9. Fossil Fuels and Clean Air

2020 ◽  
pp. 215-245
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Clean Air

scholarly journals Changes of 14C Concentration in Modern Trees from Upper Silesia Region, Poland

Radiocarbon ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (2B) ◽  
pp. 679-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Z Rakowski ◽  
Sławomira Pawełczyk ◽  
Anna Pazdur
Keyword(s):  
Tree Rings ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Populus Nigra ◽  
Pinus Silvestris ◽  
Upper Silesia ◽  
Industrial Areas ◽  
Suess Effect ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Concentration Measurements

Radiocarbon concentration measurements in tree rings from Upper Silesia indicate significantly lower 14C concentration as compared to the concentrations occurring in “clean air” areas. This phenomenon is known as the Suess effect and is caused by contamination with inactive carbon that originates from fossil fuels combustion. This effect is observed in large urban and industrial areas. Samples for the measurements presented in the paper were collected in some of the largest cities in Upper Silesia: Gliwice, Ruda Śląska, and Chorzów. The samples were annual tree rings (Populus nigra, Pinus silvestris) covering years 1965–1992 and the atmospheric CO2 collected weekly between December 1994 and December 1995.

scholarly journals Indoor Air Pollution and Concerned Health Costs in Indian Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 7559-7566
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Health Costs ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

Clean air is considered the fountain of life that enables humankind to sustain healthy lives while supporting unique ecosystems of the Earth. The United Nations, being the supreme policymaking body in the world, has duly stated that “clean air is a human right”. The underlying reason for this derives itself from gruesome statistics asserting that between 6 and 7 million people die prematurely each year due to air pollution, and around 90% of the global pollution breathes polluted air. Being the existential threat pollution is, most of it is caused by burning of fossil fuels that contributes not only to climate change but also deteriorating human health. A significant portion of air pollution is constituted by indoor air pollution through carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions, which has been a major cause of concern for India. It has been observed that 9 out of 10 people in India breathe air that breached safe limits and 7 million people die each year due to household air pollution through exposure to fine particles causing cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer and other pulmonary diseases. Women form a significant portion of such sufferers, whereby, a WHO report has found that mothers were more likely to deliver underweight babies in households with indoor air pollution from solid fuels. Associated with this, is the issue of increasing household expenditure on health vis-à-vis women. This paper examines the impact of such indoor pollution on women vis-à-vis health costs as part of their household expenditure allocations. Observations emphasise the need to reverse such trend of increasing indoor air pollution while moving on to a phase of employing greener fuels and technologies among households, and associated sensitive policymaking. This is expected to not only increase the standard of health among women of different strata but also will propel the productivity of human capital on a per capita basis.

scholarly journals Federal Coal Program Reform, the Clean Power Plan, and the Interaction of Upstream and Downstream Climate Policies

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-199
Author(s):  
Todd D. Gerarden ◽  
W. Spencer Reeder ◽  
James H. Stock
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Abatement Cost ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Social Cost Of Carbon ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Climate Policies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Can supply-side environmental policies that limit the extraction of fossil fuels reduce CO2 emissions? This paper studies interactions between a specific supply-side policy—a carbon surcharge on federal coal royalties—and regulation of emissions from the power sector under the Clean Air Act. Estimates from a detailed dynamic model of the power sector suggest that, absent new downstream regulation, a royalty surcharge equal to the social cost of carbon would generate three-quarters of the emissions reductions originally projected for the Clean Power Plan (CPP), with an average abatement cost roughly equal to the social cost of carbon. Were the CPP in place, the royalty surcharge would reduce emissions by reducing leakage and causing the CPP to be nonbinding in some scenarios. (JEL Q35, Q38, Q48, Q54, Q58)

Surface brightening in eastern and central China since the implementation of the Clean Air Action in 2013: causes and implications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongrong Shi ◽  
Jinqiang Zhang ◽  
Bin Zhao ◽  
Xiangao Xia ◽  
Bo Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central China ◽  
Clean Air

Biodiesel production from non-edible oils: A review

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Jatinder Kataria ◽  
Saroj Kumar Mohapatra ◽  
Amit Pal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
The World

The limited fossil reserves, spiraling price and environmental impact due to usage of fossil fuels leads the world wide researchers’ interest in using alternative renewable and environment safe fuels that can meet the energy demand. Biodiesel is an emerging renewable alternative fuel to conventional diesel which can be produced from both edible and non-edible oils, animal fats, algae etc. The society is in dire need of using renewable fuels as an immediate control measure to mitigate the pollution level. In this work an attempt is made to review the requisite and access the capability of the biodiesel in improving the environmental degradation.

