scholarly journals FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE LIVESTOCK FUND OF THE AGRICULTURAL INITIATIVE IN IRAQ FOR THE PERIOD (2009-2018)

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-657
Author(s):  
M. H. O. Al khazeli ◽  
B. H. Al-Badri
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Federal Budget ◽  
The Other ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
High Interest ◽  
Food Pattern ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Livestock Products

The demand for livestock products (dairy, meat, eggs) is characterized by a continuous increase in its basic importance as well as being essential in the prevailing food pattern domestically. The livestock sector suffers from a problem of poor funding and the investor’s inability to compete for several reasons, the most important of which is the high interest on loans granted by institutions. Borrowing, and since the project needs large capital, it will make the investor a loser without any doubt. The demand for livestock products is characterized by a continuous increase in its basic importance and its entry as a major component of the prevailing food pattern locally. With the exception of the governorates of Nineveh and Salah al-Din for the period (2009-2013), it decreased to less than 50% for the period (2014-2018) and the reason is due to the events that occurred in addition to the repeated postponement decisions for all loans within the Federal Budget Law. The rate of late loan collection is low in all governorates for the period studied (2009-2016), as the average did not exceed 62% in 2016, or the lowest average was in 2010 by 4.5%, and the reason for this is that the projects that were lagged in repayment are either that the rates of completion Their operation is low from the beginning, or poorly managed and subject to repeated epidemiological injuries. The research also found that the rates of collection of the livestock fund increased, reaching the highest in 2012 (87.3) with a standard deviation (0.202) and the lowest average in 2018 (43.1) with a standard deviation (0.220) as it shows clearly the progress of the central and southern governorates over the other covered governorates.

scholarly journals An alternative to the rejection of observations

1932 ◽  
Vol 137 (831) ◽  
pp. 78-87 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Continuous Function ◽  
Large Deviations ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cause Of Error ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Law ◽  
Usual Rule

1. It is widely felt that any method of rejecting observations with large deviations from the mean is open to some suspicion. Suppose that by some criterion, such as Peirce’s and Chauvenet’s, we decide to reject observations with deviations greater than 4 σ, where σ is the standard error, computed from the standard deviation by the usual rule; then we reject an observation deviating by 4·5 σ, and thereby alter the mean by about 4·5 σ/ n , where n is the number of observations, and at the same time we reduce the computed standard error. This may lead to the rejection of another observation deviating from the original mean by less than 4 σ, and if the process is repeated the mean may be shifted so much as to lead to doubt as to whether it is really sufficiently representative of the observations. In many cases, where we suspect that some abnormal cause has affected a fraction of the observations, there is a legitimate doubt as to whether it has affected a particular observation. Suppose that we have 50 observations. Then there is an even chance, according to the normal law, of a deviation exceeding 2·33 σ. But a deviation of 3 σ or more is not impossible, and if we make a mistake in rejecting it the mean of the remainder is not the most probable value. On the other hand, an observation deviating by only 2 σ may be affected by an abnormal cause of error, and then we should err in retaining it, even though no existing rule will instruct us to reject such an observation. It seems clear that the probability that a given observation has been affected by an abnormal cause of error is a continuous function of the deviation; it is never certain or impossible that it has been so affected, and a process that completely rejects certain observations, while retaining with full weight others with comparable deviations, possibly in the opposite direction, is unsatisfactory in principle.

scholarly journals An Optimal and Stable Algorithm for Clustering Numerical Data

Algorithms ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Ali Seman ◽  
Azizian Mohd Sapawi
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Real World ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Stable Algorithm ◽  
Real World Applications

In the conventional k-means framework, seeding is the first step toward optimization before the objects are clustered. In random seeding, two main issues arise: the clustering results may be less than optimal and different clustering results may be obtained for every run. In real-world applications, optimal and stable clustering is highly desirable. This report introduces a new clustering algorithm called the zero k-approximate modal haplotype (Zk-AMH) algorithm that uses a simple and novel seeding mechanism known as zero-point multidimensional spaces. The Zk-AMH provides cluster optimality and stability, therefore resolving the aforementioned issues. Notably, the Zk-AMH algorithm yielded identical mean scores to maximum, and minimum scores in 100 runs, producing zero standard deviation to show its stability. Additionally, when the Zk-AMH algorithm was applied to eight datasets, it achieved the highest mean scores for four datasets, produced an approximately equal score for one dataset, and yielded marginally lower scores for the other three datasets. With its optimality and stability, the Zk-AMH algorithm could be a suitable alternative for developing future clustering tools.

