scholarly journals ‘To work more, produce more and defend the revolution’: Copper workers from socialism to neoliberalism

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Whitaker ◽  
Ángela Vergara
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Copper Mines ◽  
Owned Company ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
The Military ◽  
Popular Unity

On 11 July 1971, Chile’s National Congress, in a historic vote, unanimously approved reforming the constitution, which opened the door to nationalise the large-scale copper industry. Traditional historical accounts of the nationalisation of copper had emphasised a history of negotiations between foreign capital and the Chilean government, documenting how economists and political leaders experimented with different approaches to obtain a share of the profits from the country’s most valuable commodity. By focusing exclusively on the political economy, however, scholars have overlooked the role of workers during and after the process of nationalisation and failed to account for why copper miners continued to fight to protect a state-owned company. Influenced by Peter Winn’s Weavers of Revolution and recent studies on people’s experience during the Popular Unity (UP) era, this article looks at the nationalisation of copper from below. It analyses how workers fought for, understood and experienced the nationalisation; how the UP transformed labour relations at the local level; and how the military, after 1973, redesigned the state company. By placing workers at the centre of the nationalisation, this article can help better understand its importance as a matter of both political economy and workers’ power and explain why the copper mines became the first site of labour resistance against the military regime.

Die Bundeswehr und die Belgischen Streitkräfte in Deutschland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Springer
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Training Areas ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Peak Phase ◽  
East West

This study is dedicated to the regional history of the East-West conflict on the basis of the relationship between the Germany military and the Belgian armed forces stationed in Germany. The central question it addresses is which factors were largely responsible for the interdependence between actors and institutions of both armies. In addition to analysing the limited time of the peak phase of Belgian military deployment in the Federal Republic 1946–1990, the book concentrates regionally on the military training areas of Vogelsang in the Eifel and the Wahner Heide near Cologne as military contact zones. For this purpose, the author evaluates unpublished archival sources at the local level for the first time.

Strategic Planning Portals

2011 ◽  
pp. 974-978
Author(s):  
Javier Osorio
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New World ◽  
Corporate America ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Advantageous Position ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Maneuvering Forces

The history of strategic planning begins in the military. According to Webster’s New World Dictionary, strategy is the science of planning and directing large-scale military operations, of maneuvering forces into the most advantageous position prior to actual engagement with the enemy (Guralnic, 1986). Although the way we conceive strategy has changed when applied to management, one element remains key: the aim to achieve competitive advantage. Strategic planning in organizations originated in the 1950s and was very popular and widespread from the mid 1960s to mid 1970s, when people believed it was the answer to all problems and corporate America was “obsessed” with strategic planning. Following that “boom,” strategic planning was cast aside and abandoned for over a decade. The 1990s brought the revival of strategic planning as a process with particular benefits in particular contexts (Mintzberg, 1994).

Race-ing Fargo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Small City ◽  
American Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
The City

Tracing the history of refugee settlement in Fargo, North Dakota, from the 1980s to the present day, this book focuses on the role that gender, religion, and sociality play in everyday interactions between refugees from South Sudan and Bosnia-Herzegovina and the dominant white Euro-American population of the city. The book outlines the ways in which refugees have impacted this small city over the last thirty years, showing how culture, political economy, and institutional transformations collectively contribute to the racialization of white cities like Fargo in ways that complicate their demographics. The book shows that race, religion, and decorum prove to be powerful forces determining worthiness and belonging in the city and draws attention to the different roles that state and private sectors played in shaping ideas about race and citizenship on a local level. Through the comparative study of white secular Muslim Bosnians and Black Christian Southern Sudanese, the book demonstrates how cross-cultural and transnational understandings of race, ethnicity, class, and religion shape daily citizenship practices and belonging.

Agrarian change and agrarian crisis: state and peasantry in post-revolution Ethiopia

Africa ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dessalegn Rahmato
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Agrarian Change ◽  
Rural Ethiopia ◽  
The One ◽  
Agrarian Crisis ◽  
The Military

AbstractThis article reviews the agrarian policies of post-revolution Ethiopia and discusses the evolution of relations between the peasantry and the military state in the period 1975-90. In broad terms, state policy changed rapidly from simple, home-flavoured populism in the latter part of the 1970s to hard-line Stalinism in the 1980s. The various rural policies that followed, such as collectivisation, villagisation and resettlement, and their effect on the peasantry are briefly assessed. The central point is that these policies impeded the institutionalisation of the populist land reform, politicised agricultural programmes to the detriment of rural production, and embittered relations between state and peasantry. The article also deals with the structure of power in rural Ethiopia as it was beginning to emerge out of the radical reforms of the period in question. The newly evolving rural elite, peasants active in rural mass organisations, is shown to be closely linked with the state apparatus. The hardening of state policy on the one hand, and peasant resentment on the other, soon led to a sort of unholy alliance between the forces of the state at the local level and the rural elite, giving rise to corruption on a large scale. The rapid escalation of rural insurgency, while not directly addressed, is shown to have been a consequence of the deterioration of relations between peasants and the state. The reform of agrarian Stalinism hurriedly launched in 1990 - discussed at some length in the last section of the article - came much too late to rally the peasantry to the side of the state.

