scholarly journals الثورة الروسية عام 1917

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (104) ◽  
pp. 1552-1590
Author(s):  
م.د. نجلاء عدنان حسين
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
The Russian Empire

       The Russian Revolution of 1917, or the Bolshevik Revolution, was one of the most important historical events in Europe during the First World War. This revolution changed the course of Russian history. Its outbreak led to the formation of the Soviet Union, which was dismantled in the late 20th century. Because of a number of popular unrest and protests against the rule of Russian tsars and the Russian Empire, whose reign was characterized by the slow development of the country because of the existence of a political system subject to autocratic regimes and the control of nobles and landlords in all aspects of life in Russia, made the Russian society in the late century Nineteen rural people in the majority of workers and peasants, with the influence of the clergy and the imperial palace, accompanied by a primitive social structure, a backward economy and an autocratic government. Life in Russia was in the style of the Middle Ages. Russia retreated from the European industrial revolution until 1860, This led the people to wage a revolt against the Russian reactionary tsarist government in 1917. It was one of the most famous leaders of the Russian Revolution, Vladimir Lenin, who was called the " Revolutionaries of this revolution the Bolsheviks name or Almnschwk means the majority.

Russian Organized Crime: Its History, Structure and Function

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Albini ◽  
R.E. Rogers ◽  
Victor Shabalin ◽  
Valery Kutushev ◽  
Vladimir Moiseev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Soviet History ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Client Relationships ◽  
And Function

In analyzing Russian organized crime, the authors describe and classify the four major forms of organized crime: 1) political-social, 2) mercenary, 3) in-group, and 4) syndicated. Though the first three classifications of the aforementioned types of organized crime existed throughout Soviet history, it was the syndicated form that began to emerge in the late 1950's, expanding during the corrupt Breznev years (1964–82), exploding during perestroika, and reaching pandemic levels after the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991. The abrupt transformation of the Russian society from a centralized command economy to one driven by the forces of market capitalism created the socio-pathological conditions for the malignant spread of mercenary and especially syndicated organized crime. New criminals syndicates were created by an alliance of criminal gangs/groups and former members of the Soviet Union's communist nomenklatura (bureaucracy) and the consequence was the criminalization of much of the Russian economy. The social structure of these syndicates is based on a loose association of patron-client relationships rather than a centralized hierarchical system; their function is to provide illicit goods/services desired by the people. The authors conclude their study by emphasizing that what has taken place in Russia is not peculiar to the Russian people, but exemplifies what can happen to societies that experience rapid and intense social change.

Does russian society need «civil religion»?

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Varganov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Civil Religion ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
The Russian Federation

At the present stage of development of the Russian Federation, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the ideological bonds of the people disappeared. In these conditions, the "well-wishers" of various stripes are persistently trying to fi ll the resulting vacuum. The people themselves and their leadership are also in search of a national idea that can unite all Russians into a single nation. One of the options for a possible new national idea, according to some scientists, is the so-called "civil religion". Is it suitable for the Russian society?

scholarly journals American Corn in Russia: Lessons of the People-to-People Diplomacy and Capitalism

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria I. Zhuravleva
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
American Capitalism ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
American Society ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper is devoted to the “corn diplomacy” in the context of Russian-American relations from the end of the 19th century to the Cold war period. The author focuses her attention on three cases dealt with the American attempts to export their corn and secrets of corn production to the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Thеsе thematic priorities give her the brilliant opportunity to analyze two dimensions of American messianic feelings deter- mined the stable long-term perception trends of Russia in the American society. The eco- nomic one arose from the attractive prospects of exports of goods, capital, and technologies into Russian markets (Russia was supposed to learn “the lessons of American capitalism”). The humanitarian one turned a famished and backward Russia into the object of aid from the rich and prosperous America and the Americans—into “international philanthropists”. At the same time one of the main author’s conclusions is that the “corn diplomacy” played an important role in promoting better understanding between Russian and Americans be- came the equivalent of the people-to-people diplomacy. 

scholarly journals Visual Metaphors for the People: Unpacking Sergei Eisenstein’s Pedagogy of the Russian Revolution Through Film

Elements ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Prescott Brown
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Sergei Eisenstein ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Visual Metaphors ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
General Line ◽  
Communist Ideology

This paper attempts to understand how the celebrated and controversial figure of Sergei Eisenstein understood and contributed to the formation of the Soviet Union through his films of the 1920s.  The lens of visual metaphors offer a specific insight into how artistic choices of the director were informed by his own pedagogy for the Russian Revolution.  The paper asks the questions: Did Eisenstein's films reflect the official party rhetoric?  How did they inform or motivate the public toward the communist ideology of the early Soviet Union?  The primary sources used in this paper are from the films Strike (1925), Battleship Potemkin (1926), October (1928), and The General Line (1929).  Eisenstein created visual metaphors through the juxtaposition of images in his films which alluded to higher concepts.  A shot of a worker followed by the shot of gears turning created the concept of industry in the minds of the audience.  Through visual metaphors, it is possible to understand the motives of Eisenstein and the Communist party.  It is also possible, with the aid of secondary sources, to see how those motives differed.