Daily fluctuations in aircraft noise exposure around civil airports and military airfields in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (1) ◽  
pp. 5154-5160
Author(s):  
Koichi Makino ◽  
Naoaki Shinohara
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Aircraft Noise ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yearly Average ◽  
Daily Total ◽  
Airline Flight ◽  
Monitoring Stations

In Japan, yearly average of (day-evening-night sound level) as cumulative noise index has been adopted in national noise guideline of "Environmental Quality Standards for Aircraft Noise." Daily flight movements at civil airports are almost stable because of scheduled airline flight. On the other, daily total flight movements at military airfields greatly change day to day because of training flights, etc. Thus, noise exposure around the airport may change significantly from day to day due to change of flight movement. This paper shows examples of fluctuations, frequency distribution and deviation of daily using aircraft noise monitoring data around civil airports and military airfields. In the case of civil airports, standard deviation of daily was less than 5 dB at the monitoring stations where the yearly average of were about 55 dB or more. However, the standard deviation of daily increased 10 dB or more in some cases at points where yearly average of less than 55 dB. Furthermore, in the case of military airfields, the standard deviation of daily were 5 dB or more for all monitoring stations.

scholarly journals Nature versus Nurture in Shallow Convection

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 1655-1666 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Romps ◽  
Zhiming Kuang
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Shallow Convection ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Cloud Properties ◽  
Nature Versus Nurture ◽  
Large Eddy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Single Set

Abstract Tracers are used in a large-eddy simulation of shallow convection to show that stochastic entrainment (and not cloud-base properties) determines the fate of convecting parcels. The tracers are used to diagnose the correlations between a parcel’s state above the cloud base and both the parcel’s state at the cloud base and its entrainment history. The correlation with the cloud-base state goes to zero a few hundred meters above the cloud base. On the other hand, correlations between a parcel’s state and its net entrainment are large. Evidence is found that the entrainment events may be described as a stochastic Poisson process. A parcel model is constructed with stochastic entrainment that is able to replicate the mean and standard deviation of cloud properties. Turning off cloud-base variability has little effect on the results, which suggests that stochastic mass-flux models may be initialized with a single set of properties. The success of the stochastic parcel model suggests that it holds promise as the framework for a convective parameterization.

Development of a Soil Bioassay for Triclopyr Residues and Comparison with a Laboratory Extraction

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 538-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Ranft ◽  
S. S. Seefeldt ◽  
M. Zhang ◽  
D. L. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Broad Leaf ◽  
Soil Bioassays ◽  
Residual Herbicide

The use of triclopyr for the removal of woody and broad-leaf vegetation in right-of-ways and agricultural settings has been proposed for Alaska. Triclopyr concentrations in soil after application are of concern because residual herbicide may affect growth of subsequent vegetation. In order to measure triclopyr residues in soil and determine the amount of herbicide taken up by the plant, soil bioassays were developed. Four agricultural species, turnip, lettuce, mustard, and radish, were tested to determine sensitivity to triclopyr in a 1-wk bioassay. The sensitivity (I50) of turnip, lettuce, mustard, and radish was 0.33 ± 0.05 kg ai ha−1, 0.78 ± 0.11 kg ai ha−1, 0.78 ± 0.07 kg ai ha−1, and 0.85 ± 0.10 kg ai ha−1 (mean ± SE), respectively. Mustard was the most consistent crop in the bioassay with a midrange response to triclopyr and lowest standard deviation for germination as compared to the other species. Thus, it was used in a bioassay to determine triclopyr concentrations in a field trial. The bioassay of mustard closely matched residual amounts of triclopyr in a field trial determined by chemical extraction. Estimates of residual triclopyr concentrations using the bioassay method were sometimes less than the triclopyr concentration determined using a chemical extraction. These differences in concentrations were most evident after spring thaw when the chemical extraction determined there was enough triclopyr in the soil to reduce mustard growth over 60%, yet the bioassay measured only a 10% reduction. The chemical extraction method may have identified nonphototoxic metabolites of triclopyr to be the herbicidal triclopyr acid. These methods, when analyzed together with a dose–response curve, offer a more complete picture of triclopyr residues and the potential for carryover injury to other plant species.

scholarly journals Periculum maris come il valore contrattuale nel diritto romano

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Benincasa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Market Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Joint Gain ◽  
International Commerce ◽  
High Interest ◽  
Classical Scheme ◽  
Special Category

