scholarly journals GALLIUM NANOPARTICLES AS DELIVERY SYSTEM AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND CANCER

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Ardhendu Kumar Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Unique Shape ◽  
Surface Functionalizations ◽  
Gallium Nanoparticles ◽  
Significant Mortality

As viruses, microbes, other pathogenic microorganisms and toxic agents are responsible for global broad spectrum diseases including cancer and malignant hypercalcemia, resulting significant mortality and morbidity, nanobiotechnology-based nanoparticles are being emerged as new nanomedicines for their biological applications owing to their unique shape, size and ease surface functionalizations. To overcome drug resistance and toxicity, gallium (Ga(III)) metal nanoparticles (GaNPs) have attracted attention for their requirements for prolonged treatments, especially, against human immunodeficiency virus, mycobacterium, hypercalcemia and cancer. These nanoparticles remain stable for the longer periods owing to the formation of native and passivating 2-3 nm oxide layer. Therefore, it is needed to encapsulate the NPs with bioactive compounds within vesicular system associated ligand-binding for specific delivery to target-sites for getting better efficacies. This review depicts especially the role of GaNPs as delivery system against infectious diseases and cancer.

scholarly journals A Case of Oral Histoplasmosis Concomitant with Pulmonary Tuberculosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Silas Antonio Juvencio de Freitas Filho ◽  
Natália Galvão Garcia ◽  
Mário César de Souza ◽  
Denise Tostes Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

The superficial intraoral lesions of histoplasmosis occurring concomitant to tuberculosis, in a 46-year-old man, are reported. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection test was negative. The immunosuppression caused by tuberculosis in our patient probably had an important role in the development of intraoral lesions of histoplasmosis. Here, we discussed the role of the dentist in the diagnosis of these infectious diseases, highlighting the importance of anamnesis and the histopathology/immunohistochemistry exams.

scholarly journals Novel Virulence Role of Pneumococcal NanA in Host Inflammation and Cell Death Through the Activation of Inflammasome and the Caspase Pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Wen Tseng ◽  
Chun-Chi Chang ◽  
Yung-Chi Chang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Positive Bacterium ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Caspase Pathway ◽  
Significant Mortality

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of most deadly Gram-positive bacterium that causes significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Intense inflammation and cytotoxicity is a hallmark of invasive pneumococcal disease. Pneumococcal NanA has been shown to exaggerate the production of inflammatory cytokines via unmasking of inhibitory Siglec-5 from its sialyl cis-ligands. To further investigate the mechanistic role of NanA and Siglec-5 in pneumococccal diseases, we systemically analyzed genes and signaling pathways differentially regulated in macrophages infected with wild type and NanA-deficient pneumococcus. We found that NanA-mediated desialylation impairs the Siglec-5-TLR-2 interaction and reduces the recruitment of phosphatase SHP-1 to Siglec-5. This dysregulated crosstalk between TLR-2 and inhibitory Siglec-5 exaggerated multiple inflammatory and death signaling pathways and consequently caused excessive inflammation and cytotoxicity in the infected macrophage. Collectively, our results reveal a novel virulence role of NanA in pneumococcal pathogenesis and suggest that targeting NanA activity may ameliorate the pneumococcus-mediated inflammation and cytotoxicity in severe invasive pneumococcal diseases.

Mortality and Morbidity in Modern Wars, II: Military Populations

War Epidemics ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Smallman-Raynor ◽  
Andrew Cliff
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Military Medicine ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
World War ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Florence Nightingale ◽  
Military Populations ◽  
The Military

In the previous chapter, we looked at the main trends in morbidity and mortality in civil populations since 1850. In this chapter our focus shifts to the military. An invaluable recent source of information on this topic is Lancaster (1990: 314–40) who gives a disease-by-disease account of morbidity and mortality among soldiers from the seventeenth century. Until the twentieth century, soldiers were lucky to survive military medicine. Basic treatments included the cauterizing of wounds and the removal of limbs to prevent gangrene. The biggest early advances in military medicine came when doctors started to wash their hands. The role of Florence Nightingale in transforming the military hospitals during the Crimean War (1853–6), and her broader role in improving the welfare of the British Army, is legendary. Yet, notwithstanding the gigantic losses directly attributable to battle, up to World War I, most deaths in war among soldiers were caused by epidemic diseases like dysentery, enteric fever, cholera, typhus, plague, and simple infections like measles—the traditional killers encountered in civil populations. And, as with civil populations, the real advances in controlling these infections came with the development of antibiotics and vaccination after 1945. In this chapter, we begin by looking at mortality trends in a number of theatres of war between 1859 and 1914 using data from Curtin (1989). As a specific illustration of the role of one simple infectious disease, measles, as a cause of mortality in military camps during this period, we take the American Civil War (1861–5). By the end of World War I in 1918, the role of many infectious diseases as causes of military mortality and morbidity had changed from lethal to nuisance value. This shift is shown through an examination of the role of measles in World War I. After 1945, the use of antibiotics and the generalized availability of vaccination against most of the common infectious diseases ensured that the historic infectious diseases waned in their impact on military populations just as they did in civil populations. Again we use measles and the American army as examples to show these declining effects.