BP Global Energy Outlook 2030

2013 ◽  
pp. 109-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rühl
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
The Us ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Oil Gas

This paper presents the highlights of the third annual edition of the BP Energy Outlook, which sets out BP’s view of the most likely developments in global energy markets to 2030, based on up-to-date analysis and taking into account developments of the past year. The Outlook’s overall expectation for growth in global energy demand is to be 36% higher in 2030 than in 2011 and almost all the growth coming from emerging economies. It also reflects shifting expectations of the pattern of supply, with unconventional sources — shale gas and tight oil together with heavy oil and biofuels — playing an increasingly important role and, in particular, transforming the energy balance of the US. While the fuel mix is evolving, fossil fuels will continue to be dominant. Oil, gas and coal are expected to converge on market shares of around 26—28% each by 2030, and non-fossil fuels — nuclear, hydro and renewables — on a share of around 6—7% each. By 2030, increasing production and moderating demand will result in the US being 99% self-sufficient in net energy. Meanwhile, with continuing steep economic growth, major emerging economies such as China and India will become increasingly reliant on energy imports. These shifts will have major impacts on trade balances.

Changing the face of short fiber –a review of the eucalyptus revolution

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER W. HART ◽  
RICARDO B. SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Short Fiber ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Paper Manufacturing ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Eucalypt Plantations ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantations

Eucalyptus plantations have been used as a source of short fiber for papermaking for more than 40 years. The development in genetic improvement and clonal programs has produced improved density plantations that have resulted in fast growing, increased fiber volume eucalypts becoming the most widely used source of short fibers in the world. High productivity and short rotation times, along with the uniformity and improved wood quality of clonal plantations have attracted private industry investment in eucalypt plantations. Currently, only a handful of species or hybrids are used in plantation efforts. Many more species are being evaluated to either enhance fiber properties or expand the range of eucalypt plantations. Eucalyptus plantations are frequently planted on nonforested land and may be used, in part, as a means of conserving native forests while allowing the production of high quality fiber for economic uses. Finally, eucalypt plantations can provide significant carbon sinks, which may be used to help offset the carbon released from burning fossil fuels. The development and expansion of eucalypt plantations represents a substantial revolution in pulp and paper manufacturing.

A tes

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
IJE Manager
Keyword(s):  
Energy Supply ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
A Site ◽  
Selection Methodology

In the past century, fossil fuels have dominated energy supply in Indonesia. However, concerns over emissions are likely to change the future energy supply. As people become more conscious of environmental issues, alternatives for energy are sought to reduce the environmental impacts. These include renewable energy (RE) sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, most RE sources like solar PV are not available continuously since they depend on weather conditions, in addition to geographical location. Bali has a stable and long sunny day with 12 hours of daylight throughout the year and an average insolation of 5.3 kWh/m2 per day. This study looks at the potential for on-grid solar PV to decarbonize energy in Bali. A site selection methodology using GIS is applied to measure solar PV potential. Firstly, the study investigates the boundaries related to environmental acceptability and economic objectives for land use in Bali. Secondly, the potential of solar energy is estimated by defining the suitable areas, given the technical assumptions of solar PV. Finally, the study extends the analysis to calculate the reduction in emissions when the calculated potential is installed. Some technical factors, such as tilting solar, and intermittency throughout the day, are outside the scope of this study. Based on this model, Bali has an annual electricity potential for 32-53 TWh from solar PV using amorphous thin-film silicon as the cheapest option. This potential amount to three times the electricity supply for the island in 2024 which is estimated at 10 TWh. Bali has an excessive potential to support its own electricity demand with renewables, however, some limitations exist with some trade-offs to realize the idea. These results aim to build a developmental vision of solar PV systems in Bali based on available land and the region’s irradiation.

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