Background Radiation Dose in Selected X-Ray Facilities in Southwest Nigeria

Objective: Exposure to ionizing radiation during radiographic examination is associated with some biological effects. The study was aimed to determine the amount of scatter radiation to the breast during lumbosacral x-ray examination. Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective, cross-sectional study carried out among 60 women referred for Lumbosacral spine radiography from September 2019 to December 2019. Ethical approval was granted by the hospital ethical committee. A single-phase mobile X-ray unit was used to dispense the radiation while a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chip was used to measure the radiation dose. The TLD chip was attached to the peri-areolar region of the left breast and held in place by a transparent adhesive tape. The TLD was carefully enclosed in a black polythene sachet before and after the investigation to shield it from background radiation. After the investigation the TLD,s were sent to the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT) for reading and annealing. Results: The mean age and BMI of participants were 55.32±12.35years and 29.70±7.09kg/m2 respectively. The cumulative mean (±SD) ESD to the breast was 3.87±0.87mGy. The highest scatter radiation dose was observed in the age group 60-69 years. Pearson’s correlation showed a week correlation between age and ESD. Conclusion: The study showed that there were scatter radiations to the breast during lumbosacral X-Ray investigations which was was lowest among the age group 50-59years. No significant difference was seen between AP and lateral positions. The cancer risk was 1 in 6,000 indicating that there might be needed to shield the breast while performing lumbosacral X-ray.

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Bismuth Pelvic X-Ray Shielding Reduces Radiation Dose Exposure in Pediatric Radiography

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/9985714 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Bow Wang ◽

Chien-Yi Ting ◽

Cheng-Shih Lai ◽

Yi-Shan Tsai

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Background Radiation ◽

Radiation Doses ◽

X Ray ◽

Radiation Dose Exposure ◽

Bismuth Shielding ◽

Pediatric Radiography ◽

Pelvic Radiography ◽

Radiosensitive Organs ◽

Pediatric Orthopedic

Background. Radiation using conventional X-ray is associated with exposure of radiosensitive organs and typically requires the use of protection. This study is aimed at evaluating the use of bismuth shielding for radiation protection in pediatric pelvic radiography. The effects of the anteroposterior and lateral bismuth shielding were verified by direct measurements at the anatomical position of the gonads. Methods. Radiation doses were measured using optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLD) and CIRS ATOM Dosimetry Verification Phantoms. Gonad radiographs were acquired using different shields of varying material (lead, bismuth) and thickness and were compared with radiographs obtained without shielding to examine the effects on image quality and optimal reduction of radiation dose. All images were evaluated separately by three pediatric orthopedic practitioners. Results. Results showed that conventional lead gonadal shielding reduces radiation doses by 67.45%, whereas dose reduction using one layer of bismuth shielding is 76.38%. The use of two layers of bismuth shielding reduces the dose by 84.01%. Using three and four layers of bismuth shielding reduces dose by 97.33% and 99.34%, respectively. Progressively lower radiation doses can be achieved by increasing the number of bismuth layers. Images obtained using both one and two layers of bismuth shielding provided adequate diagnostic information, but those obtained using three or four layers of bismuth shielding were inadequate for diagnosis. Conclusions. Bismuth shielding reduces radiation dose exposure providing appropriate protection for children undergoing pelvic radiography. The bismuth shielding material is lighter than lead, making pediatric patients more comfortable and less apt to move, thereby avoiding repeat radiography.

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Investigation of Background Radiation Level Within X-ray Machine Environment

NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES ◽

10.46912/napas.20 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 145-149

Author(s):

F Gbaorun ◽

D Terver

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Dose Rate ◽

Background Radiation ◽

Background Level ◽

Maximum Level ◽

Radiation Dose Rate ◽

Radiation Level ◽

X Ray ◽

Dose Rates ◽

Machine Room

In this study, a Geiger Muller ionization counter has been used to investigate the variation of background radiation dose level with time in a typical x-ray machine room and its environment. This is to monitor the effect of x-ray exposure on the background ionizing radiation level. The results showed that within a period of 3 hours, the cumulative background radiation dose in the x-ray room grew from s s Gy to around 84 . 90 ́ 10 - 10 - an initial level of 38 . 78 ́ Gy compared with nearby rooms where the s cumulative radiation grew from almost zero to a maximum value of about 46 . 9 ́ Gy within the 10 - same period. It was observed that after a radiation exposure from the machine, the background s radiation dose rate took about 25 minutes to decay from a maximum level of around 45 ́ Gy/hr to 10 - - s 17 . 47 ́ 10 the background level about Gy/hr which was found to be higher than the background dose rates in other nearby locations. While the dose rate in the x-ray machine room was higher than the s 10 - maximum dose limit of 12 ́ Gy/hr recommended for members of the public by the International Committee for Radiation Protection (ICRP), the dose rates in the other locations studied in the neighbourhood of the x-ray machine were within the limit.