For persons who wanted to invest their resources in international commerce, the necessity of a sea voyage significantly increased the risk connected to this venture. Thus the contracts, which took into account the risk related to navigation, constituted under Roman law a special category of contracts, as they modified standard contracts such as a loan or a partnership contract. In the contract of maritime loan the fact that the creditor assumed the risk of losing money in case the condition si salva navis pervenerit was not fulfilled and in exchange could claim high interest to compensate him for such risk transforms this contract into an instrument used for the joint gain of profits. The classical scheme, in which all partners were obliged to share both profits and losses was modified by a partnership contract, in which a partner whose contribution involved exclusively undertaking risky sea voyages was exempt from bearing losses. This pactum made it possible to treat pecuniary contributions and in-kind contributions as equivalent in value. This prevented a situation in which the partner whose sole contribution involved services, in spite of due performance of his obligations, would be liable to repay a part of the loss to the partner who brought capital, if the activity of the partnership resulted in the loss. A typical example, referred to by jurists, of a situation in which services performed by a partner justified discharging him from participating in the loss, was the case in which one of the socii financed the purchase of goods to be subsequently sold with profit in another port, while the other one carried out this venture risking his life during the sea voyage. Therefore, undoubtedly, services entailing a dangerous sea voyage constituted a good example of a partnership, in which the value of a contribution of opera was even greater than the value of the capital invested, and this justified releasing one of the partners from participation in the loss. Therefore, the risk related to navigation, and more specifically the willingness to assume it, starts to be considered as having a certain economic and market value. This value constitutes a special periculi pretium, that is to be taken into consideration in a contract relationship. The acknowledgement by Roman jurists that the willingness to assume the risk connected with certain types of business constituted an economic value, means that the importance of such factors as the partner’s efficiency, resourcefulness, or willingness to embark on a risky activity (in most cases crucial for a success of an enterprise) – was fully appreciated.

Causes of bradycardia with static respiratory hypoxia in athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Yu. E. Vaguine
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Heart Rate Monitor ◽  
Arterial Blood

According to some literature data, during voluntary long-term breath holding (BH), the heart rate (HR) increases, and according to others, it decreases.Objective: to determine the psychophysiological parameters that cause a change in HR during BH in athletes with different resistance to respiratory hypoxia.Materials and methods: HR at BH was studied in 14 beginner athletes, 15 basketball players and 12 swimmers-divers. Duration of BH was recorded. The HR was recorded on a heart rate monitor. After recording an electrocardiogram, the standard deviation of the duration of cardiac cycles was calculated. The arterial oxygen saturation was measured with a pulse oximeter. The statistically significant values of the correlation coefficient (r) were ≥0.33 with p < 0.05.Results: it was found that out of 41 sportsmen, HR increased by more than 5 % in 4, changed insignificantly in 7 and decreased by less than 5 % in 30. Beginner athletes had tachycardia, and BH was quickly interrupted by an imperative inhalation. The saturation of arterial blood with oxygen did not change and did not affect the change in HR. The decrease in heart rate in swimmers-divers in comparison with the other two groups of people examined was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The duration of BH had a direct correlation (r = 0.5) with bradycardia in these people. The duration of BH caused (r = 0.8) hypoxia, the value of which also directly influenced (r = 0.38) the severity of bradycardia. In addition, the decrease in HR depended on high HR (r = 0.36) and low HR variability (r = 0.38) before BH.Conclusion: tachycardia occurs in beginner athletes who experience discomfort with BH. Bradycardia occurs in sportsmen with a long-term BH setting without discomfort. Sympathicotonia in the prelaunch state predetermines the severity of bradycardia in BH. The duration of BH and the resulting hypoxia provide the occurrence of bradycardia.

Ekonomic efficiency of the bioprepations application when goosberry (Ribes uva-crispa L.) under the conditions of the Ukraine`s Lisosteppe

2020 ◽  
pp. 184-190
Author(s):  
O.G. Polgorodnik ◽  
◽  
S.I. Gradchenko ◽  
L.O. Barabash ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Cost Recovery ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Biological Protection

