scholarly journals Innovations on scientific support of grain crop breeding for resistance to diseases and pests

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
M. Krut
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
New Genes ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Resistance To Diseases

Goal. Database formation of innovations in the scientific provision of breeding crops for resistance to pathogens and pests — grounds for creating sustainable varieties. Methods. Analysis of innovative development of the Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and other institutions of the Scientific and Methodological Center «Protection of Plants» for 2001—2020. Isolation of those relating to the problem of grain crops’ resistance to pests and pathogens. Results. Methods of selection of wheat and barley for resistance to basic pathogens of diseases and methodology for assessing the stability of winter wheat stability to pests to create complex resistant varieties are developed. A database for the resistance of corn hybrids against main pests was created. Methods of determining the stability of grain crops to high and low temperatures are developed. A collection of samples of wild relative of wheat Aegilops biuncialis L. that are sources of new genes for plant resistance to diseases and pests was created. Genes of resistance of soft winter wheat to diseases by DNA markers have been identified. A set of varieties of winter wheat with group and complex resistance to diseases and pests has been formed. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of soybean resistance to pathogens of diseases are established. Collection of soybean lines is created on the basis of complex resistance to white rot and anthracnosis. The varieties and selection numbers of spring barley, oats, resistant to basic diseases, as well as rice varieties that are resistant to pathogens of diseases and pests were identified. Resistance to viral diseases has been found in barley plants. Conclusions. The established innovations can be widely used by breeding centers and other scientific institutions of the agrarian profile when of output sustainable grain and leguminous grain crops. In this case, the timing of the selection process can be accelerated by 40—60%.

scholarly journals An overview of innovative developments from the scientific provision of plant selection to resistance to diseases and pests

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
M. V. Krut’
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Plant Selection ◽  
Fiber Flax ◽  
Resistance To Diseases

The Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS developed methods of plant selection for resistance to major pathogens and assessment methodology the resistance of winter wheat, potatoes, clover and alfalfa to pests to create complex resistant varieties. Donors of potato resistance to cancer, Alternaria, Phomosis and cyst-forming nematodes were identified. Methods for determining the resistance of cereals to high and low temperatures were developed. A collection of the Aegilops biuncialis L. wild wheat samples as sources of new resistance genes to plant diseases and pests was compiled. The soft winter wheat resistance genes to diseases by DNA markers were identified at the Institute of Plant Production named after V. Ya. Yuriev. The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat formed a set of winter wheat cultivars with group and complex resistance to diseases and pests. The Institute of Oilseed Crops of NAAS established physiological and biochemical mechanisms of resistance of sunflower, soybean, crown flax to pathogens. Collections of sunflower lines based on complex resistance to sunflower broomrape, dry rot, downy mildew and soybean lines based on complex resistance to white rot and Anthracnose were also created. In the National Scientific Center "Institute of Agriculture of NAAS", the fodder lupine resistance to the most important pathogens was investi-gated. The Institute of Agriculture in the Carpathian Region of NAAS revealed the spring barley, oat, rape, fiber flax varieties and selection numbers resistant to basic diseases; and the Institute of Rice of NAAS – rice cultivars resistant to diseases and pest pathogens. The resistance to main phytophagous insects of the modern genotypes of hemp, fiber flax and crown flax was assessed by the Institute of Agriculture of the North-East of NAAS. The assessment method of breeding value for the initial material of the main vegetables on the basis of disease resistance was developed by the Institute of Vegetables and Melons Growing of NAAS. Scientists of the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management of NAAS and V. M. RemesloMyronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS revealed the cucumber and barley resistance to viral diseases. Key words: crops, pests, pathogens, resistance, resistance gene, resistance source.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF MICROBIAL PREPARATIONS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF GRAIN-CROPS IN NORTH STEPPE OF UKRAINE

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
O.M. Grigorieva ◽  
T.M. Grigorieva ◽  
P.B. Liman ◽  
L.M. Tokmakova
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Growth Development

The influence of presowing seed treatment of corn, spring barley and winter wheat on growth, development and productivity of these cultures was studied. It was established that nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-mobilizing microorganisms and their combinations enhance biometrical parameters of plants, influence positively on the productivity and quality of grain comparatively to control.