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Identification of Asbestos Fibres in a Water Sample by X-Ray Microanalysis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100114992 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. 274-275

Author(s):

K. A. Brookes ◽

D. Finbow ◽

Madeleine Samuel

Keyword(s):

Water Sample ◽

Background Radiation ◽

X Ray ◽

Left Hand ◽

Transmission Imaging ◽

Different Types ◽

Normal Specimen ◽

Liquid Nitrogen Cooling ◽

Normal Transmission ◽

Additional Port

Investigation of the particulate matter contained in the water sample, revealed the presence of a number of different types and certain of these were selected for analysis.An A.E.I. Corinth electron microscope was modified to accept a Kevex Si (Li) detector. To allow for existing instruments to be readily modified, this was kept to a minimum. An additional port is machined in the specimen region to accept the detector, with the liquid nitrogen cooling dewar conveniently housed in the left hand cupboard adjacent to the microscope column. Since background radiation leads to loss in the sensitivity of the instrument, great care has been taken to reduce this effect by screening and manufacturing components that are near the specimen from material of low atomic number. To change from normal transmission imaging to X-ray analysis, the special 4-position specimen rod is inserted through the normal specimen airlock.

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Digital x-ray mapping of nanometer-size supported bimetallic catalysts

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100104716 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 530-531

Author(s):

L. T. Germinario

Keyword(s):

Background Radiation ◽

Metal Cluster ◽

Single Element ◽

Beam Diameter ◽

X Rays ◽

X Ray ◽

Major Interest ◽

Induced Changes

Understanding the role of metal cluster composition in determining catalytic selectivity and activity is of major interest in heterogeneous catalysis. The electron microscope is well established as a powerful tool for ultrastructural and compositional characterization of support and catalyst. Because the spatial resolution of x-ray microanalysis is defined by the smallest beam diameter into which the required number of electrons can be focused, the dedicated STEM with FEG is the instrument of choice. The main sources of errors in energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) are: (1) beam-induced changes in specimen composition, (2) specimen drift, (3) instrumental factors which produce background radiation, and (4) basic statistical limitations which result in the detection of a finite number of x-ray photons. Digital beam techniques have been described for supported single-element metal clusters with spatial resolutions of about 10 nm. However, the detection of spurious characteristic x-rays away from catalyst particles produced images requiring several image processing steps.

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Utilization of Simulated Grid (SimGrid™) Technology for the Reduction of Ionizing Radiation Dose on X-ray Examination in Obese Patients

Case Medical Research ◽

10.31525/ct1-nct04161924 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Obese Patients ◽

X Ray

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Optimization of X-ray Investigations in Dentistry Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21134554 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (13) ◽

pp. 4554

Author(s):

Ralph-Alexandru Erdelyi ◽

Virgil-Florin Duma ◽

Cosmin Sinescu ◽

George Mihai Dobre ◽

Adrian Bradu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Radiation Dose ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Image Resolution ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

X Rays ◽

High Quality ◽

X Ray

The most common imaging technique for dental diagnoses and treatment monitoring is X-ray imaging, which evolved from the first intraoral radiographs to high-quality three-dimensional (3D) Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Other imaging techniques have shown potential, such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). We have recently reported on the boundaries of these two types of techniques, regarding. the dental fields where each one is more appropriate or where they should be both used. The aim of the present study is to explore the unique capabilities of the OCT technique to optimize X-ray units imaging (i.e., in terms of image resolution, radiation dose, or contrast). Two types of commercially available and widely used X-ray units are considered. To adjust their parameters, a protocol is developed to employ OCT images of dental conditions that are documented on high (i.e., less than 10 μm) resolution OCT images (both B-scans/cross sections and 3D reconstructions) but are hardly identified on the 200 to 75 μm resolution panoramic or CBCT radiographs. The optimized calibration of the X-ray unit includes choosing appropriate values for the anode voltage and current intensity of the X-ray tube, as well as the patient’s positioning, in order to reach the highest possible X-rays resolution at a radiation dose that is safe for the patient. The optimization protocol is developed in vitro on OCT images of extracted teeth and is further applied in vivo for each type of dental investigation. Optimized radiographic results are compared with un-optimized previously performed radiographs. Also, we show that OCT can permit a rigorous comparison between two (types of) X-ray units. In conclusion, high-quality dental images are possible using low radiation doses if an optimized protocol, developed using OCT, is applied for each type of dental investigation. Also, there are situations when the X-ray technology has drawbacks for dental diagnosis or treatment assessment. In such situations, OCT proves capable to provide qualitative images.