scholarly journals The Destinies of German-Born People in Russia at the Turn of the Millennium

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Thorvaldsen
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
First Century ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Military

This article studies the stories of Russian citizens who were born in Germany but reside in Russia. Most of them had relocated to Russia as a result of the withdrawal of Russian troops from Germany after 1990. Analysing individual data from the 2002 and 2010 censuses, the author traces the lives of children born into the families of Soviet military men based in East Germany after World War II. Over 140,000 such migrants can be found in the 2002 census, far more than from any other country that was not part of the Soviet Union. Repatriation was accomplished from 1991 to 1994; and even though Germany financed part of the operation, it was necessary to solve the problems of accommodation and employment of the military men and their families locally. As a result of the study, the author manages to determine the territories inhabited by Russians born in Germany in the early twenty-first century. The number of people among them who speak foreign languages and have post-secondary education is higher than average, which testifies to the fact that the joint effort of the two countries was more beneficial for the future of the people born in Germany than might have been expected. The competence and education they acquired, together with the social networks between those repatriated, added significantly to their human capital and their contributions to Russian society.

Nagorno-Karabakh: to the problems of Armenian and Azerbaijani historiography

2018 ◽  
pp. 109-113
Author(s):  
D. V. Arkhireyskyi ◽  
O. B. Ivashkina
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
National Affair ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Constructive Dialogue ◽  
The Russian Empire

Some aspects of the confrontation between Armenian and Azerbaijani historians in the assessments of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict are highlighted. The roots of this conflict should be sought in the events of the early twentieth century related to the mutual pogroms and murders of the Armenian-Christian and Turkic-Muslim population of the Transcaucasian territories of the Russian Empire. The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict had its continuation during the events of 1917−1920, as well as at the end of the existence of the Soviet Union. It was during the Russian revolution that the first war broke out between Armenians and Azerbaijanis for the Nagorno-Karabakh. The war became a national affair of both nations, as they took part in it as regular and paramilitary units. With the collapse of the Soviet Union the conflict not only escalated but also turned back into war. Under current conditions this conflict has acquired geopolitical significance. All these events have become a stumbling block for Armenian and Azerbaijani historians. Using history facts, Transcaucasian scholars, are trying to prove the superiority of their peoples and their right to own certain lands, including Nagorno-Karabakh. The connection between government policy and the position of historians of both countries depend on the results of their researches. The prerequisites for establishing a constructive dialogue between Armenian and Azerbaijani researchers in the context of a possible political solution to the Nagorno-Karabakh problem are shown.

Vyatka Revolutionaries in the “Government Facility”: 1905—1913

2018 ◽  
pp. 793-808
Author(s):  
Alexander S. Masyutin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Political Prisoners ◽  
High Profile ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
Penal Institutions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Party Members ◽  
The Government

The article analyses various aspects of the life in prison of political prisoners of the Vyatka gubernia. Unpublished documents from the archives of Kirov and Moscow, on which this study is based, designate the subject of the study; that is, they allow to establish forms of resistance of political prisoners to prison regime, to identify patterns of their escapes, to trace dynamics in occupancy of political prisons in the Vyatka gubernia, to establish instances of interaction between representatives of different left parties while in penal institutions. The timeframe of the study is the period of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1908, when prisons ceased to be the tenement of few and far between ardent revolutionaries from the privileged strata of society, and swarmed with much less versed ideologically masses of the discontented. Thus, in view of a participant of the revolutionary events of 1905-1908, Socialists-Revolutionary Maximalist G. A. Nestroev, the ideological grounding of the political prisoners deteriorated significantly. The author, however, believes that this ‘diversity’ of prisoners allows to conduct a more thorough analysis of their public activity in prison and to better link the activities of prisoners with the people on whose behalf the revolutionary forces acted. The author focuses on the Socialists-Revolutionaries, as their percentage among prisoners was much higher than that of the Socialists-Democrats. Known for several high-profile assassinations, the former were considered more dangerous state criminals than the Socialists-Democrat ‘propagandists,’ and thus were subject to more severe punishments. After the October revolution 1917, the Bolsheviks created an extensive mythologized literature on fellow party members who served time in tsarist prisons but mentioned only several Socialists-Revolutionaries, and these were politically harmless, or deceased (like E. S. Sazonov), or attached to the Bolshevik party (like V. N. Rukhlyadev). Findings and conclusions of the article can be used in research of the later periods in the history of Russia and the Soviet Union, particularly, for comparison of the prisoners’ struggle with the prison administration and of the forms of assistance to prisoners from the outside in tzarist Russia and later.

