scholarly journals Impact of Modern Technologies on Combat and Military Decisions

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-104
Author(s):  
Ioseb Avsajanishvili ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Military Industry ◽  
New Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
Modern Warfare ◽  
The Military ◽  
Modern Technologies

The history of the society development and its scientific and technological progress is constantly correlated with the history of wars. The desire to raise a person’s standard of living, the rapid pace of life and the aspiration to its high quality have always depended on inventions, technological innovations and the continuous process of development. Military science and the military industry are no exception. The importance of using modern technologies and precision intellectual weapons in a 21st century war is discussed. The issue of reconnaissance drones and the kinetic-strike capability of drones in combat is highlighted, as well as their support by space-based systems. This opened a new era in the art of modern warfare and pointed to the transformation of modern warfare. The article discusses features that have actually emerged in combat in airspace and cyberspace. All the challenges and problems that accompany military decision-making process are shown in the synthesis of these actions. The role and significance of reconnaissance and fighter drones in modern large-scale or local combat operations, especially for a small country like Georgia, are also discussed.

scholarly journals Olonets Metal Works as a Centre of Military Production in Russian Historiography

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Timofey V. Alekseev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Of Innovations ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Military Industry ◽  
Military Industrial Complex ◽  
Organizational Experience ◽  
Production Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Production

The paper deals with the history of the Olonets metal works – one of the centres of military industry in pre-revolutionary Russia. It aimed to analyse the views of Russian researchers on the problems of military production at these plants and their role in providing the army and navy with weapons in the 18th – еarly 20th centuries. The works of the pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and post-Soviet periods were studied. The relevance of this research is substantiated by the need for an in-depth examination of such a phenomenon in Russian history as the military-industrial complex and its prototype represented by the military industry of pre-revolutionary Russia. The article is focused on the way Russian historiography presents the organization of military production at the Olonets metal works, their technical reconstruction in order to master the production of brand new types of weapons, as well as the role of foreign specialists and foreign technical, technological and organizational experience in this process. The study revealed some important features of the Olonets metal works operation: the use of the economy’s mobilization mechanisms for their creation, their role as a transmitter of military production experience to other Russian regions, the influence of non-economic factors on the existence of military industry enterprises, as well as the effect and significance of diffusion of innovations in military industry. It is concluded that the final period in the history of the Olonets metal works (late 19th – early 20th centuries) is poorly reflected in Russian historiography. In addition, the research points out the need for a comprehensive work on the history of military production at the Olonets metal works in general.

Use of Selected Geospatial Tools for the Purposes of Reconnaissance

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-41
Author(s):  
Maciej Zaorski
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Site Assessment ◽  
Geospatial Tools ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Traffic Corridors ◽  
Modern Technologies

The implementation of modern tools in the military system constitutes an important step in supporting the decision-making process. The impact of new GIS technologies is important for the assessment of the battlefield . According to assumptions, reconnaissance is a continuous process that crowns the assessment of the opponent and of the battlefield. Site assessment is an element of the command process where the conclusions of the task analysis includes an assessment of the potential opponent together with his modus operandi and an assessment of the environment . As part of the Information Preparation of the Battlefield (hereinafter referred to as IPB), the identification of threats and limitations has an impact on the identification of potential approach routes, traffic corridors and maneuvers in assigned areas and lanes . The end result is the determination of the maneuverability of forces and resources owned or those of the opponent. The information is to relate to the impact of the terrain components on the scope and nature of conducted activities, and the hydrometeorological conditions are to relate to the impact on the terrain, equipment, and people . As far as it regards the analysis of the environment and the opponent, it is possible to apply modern technologies to shorten the time for the analyses performed within the ongoing decision-making process.

Strategic Planning Portals

2011 ◽  
pp. 974-978
Author(s):  
Javier Osorio
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New World ◽  
Corporate America ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Advantageous Position ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Maneuvering Forces

The history of strategic planning begins in the military. According to Webster’s New World Dictionary, strategy is the science of planning and directing large-scale military operations, of maneuvering forces into the most advantageous position prior to actual engagement with the enemy (Guralnic, 1986). Although the way we conceive strategy has changed when applied to management, one element remains key: the aim to achieve competitive advantage. Strategic planning in organizations originated in the 1950s and was very popular and widespread from the mid 1960s to mid 1970s, when people believed it was the answer to all problems and corporate America was “obsessed” with strategic planning. Following that “boom,” strategic planning was cast aside and abandoned for over a decade. The 1990s brought the revival of strategic planning as a process with particular benefits in particular contexts (Mintzberg, 1994).