In the conditions of the Ukraine`s Lisosteppe the efficiency of the researched biological protection means Trichodermin, Planryz, Pentafag and Gaupsin in dejecting the development of and septoria spot in the gooseberry orchards appeared to depend both on the experimental preparations and cultivar peculiarities. The cv Svarog biological resistance to powdery mildew proved higher as compared to “Tiasmyn” on the background of the protective treatments with biological preparations.The development of on the variety “Tiasmyn” varied from 24.4 to 31.1 % and on “Svarog” from 12.7 to 17.6 %. The preparation Gaupsin turned on more efficient against diseases in comparison with the other biological preparations during all the research years. The economic evaluation showed that in the “Tiasmyn” orchards in the variants with using the biopreparations the production costs per ha rose by 9.6 - 13.0 %, including the plants protection by 1.9-1.7 % as compared to the control but thanks to the yield increase by13.8-20.0 % the profit was higher by 17.6-26.3 %. The most effective variant in this cultivar protection system was the preparation Gaupsin utilization – the rate of return cost recovery was 225 %. The profit per hectare in the above mentioned treatment rose to 129.6 thousand grn under a profitableness level of 124.1 %. The cultivar “Svarog” was characterized with the lower yield than “Tiasmyn” in all the variants. As a result the profit and profitableness rise of the economic efficiency indices in the treatments with the biopreparations usage in comparison with the control (as a result of the yield increase by 19.6-25.4 % the profit rose by 22.7-35.1 %). When applying Gaupsin the highest rate of return cost recovery of the additional costs, profit per hectare and profitableness level were achieved – 230.9 %, 120.8 thousand grn and 119.4 % respectively. The obtained results enable to recommend Gaupsin as an element of the gooseberry orchards protection from the main diseases in the Ukraine`s Lisosteppe.

A Dynamically Optimized Fluctuation Smoothing Rule for Scheduling Jobs in a Wafer Fabrication Factory

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 47-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toly Chen
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wafer Fabrication ◽  
Fluctuation Smoothing ◽  
Time Standard ◽  
Nonlinear Fluctuation ◽  
Better Than

This paper presents a dynamically optimized fluctuation smoothing rule to improve the performance of scheduling jobs in a wafer fabrication factory. The rule has been modified from the four-factor bi-criteria nonlinear fluctuation smoothing (4f-biNFS) rule, by dynamically adjusting factors. Some properties of the dynamically optimized fluctuation smoothing rule were also discussed theoretically. In addition, production simulation was also applied to generate some test data for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. According to the experimental results, the proposed methodology was better than some existing approaches to reduce the average cycle time and cycle time standard deviation. The results also showed that it was possible to improve the performance of one without sacrificing the other performance metrics.

scholarly journals Accuracy Evaluation of Four Greenland Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and Assessment of River Network Extraction

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3429
Author(s):  
Ziyang Xing ◽  
Zhaohui Chi ◽  
Ying Yang ◽  
Shiyi Chen ◽  
Huabing Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Digital Elevation Models ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
River Network ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Accuracy Evaluation ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Dem Accuracy ◽  
The Impact

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of Greenland provide the basic data for studying the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS), but little research quantitatively evaluates and compares the accuracy of various Greenland DEMs. This study uses IceBridge elevation data to evaluate the accuracies of the the Greenland Ice Map Project (GIMP)1 DEM, GIMP2 DEM, TanDEM-X, and ArcticDEM in their corresponding time ranges. This study also analyzes the impact of DEM accuracy and resolution on the accuracy of river network extraction. The results show that (1) within the time range covered by each DEM, TanDEM-X with an RMSE of 5.60 m has higher accuracy than the other DEMs in terms of absolute height accuracy, while GIMP1 has the lowest accuracy among the four Greenland DEMs, with an RMSE of 14.34 m. (2) Greenland DEMs are affected by regional errors and interannual changes. The accuracy in areas with elevations above 2000 m is higher than that in areas with elevations below 2000 m, and better accuracy is observed in the north than in the south. The stability of the ArcticDEM product is higher than those of the other three DEM products, and its RMSE standard deviation over multiple years is only 0.14 m. Therefore, the errors caused by the applications of DEMs with longer time spans are smaller. GIMP1 performs in an opposite manner, with a standard deviation of 2.39 m. (3) The river network extracted from TanDEM-X is close to the real river network digitized from remote sensing images, with an accuracy of 50.78%. The river network extracted from GIMP1 exhibits the largest errors, with an accuracy of only 8.83%. This study calculates and compares the accuracy of four Greenland DEMs and indicates that TanDEM-X has the highest accuracy, adding quantitative studies on the accuracy evaluation of various Greenland DEMs. This study also compares the results of different DEM river network extractions, verifies the impact of DEM accuracy on the accuracy of the river network extraction results, and provides an explorable direction for the hydrological analysis of Greenland as a whole.

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