ◽  
Vector Quantization ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Code Word ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Compression Technique ◽  
Squared Error ◽  
Partial Distortion ◽  
Computation Load

A high-performance vector quantization (VQ) codebook search algorithm is proposed in this paper. VQ is an important data compression technique that has been widely applied to speech, image, and video compression. However, the process of the codebook search demands a high computational load. To solve this issue, a novel algorithm that consists of training and encoding procedures is proposed. In the training procedure, a training speech dataset was used to build the squared-error distortion look-up table for each subspace. In the encoding procedure, firstly, an input vector was quickly assigned to a search subspace. Secondly, the candidate code word group was obtained by employing the triangular inequality elimination (TIE) equation. Finally, a partial distortion elimination technique was employed to reduce the number of multiplications. The proposed method reduced the number of searches and computation load significantly, especially when the input vectors were uncorrelated. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides a computational saving (CS) of up to 85% in the full search algorithm, up to 76% in the TIE algorithm, and up to 63% in the iterative TIE algorithm. Further, the proposed method provides CS and load reduction of up to 29–33% and 67–69%, respectively, over the BSS-ITIE algorithm.

Optimal block search mechanism using deep recurrent neural network for enabling the code-efficiency in HEVC

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anilkumar Chandrashekhar Korishetti ◽  
Virendra S. Malemath
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Video Coding ◽  
Video Compression ◽  
Recurrent Neural Network ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Salp Swarm Algorithm ◽  
Search Mechanism ◽  
Deep Recurrent Neural Network

Purpose High-efficiency video coding (HEVC) is the latest video coding standard that has better coding efficiency than the H.264/advanced video coding (AVC) standard. The purpose of this paper is to design and develop an effective block search mechanism for the video compression-HEVC standard such that the developed compression standard is applied for the communication applications. Design/methodology/approach In the proposed method, an rate-distortion (RD) trade-off, named regressive RD trade-off is used based on the conditional autoregressive value at risk (CaViar) model. The motion estimation (ME) is based on the new block search mechanism, which is developed with the modification in the Ordered Tree-based Hex-Octagon (OrTHO)-search algorithm along with the chronological Salp swarm algorithm (SSA) based on deep recurrent neural network (deepRNN) for optimally deciding the shape of search, search length of the tree and dimension. The chronological SSA is developed by integrating the chronological concept in SSA, which is used for training the deep RNN for ME. Findings The competing methods used for the comparative analysis of the proposed OrTHO-search based RD + chronological-salp swarm algorithm (RD + C-SSA) based deep RNN are support vector machine (SVM), fast encoding framework, wavefront-based high parallel (WHP) and OrTHO-search based RD method. The proposed video compression method obtained a maximum peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 42.9180 dB and a maximum structural similarity index measure (SSIM) of 0.9827. Originality/value In this research, an effective block search mechanism was developed with the modification in the OrTHO-search algorithm along with the chronological SSA based on deepRNN for the video compression-HEVC standard.

scholarly journals A Motion Estimation based Algorithm for Encoding Time Reduction in HEVC

2022 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
S. Karthik Sairam ◽  
P. Muralidhar
Keyword(s):  
Motion Estimation ◽  
Video Coding ◽  
Video Compression ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Video Quality ◽  
Search Pattern ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
High Efficiency Video Coding ◽  
Search Patterns

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is a video compression standard that offers 50% more efficiency at the expense of high encoding time contrasted with the H.264 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) standard. The encoding time must be reduced to satisfy the needs of real-time applications. This paper has proposed the Multi- Level Resolution Vertical Subsampling (MLRVS) algorithm to reduce the encoding time. The vertical subsampling minimizes the number of Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) computations during the motion estimation process. The complexity reduction algorithm is also used for fast coding the coefficients of the quantised block using a flag decision. Two distinct search patterns are suggested: New Cross Diamond Diamond (NCDD) and New Cross Diamond Hexagonal (NCDH) search patterns, which reduce the time needed to locate the motion vectors. In this paper, the MLRVS algorithm with NCDD and MLRVS algorithm with NCDH search patterns are simulated separately and analyzed. The results show that the encoding time of the encoder is decreased by 55% with MLRVS algorithm using NCDD search pattern and 56% with MLRVS using NCDH search pattern compared to HM16.5 with Test Zone (TZ) search algorithm. These results are achieved with a slight increase in bit rate and negligible deterioration in output video quality.