scholarly journals Infectious Complications of Addiction: A Call for a New Subspecialty Within Infectious Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 968-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P Serota ◽  
Joshua A Barocas ◽  
Sandra A Springer
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Care Health

Abstract Infectious diseases (ID) physicians are increasingly responsible for the management of infectious consequences of substance use disorders (SUD). While we are often consulted for diagnosis and treatment of the infectious disease, it is clear that successful management of these infections requires a holistic approach, including acknowledgement and treatment of the underlying SUD. As we have learned through years of treating human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections, ID physicians have unique expertise in addressing both the infection and the complex biopsychosocial factors that underpin the infection. Many ID physicians have incorporated the management of addiction as part of their scope of practice, and here we seek to give a name and define the role of these ID/addiction dual specialists. We define the potential role of ID/addiction physicians in clinical care, health administration, and research, as well as provide recommendations to bolster the supply and reach of this burgeoning subspecialty.

HIV and renal disease: a contemporary review

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 714-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Gameiro ◽  
Sofia Jorge ◽  
José A Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Patient Survival ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Combination Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Glomerular Diseases ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Susceptibility Factors ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Direct Cytotoxicity ◽  
And Diffusion

The presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related kidney disease is an important cause of mortality and morbidity. HIV infection induces renal injury by direct cytotoxicity or immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis in patients with genetic susceptibility factors. In the last decades, with the development and diffusion of combination antiretroviral therapy, which has prolonged patient survival, there has been a shift in the spectrum of renal diseases in HIV-infected patients, with the decrease of glomerular diseases and increase in the role of nephrotoxicity and co-morbidities. This review provides a contemporary and critical review on the main renal syndromes occurring in HIV-infected patients.

scholarly journals Depression, anxiety and chronic pain in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the influence of breath

2017 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Bordoni ◽  
Fabiola Marelli ◽  
Bruno Morabito ◽  
Beatrice Sacconi
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Global Vision ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Significant Mortality

<p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problems, causing significant mortality and morbidity in the world. It is a complex and progressive disease, characterized by chronic inflammation and dysfunction of the respiratory airways. The article reviews the available information on the potential role of the diaphragm in this disease. The purpose is to identify a potential correlation between symptoms such as depression, anxiety and chronic pain, frequently observed in COPD, with the activity of the diaphragm. The morphology and metabolism of the diaphragm are usually modified in the presence of COPD: a correlation between this symptoms and a pathological adaptation of breathing can be hypothesized. The management of these conditions should always be multidisciplinary, in order to have a global vision of the patient.</p>

Treatment of ebola and other infectious diseases: melatonin “goes viral”

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russel J Reiter ◽  
Qiang Ma ◽  
Ramaswamy Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Attractive Potential ◽  
Potential Treatment

This review summarizes published reports on the utility of melatonin as a treatment for virus-mediated diseases. Of special note are the data related to the role of melatonin in influencing Ebola virus disease. This infection and deadly condition has no effective treatment and the published works documenting the ability of melatonin to attenuate the severity of viral infections generally and Ebola infection specifically are considered. The capacity of melatonin to prevent one of the major complications of an Ebola infection, i.e., the hemorrhagic shock syndrome, which often contributes to the high mortality rate, is noteworthy. Considering the high safety profile of melatonin, the fact that it is easily produced, inexpensive and can be self-administered makes it an attractive potential treatment for Ebola virus pathology.  

Health and social problems associated with HIV infection and AIDS in the professional activity of specialists with secondary medical education

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
L. Guseva
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

The article considers urgent problem of modern society – progressive increase in the number of people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Epidemiological characteristics of the pathogen are given, clinical signs of the disease and a modern strategy aimed at reducing the number of infected people are presented. The role of specialists with secondary medical education in the implementation of the Strategy aimed at combating the spread of HIV infection epidemic in the Russian Federation is emphasized.

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