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Radiation dose estimation for pencil beam X-ray luminescence computed tomography imaging

Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology ◽

10.3233/xst-210904 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Ignacio O. Romero ◽

Changqing Li

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Radiation Dose ◽

Small Animal ◽

Pencil Beam ◽

Computed Tomography Imaging ◽

Step Size ◽

Imaging Protocol ◽

X Ray ◽

Beam Geometry ◽

Muscle Tissues

BACKGROUND: Pencil beam X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) imaging provides superior spatial resolution than other imaging geometries like sheet beam and cone beam geometries. However, the pencil beam geometry suffers from long scan times, resulting in concerns overdose which discourages the use of pencil beam XLCT. OBJECTIVE: The dose deposited in pencil beam XLCT imaging was investigated to estimate the dose from one angular projection scan with three different X-ray sources. The dose deposited in a typical small animal XLCT imaging was investigated. METHODS: A Monte Carlo simulation platform, GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission) was used to estimate the dose from one angular projection scan of a mouse leg model with three different X-ray sources. Dose estimations from a six angular projection scan by three different X-ray source energies were performed in GATE on a mouse trunk model composed of muscle, spine bone, and a tumor. RESULTS: With the Sigray source, the bone marrow of mouse leg was estimated to have a radiation dose of 44 mGy for a typical XLCT imaging with six angular projections, a scan step size of 100 micrometers, and 106 X-ray photons per linear scan. With the Sigray X-ray source and the typical XLCT scanning parameters, we estimated the dose of spine bone, muscle tissues, and tumor structures of the mouse trunk were 38.49 mGy, 15.07 mGy, and 16.87 mGy, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that an X-ray benchtop source (like the X-ray source from Sigray Inc.) with high brilliance and quasi-monochromatic properties can reduce dose concerns with the pencil beam geometry. Findings of this work can be applicable to other imaging modalities like X-ray fluorescence computed tomography if the imaging protocol consists of the pencil beam geometry.

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Encapsulated protamine-hyaluronic acid particles for targeting carboplatin directed by radiation

International Journal of PIXE ◽

10.1142/s0129083518500043 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (01n02) ◽

pp. 37-42

Author(s):

T. Segawa ◽

S. Harada ◽

S. Ehara ◽

K. Ishii ◽

T. Sato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hyaluronic Acid ◽

Radiation Dose ◽

Cancer Treatment ◽

Standard Error ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Pixe Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Clinical Cancer

Encapsulated protamine-hyaluronic acid particles containing carboplatin were prepared and their ability to release carboplatin was tested in vivo. Protamine–hyaluronic acid particles containing carboplatin were prepared by mixing protamine (1.6 mg) and hyaluronic acid (1.28 mg) into a 5 mg/mL carboplatin solution for 30 min at room temperature. A 1 mL solution of protamine–hyaluronic acid particles was poured into an ampule of COATSOME[Formula: see text] EL-010 (Nichiyu, Tokyo, Japan), shaken three times by hand, and allowed to incubate at room temperature for 15 min. Following that, 10 or 20 Gy of 100 kiloelectronvolt (KeV) soft X-ray was applied. The release of carboplatin was imaged using a microparticle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) camera. The amount of carboplatin released was expressed as the amount of platinum released and measured via quantitative micro-PIXE analysis. The diameter of the generated encapsulated particles measured [Formula: see text] nm (mean ± standard error). The release of carboplatin from the encapsulated protamine–hyaluronic acid particles was observed under a micro-PIXE camera. The amount of carboplatin released was [Formula: see text] under 10 Gy of radiation, and [Formula: see text] under 20 Gy of radiation, which was a sufficient dose for cancer treatment. However, 10 or 20 Gy of radiation is much greater than the dose used for clinical cancer treatment (2 Gy). Further research to reduce the radiation dose to 2 Gy in order to release sufficient carboplatin for cancer treatment is required.

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Estimation of Radiation Doses in X-Ray Visualization of Biological Objects

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.880.53 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 880 ◽

pp. 53-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sergei Stuchebrov ◽

Andrey Batranin ◽

Dan Verigin ◽

Yelena Lukyanenko ◽

Maria Siniagina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Biological Object ◽

Gas Discharge ◽

Radiation Doses ◽

Semiconductor Detectors ◽

Interior Structure ◽

Dose Calculations ◽

Object Control ◽

X Ray ◽

Biological Objects

Two setups for X-ray visualization of objects interior structure were designed and assembled in TPU. These radiographic systems are based on linear gas-discharge and GaAs semiconductor detectors. During investigation of biological object control of radiation doses has a high priority. In this report radiation dose calculations in X-ray visualization are presented. These calculation also includes dose calculations of sinograms which are used for reconstruction of tomography slices.

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