scholarly journals Theory, practice, and politics - Policy decision-making process based on epidemiology and public health evidence proved to be feasible in multistage research on blood-borne infections in Poland.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANITA GĘBSKA-KUCZEROWSKA ◽  
Robert Gajda
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
Epidemiology And Public Health

Abstract Objective This study presented a research methodology used to prepare the proposal of assumptions regarding the strategy for preventing blood-borne diseases in Poland. Methods The project was carried out from 18th July to 30th November 2016. The tasks under that project were assigned to an outsourcing company to avoid the tendency in respondents’ answers. The research was divided into three stages. The first stage diagnosed the problem from the perspectives of service providers, practitioners, and epidemiologists – persons who encounter problems related to blood-derivative infections at work. The second stage involved analysis at the level of local and country health policy – the institution of supervision, authorities, and administration through the engagement of experts, and public healthcare specialists. In the third stage, decision makers were interviewed (key representatives– that is, the opinions of leaders were sought) and asked to summarize and define priorities regarding conclusions determined in the earlier phases of the project, i.e., during the first and second stages. Results The final output of the entire project is a list of key problems/challenges and solution proposals associated with medical and nonmedical services that are connected to the breakage of tissue continuity. Conclusions Results composed from the multi-stage survey regarded proposed assumptions for the strategy for the prevention of blood-borne infections in Poland. Statistical data allowed the assessment of the health effects, while the methodology applied also allowed diagnosis of the processes leading to these effects.Funding This study was supported by a Swiss Contribution and Ministry of Health grant (KIK35).

Identification Method for Multichannel Multisensor ARMA Signal with Colored Measurement Noises

2012 ◽  
Vol 220-223 ◽  
pp. 1922-1928
Author(s):  
Ming Bo Zhang ◽  
Xiao Jun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Information Fusion ◽  
Dead Zone ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Identification Method ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
On Line ◽  
Measurement Noises

For the multisensor multichannel ARMA signal with ARMA colored measurement noises and unknown model parameters and noise variances, this paper presents a kind of multi-stage identification method. At the first stage, the on-line information fusion estimator for the unknown model parameters is presented based on the Recursive Instrumental Variable (RIV) algorithm and the Recursive Extended Least Squares (RELS) algorithm, which is realized by computing the average of local estimators for model parameter. At the second stage, the on-line information fusion estimator for the unknown variances is obtained using the correlation method, which is realized by computing the average of the local estimators for noise variances. At the third stage, the information fusion parameter estimator of MA model is presented using the correlation method and the dead zone Gevers-Wouters and LS algorithms.

scholarly journals MULTI-STAGE OPTIMAL CONTROL OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-220
Author(s):  
Florencia Duarte ◽  
Giovanna Joris ◽  
Alejandro Beccaria ◽  
Rodolfo Dondo
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Lignocellulosic Materials ◽  
Sweet Sorghum Bagasse ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Sorghum Bagasse ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Process Productivity

The dynamics of production and purification of ethanol from sorghum lignocellulosic materials by a three stages process was modeled and optimized in this work. The process involves a first stage for hydrolyzing sweet sorghum bagasse; a second stage for fermenting the generated sugars and a third stage for the separation of ethanol. Kinetic and distillation equations were embedded into macroscopic balances in order to derive a mathematical model used to solve the three-stage optimal control problem. The aim was to maximize the process productivity by optimally managing the controlled flows between units and by optimally fixing the switching times between the process stages. 

The Coherence of Mary Barton: Romance, Realism, and Utopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Robert Z. Birdwell
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Carlyle ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Mode Of Production

Critics have argued that Elizabeth Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton (1848), is split by a conflict between the modes of realism and romance. But the conflict does not render the novel incoherent, because Gaskell surpasses both modes through a utopian narrative that breaks with the conflict of form and gives coherence to the whole novel. Gaskell not only depicts what Thomas Carlyle called the ‘Condition of England’ in her work but also develops, through three stages, the utopia that will redeem this condition. The first stage is romantic nostalgia, a backward glance at Eden from the countryside surrounding Manchester. The second stage occurs in Manchester, as Gaskell mixes romance with a realistic mode, tracing a utopian drive toward death. The third stage is the utopian break with romantic and realistic accounts of the Condition of England and with the inadequate preceding conceptions of utopia. This third stage transforms narrative modes and figures a new mode of production.

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