scholarly journals The Eurasianism concept: Russian vs Western perspectives

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
Jiří Šubrt ◽  
Irina Šulc
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Professional Status ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Anthropological Research ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Communist Countries ◽  
Western Perspective ◽  
Ideological Construction

This article is dedicated to the concept of Eurasianism in the context of two approaches: Russian and Western. It will focus on how the idea of Eurasia has evolved over time first among Russian emigrants in Czechoslovakia, France and the USA in the period between the two world wars (P. Savitskii, N. Trubetskoy, G. Vernadsky), later – from the late 20th century in the USSR and in Russia itself (L. Gumilev, A. Dugin), and finally today, in the framework of Western social sciences (K. Hann). The aim of this paper is to give an indication of how this concept has served at different times and how its content has changed depending on the personality of the researcher and his worldview. The novelty of the approach is in contrasting the Russian and Western concepts of Eurasianism. The Russian perspectives speak of Eurasia within the framework of the Russian Empire or within the framework of the Soviet Union. The Western perspective is much wider than the Russian one and covers Europe and Asia. It was formed in the context of socio-anthropological research as an attempt to explain the processes taking place in post-communist countries, but it was also criticised. The fundamental question concerns its professional status – is it merely an ideological construction or does it have scientific substance?

scholarly journals Origin and Development of Service Cynology in Modern Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
V. S. Seliukov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Service Dogs ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Russian Empire

The history of the origin and formation of service cynology in Ukraine has quite interesting aspects. First of all, at the time when the territory of modern Ukraine was part of the Russian Empire, and eventually the Soviet Union, the police service cynology was originated in Ukraine. Thus, the beginning of the XX century was marked by the activities of H. M. Rudyi, who being a part of the detective police in 1904 organized the breeding station and began to use dogs to search for criminals. Besides, H. M. Rudyi organized training of a cynologist O. Erhant, who was objectively considered the first certified cynologist in Ukraine, and who graduated training in Schwelm. Heorhii Mykhailovych also developed an Instruction for the officials of Kyiv Detective Police, which defined the procedure and methods of involving dogs in the fight against crime. Further development of service police cynology throughout the Empire took place with the support and admiration of V. I. Lebediev, an official from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire, who contributed to the creation of the All-Russian Society for the Promotion of Dogs in Police and Guard Service, as well as certain associations within the Empire. The author of the article has also studied the historical stages of the development of cynology, which are offered to be divided according to the criteria of methods of using dogs, as well as new turning points in training. Thus, the next stage has offered to allocate the time, when the process of dog training began to be based on the results of research accomplished by I. P. Pavlov, who described the reflexes in general (conditioned and unconditioned); indicative reactions and their nature; stimuli and their types; types and principles of higher nervous activity of dogs; processes of inhibition and excitation; deviations in the activity of the dog’s brain. All this has increased the arsenal of human abilities in the process of preparing dogs for service. Particular attention has been paid to the fact that police cynology during the wars is somewhat re-profiled, but does not lose its relevance. Unfortunately, the development of cynology after the Second World War underwent significant regression due to the changes in public attitudes and the post-war situation, but this did not prevent further use and improvement of the use of dogs. The emphasis has been placed on the peculiarities of the next stage in the development of cynology, which is associated with the development of odor methods of selection and preservation of odors, as well as the emergence of dogs-detectors who are further used in odor examination. It has been also noted that the current stage of development of cynology is very diverse, i.e. service dogs are used in almost all areas of law enforcement activity.

scholarly journals The Problem of Ethno-Religious Nationalism in Georgia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tinatin Kavtaradze
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Eastern Christianity ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Ethnoreligious Identity ◽  
The Russian Empire

This research aims to demonstrate the range of Georgian Orthodox Church constructing the Georgian ethnoreligious nationalism. How ethnoreligious identity affects the functioning of a modern state? The pre-modern tradition of identity was based on religion and dynasty. Religious identity, under the church (mostly in eastern Christianity), could be associated with some ethnos. For example, Kartvelian”, in the middle ages, is determiner not for ethnos but faith. From this derived the term – Kartvelian (Georgian) by faith. Ethnoreligious nationalism and liberal nationalism are different. According to the tradition of state nationalism, religion is not a determinative factor for nationalism. Even non-Christian can be Georgian. The ethnoreligious nationalism is a non-modern project created during the modernity. In the period of nationalism religious identity, in some cases, was transformed into an ethnoreligious identity that contradicts a liberal understanding of the modern nation by which the idea of nation is not limited by religion or ethnos. Georgian Orthodox Church is an important factor forming Georgian ethnoreligious nationalism. Based on this, we can claim that the church’s anti-western trends, often, hinder the functioning of the modern state. This trend was formed in the period of the Russian empire and the Soviet Union. This point of view is dramatically different from the 1918-1921 years’ church’s aspiration for which western and liberal values were natural and vital setting.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document