Conclusions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Covey ◽  
Sonia Alconini
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local People ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
The Military ◽  
Imperial State

This chapter is an editorial conclusion to Part 3, responding to the central issues raised in chapters on the military, political, and economic power of the Inca state. The concluding chapter mentions some large-scale theoretical formulations for imperial rule, and then discusses the trajectory of Inca militarism as the empire expanded beyond the Cuzco region. Conquest led to varying manifestations of Inca economic power, and many aspects of the political economy were projected from the household of the ruling Inca and his wife. Kinship served as a key means for connecting Inca rulers with subject populations, but local people could evade the imperial state under some circumstances, especially in areas where food production practices were different from those most familiar to the maize-farming Incas.

scholarly journals Impact of Modern Technologies on Combat and Military Decisions

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-104
Author(s):  
Ioseb Avsajanishvili ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Military Industry ◽  
New Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
Modern Warfare ◽  
The Military ◽  
Modern Technologies

The history of the society development and its scientific and technological progress is constantly correlated with the history of wars. The desire to raise a person’s standard of living, the rapid pace of life and the aspiration to its high quality have always depended on inventions, technological innovations and the continuous process of development. Military science and the military industry are no exception. The importance of using modern technologies and precision intellectual weapons in a 21st century war is discussed. The issue of reconnaissance drones and the kinetic-strike capability of drones in combat is highlighted, as well as their support by space-based systems. This opened a new era in the art of modern warfare and pointed to the transformation of modern warfare. The article discusses features that have actually emerged in combat in airspace and cyberspace. All the challenges and problems that accompany military decision-making process are shown in the synthesis of these actions. The role and significance of reconnaissance and fighter drones in modern large-scale or local combat operations, especially for a small country like Georgia, are also discussed.

Industrial Transformation and Labour Relations in Puerto Rico: From ‘Operation Bootstrap’ to the 1970s

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro A. Caban
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Development Programme ◽  
Industrial Transformation ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Operation Bootstrap ◽  
The Impact

During the 1950s and 1960s Puerto Rico's industrial transformation was accompanied by social stability and relatively peaceful labour relations, which were essential for a development programme dependent upon foreign investments. The state took a central role in this process, as it guided economic activity and mobilised vital human and material resources. However, by the late 1960s profound changes in the island's political economy threatened this state-guided development programme. This essay traces the history of Puerto Rican economic change and the relationship between industrial transformation and the state's capacity to manage the operation of the economy, particularly industrial relations up to the late 1970s. Four features of this process will be examined: (1) labour relations during the early phase of industrialisation; (2) the changes in the economy resulting from the expansion of capital-intensive industrial sectors; (3) the impact of these changes on the state's capacity to manage the political economy, particularly its fiscal policy; and (4) how these changes altered the nature of state-labour relations.

Prison History

Criminology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Schmalleger ◽  
Cassandra Atkin-Plunk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prison Systems ◽  
Historical Accounts

Prisons in the United States and Western European nations have a rich history, with the use of confinement as a form of punishment dating back to medieval times. Throughout the centuries, scholars and penal reformers have widely documented reform efforts and the shift in punishment philosophies. This shift resulted in corporal punishment methods being abandoned and replaced with incarceration. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the confinement of criminals in prisons expanded across the United States and Europe. As the use of prisons as punishment became common practice, penal innovations throughout continental Europe influenced the development of competing prison discipline systems in the United States. The opposing systems in the United States in turn promoted a change in penal practices across Europe. The state of early prison systems has been well documented, from first-hand accounts of abysmal conditions in early European prisons to historical examinations of physical prison structures. Scholars have conducted case studies of historical penal institutions as well as examined the history of women in prison, which paints a vivid picture of prisons throughout history. Historians and scholars also place great emphasis on reform efforts of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, where authors cite social transformations, ideological shifts, economic changes, and political events that resulted in the widespread use of incarceration that continues in the early 21st century. The 1970s is arguably the most pivotal decade in the recent history of prisons, where the United States witnessed a sweeping change in the political climate. This change resulted in a transformation of penal and sentencing policies, which ultimately resulted in mass incarceration practices in the United States, and to a lesser extent in Europe. A substantial amount of scholarly research on trends in the correctional population emerged in the 1990s and 2000s. The consequences of the unprecedented increase in incarceration have also been examined, particularly with regard to the large-scale incarceration of minorities. Overall, the numerous historical accounts of prison development and penal practices throughout time will help researchers and students alike gain a comprehensive understanding of the history of prisons in the United States and Europe.

scholarly journals Pakistan's Devolution of Power Plan 2001: A brief dawn for local democracy?

2013 ◽  
pp. 20-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munawwar Alam ◽  
Mohammad Abuzar Wajidi
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Democracy ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
Grassroots Democracy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

Local government is not a new concept in Pakistan. Since the founding of the country in 1947 Pakistan has always had local governments as the lowest-tier political structure. However, grassroots democracy has been eclipsed at different times in the country’s history. As we write this article, there is no elected local government in Pakistan. The article documents the recent history of decentralisation with special reference to the Devolution of Power Plan (DOPP) introduced by the military government of General Pervez Musharraf in 2001. The author was closely involved with the DOPP at both policy and implementation levels. The paper also looks at political economy issues relating to decentralisation in Pakistan.

Population, Politics, and Unemployment Policy in the Great Depression

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Cohen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social History ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unemployment Policy

Working out large-scale processes through close attention to local-level analysis remained central to Louise Tilly's approach to social history. An ongoing commitment to agency and strategy undergirded her vision for a global history that made connections between large-scale processes across space, between human agency and structure, and between the past and present. Her vision remains an important influence in my coauthored comparative history of the welfare state in England, France, and the United States. This is illustrated by a discussion of unemployment policies in the three countries at one particular moment of crisis, the Great Depression, concentrating on the United States, where the Depression hit first and hit the hardest. Important differences in demography, the mobilization of ordinary citizens, the responsiveness of state structures to democratic pressure, and public attitudes about the legitimate role of government all affected the history of unemployment policy in each country.

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