Economic reforms in Russia: Theoretical aspects and the practice of XIX—early XX century

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-46
Author(s):  
A. A. Belykh ◽  
V. A. Mau
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Prime Factor ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Military Industry ◽  
Intellectual Elite ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Economic Modernization ◽  
Working Out

This article analyzes both general issues of the theory of reforms and the history of economic reforms in Russia in the XIX—early XX century. The authors propose to consider the procces of carrying out reforms and counter-reforms as a result of interaction of several actors — “a theoretician”, “a reformer”, “a ruler”, “an elite” and “people”. During the whole Russian history reforms were of cyclic character. This article studies reforms conducted by M. M. Speransky, great reforms of Alexander II, reforms carried out by S. Yu. Vitte and P. A. Stolypin, counter-reforms of Nickolas I and Alexander III. All Russian reforms have always been aimed at the country’s modernization. However, though reforms were usually initiated for political reasons, economic reforms were in fact implemented. The tasks of modernization were realized in the first place in the military industry. Economic modernization occupied the second place by importance. Modernization of culture received much less attention, and modernization of political institutions was almost neglected. Historical experience shows that every project of modernization is unique and implies that reformers and intellectual elite are able to find those key decisions that will guarantee success. It is for this reason that the art of economic policy remains the prime factor in working out the strategy of reforms.

Fear: Soldiers and Emotion in Early Twentieth-Century Russian Military Psychology

Slavic Review ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Plamper
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
Military Psychology ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Nikita Khrushchev ◽  
History Of ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Modern Warfare ◽  
The Military

This article provides an analysis of the locus of fear in military psychology in late imperial Russia. After the Russo-Japanese War and the 1905 Revolution, the debate coalesced around two poles: “realists” (such as the military psychiatrist Grigorii Shumkov) argued that fear was natural, while “romantics” upheld the image of constitutionally fearless soldiers. Jan Plamper begins by identifying the advent of modern warfare (foreshadowed by the Crimean War) and its engendering of more and different fears as a key cause for a dramatic increase in fear-talk among Russia's soldiers. He links these fears to literature, which offered—most prominentiy in Lev Tolstoi's Sevastopol Sketches (1855)—some of the vocabulary soldiers could use to express their fears. Mikhail Dragomirov's fear-centered military theory during the Great Reforms was the next milestone. Plamper closes by sketching the history of fear after World War I, from Iosif Stalin's penal battalions to the rehabilitation of military psychology under Nikita Khrushchev and beyond.

scholarly journals The Rigid Disk Drive Industry: A History of Commercial and Technological Turbulence

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton M. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Disk Drive ◽  
Early Years ◽  
New Firms ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Technological Turbulence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
Disk Drive Industry

In its early years, the disk drive industry was led by a group of large-scale, integrated firms of the sort that Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., observed in his studies of several of the world's largest industries. The purpose of this history is to explore why it was so difficult for the leading disk drive manufacturers to replicate their success when technology and the structure of markets changed. The most successful firms aggressively developed the new component technologies required to address their leading customers’ needs, but this attention caused leading drive makers to ignore a sequence of emerging market segments, where innovative disk drive technologies were deployed by new entrants. As the performance of these new-architecture products improved at a rapid pace, the new firms were eventually able to conquer established markets as well. As a consequence, most of the integrated firms that established the disk drive industry were driven from it, displaced by networks of tightly focused, less integrated independent companies.

scholarly journals ‘To work more, produce more and defend the revolution’: Copper workers from socialism to neoliberalism

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Whitaker ◽  
Ángela Vergara
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Copper Mines ◽  
Owned Company ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
The Military ◽  
Popular Unity

On 11 July 1971, Chile’s National Congress, in a historic vote, unanimously approved reforming the constitution, which opened the door to nationalise the large-scale copper industry. Traditional historical accounts of the nationalisation of copper had emphasised a history of negotiations between foreign capital and the Chilean government, documenting how economists and political leaders experimented with different approaches to obtain a share of the profits from the country’s most valuable commodity. By focusing exclusively on the political economy, however, scholars have overlooked the role of workers during and after the process of nationalisation and failed to account for why copper miners continued to fight to protect a state-owned company. Influenced by Peter Winn’s Weavers of Revolution and recent studies on people’s experience during the Popular Unity (UP) era, this article looks at the nationalisation of copper from below. It analyses how workers fought for, understood and experienced the nationalisation; how the UP transformed labour relations at the local level; and how the military, after 1973, redesigned the state company. By placing workers at the centre of the nationalisation, this article can help better understand its importance as a matter of both political economy and workers’ power and explain why the copper mines became the first site of labour resistance against the military regime.

Commemorative Medal for the Centenary of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1826

2018 ◽  
pp. 1244-1253
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Yu. Basargina ◽  
◽  
Olga A. Kirikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
New Era ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Imperial Family ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Made In

The article studies the commemorative medal for the centenary of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences as a part of the Academy’s jubilee. Preserving memory of significant events is one of key aspects of culture. Jubilees and jubilee-related artifacts, i.e. commemorative medals, have their place among so called commemorative practices. Scientific community uses such practices make appeals to the authorities, to enhance its prestige, and to consolidate itself. The 1826 commemorative medal appeared to be a part of the jubilee events. The large-scale celebrations seemed to be a landmark in the history of the Academy of Sciences. Its President, Sergey Uvarov, used the opportunity to appeal to the Emperor and to show the Academy in all its glory. Medallionist Fyodor Tolstoy created for the occasion a jubilee commemorative medal, which was presented to the members of the Imperial family and other notable guests. That event was the climax of the celebration. The medal was authorized by the Emperor. Its creation therefore proved that the authorities recognized the import of the Academy of Sciences, the worth of science for state, its military power and its political reputation. The 1826 commemorative medal symbolized Imperial favor towards the Academy of Sciences; it bears the names of three monarchs: Peter I, its founder, Alexander I, its protector at the close of its first hundred years, and Nicholas I, its hope for the new era. Several drafts of the medal prove that academician experts in numismatics participated in its creation. The authors consider the commemorative medal an important historical source and a set of symbols to be explained. The article analyses art media and studies the evolution of medal inscriptions (they were first made in Latin, but later re-written in Russian on the Emperor’s orders).

Soviet Aid to the Spanish Republic in 1936–1939: Modern Conservative Versions

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. Novikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Soviet Leadership ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Gold Reserve ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact

The subject of the study is some modern conservative versions of the history of the Soviet Union’s military assistance to the Spanish Republic in 1936–1939. The aim of the article is to attempt a critical analysis of the new and revived versions of the motives of Soviet intervention in the Spanish conflict, of the involvement of the Soviet leadership in large-scale terror against civilians in the republican zone, of the degree of influence of the Soviet leadership and Soviet representatives in Spain on the governmental structure of the Spanish Republic, of the anti-fascist character of the war. The study has established the inconsistency of the versions about Soviet aid as a means of promoting the world revolution in Spain and as an attempt to draw the democratic and fascist states into a major war between themselves through the Spanish conflict, about the possibilities of Stalin in 1936 to manipulate the great powers. It has been proved that conservative historians exaggerate the degree of influence of Stalin and Soviet political representatives in Spain on the military-political leadership of the republic. The impact of the so-called “instruments” of Soviet influence in the Spanish Republic is also exaggerated. The first of the instruments is considered to be the relocation of part of the gold reserve to Moscow, which, allegedly, allowed the Soviet control over the finances of the republic to be established. The second is the activities of Soviet military advisers; the third is the Communist Party of Spain, which was part of the Comintern, and was considered as an obedient tool in the hands of Moscow. It was and still is traditional to attribute responsibility for unleashing large-scale terror against civilians in the republican zone to Stalin, which does not correspond to reality as convincingly proved by the British historian P. Preston in his famous work The Spanish Holocaust. The scale of terror was exaggerated in the republican zone and, accordingly, understated in the Francoist zone. The study shows the failure of attempts to distort the anti-fascist nature of the war waged by the Spanish Republic relying on the support of the Soviet Union, Mexico, the progressive public of most civilized countries of that time, as well as attempts to present the regimes of Hitler, Mussolini and Franco in 1936–1939 as quite respectable. The new and updated critical versions of the Soviet aid to the Spanish Republic considered in the article are the result of the neoconservative wave in western historiography, which influenced representatives of both the classical historical school and the adherents of postmodernism.

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