scholarly journals Agrotechnological Fundamentals of Direct Sowing of Grain Crops in Russia’s ARID Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-215
Author(s):  
Oleg I. Goryanin ◽  
Sergey N. Zudilin ◽  
Ivan F. Medvedev ◽  
Baurzhan Zh. Dzhangabaev ◽  
Elena V. Shcherbinina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Traditional Technology ◽  
Soil Features ◽  
Direct Sowing

The authors presented the multiyear results of the research on testing the technological complexes of growing the grain crops with direct sowing in the black earth steppe of Russia’s European part. In the zonal crop rotations, in comparison with a traditional technology, it did not lead to worsening of the agrophysical, agrochemical, water and biological soil features, increased the humus content by 0.55% (NSR05- 0.42 %). In spring, during the crops sprouting, the Р2О5 and K2O quantity corresponded to 192 and 189 mg/kg of soil, which is 29 mg (17.8%) and 35 mg (22,7%) more than control. The established least production costs – 2975.1 rub/hectare on an option with direct sowing of the spring grain crops, which are 499.9 rub/hectare -16.8 % lower than the traditional technology figures, favored the acquisition of the highest contingent net income of 1220.1 rub./hectare and the profitability level of 41.0%. During the direct sowing of the spring hard wheat, the highest contingent net income is gained on options with the use of integrated plant protection and the fertilizer application – 9507.9-9753.9 rub/hectare, which is 3667.6-3913.6 rub/hectare (62.8-67.0 %) more than the control, and 825.8-3626.9 rub/hectare (9.5-59.2 %) higher than figures on other options. On the basis of the research conducted, the authors offer a new generation of technologies of growing the winter and spring wheat and the spring barley, which are built on the system basis.

scholarly journals Phytosanitary condition and yield of winter wheat in crop rotations of the forest-steppe zone of the Volga region

2022 ◽  
Vol 354 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
A. L. Toygildin ◽  
M. I. Podsevalov ◽  
I. A. Toygildina ◽  
V. N. Austin
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Grain Crops

In the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Volga region, winter wheat occupies the largest area among grain crops, which is associated with its relatively high productivity, economic efficiency and the ability to unload the peaks of field work in the spring. Winter wheat makes fuller use of the bioclimatic potential of productivity, especially in the arid conditions of the region. Despite the fact that the adaptive-integrated approach to the joint use of agricultural techniques and chemicalization means when growing grain crops provides significant and stable yield increases, they require regular study to adjust agricultural technologies. The article presents the results of 3-year studies in a stationary field experiment to assess the influence of predecessors, methods of basic soil cultivation and plant protection on the spread of diseases and weeds, as well as on the yield of winter wheat. Studies have shown that the placement of winter wheat after clean fallow helps to reduce the infestation of crops, and after cruciferous predecessors (white mustard, spring rape)— the spread of root rot (Bipolaris sorokiniana (Helmintosporium sativum)) and leaf rust (Puccinia recondita). Winter wheat yield after different predecessors varied from 5.16 t/ha for pure fallow to 3.77–4.04 t/ha after nonfallow predecessors with a significant increase in adaptive-integrated plant protection by 0.37 t/ha (9.2%) and insignificant — for combined tillage in crop rotation — by 0.19 t/ha (4.6%).

scholarly journals Особливості розмноження шкідників пшениці озимої при ресурсоощадних системах застосування добрив у Лісостепу України

2018 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
В. В. Сахненко ◽  
Д. В. Сахненко
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Short Rotation

Узагальнено особливості формувань чисельності шкідників при застосуванні сумішей добрив і засобів захисту рослин на посівах пшениці озимої. Уточнено біологію, поширення, розвиток, еколого-економічне значення шкідників у технологіях вирощування зернових культур і рекомендовані заходи щодо оптимального застосування профілактичних і спеціальних захисних заходів від шкідників у короткоротаційних польових сівозмінах. Теоретично обґрунтовано та експериментально підтверджено закономірності формувань енотмокомплексів при сучасному застосуванні рідких форм добрив, зокрема карбамідно-аміачної суміші (КАС) і засобів захисту рослин. The article generalizes the features of the formation of pest numbers when using mixtures of fertilizers and plant protection products on winter wheat crops. The specified biology, distribution, development, ecological and economic importance of pests in technologies of growing grain crops and recommended measures for the optimal use of preventive and special protective measures against pests in short-rotation field crop rotations. The regularities of the formation of enotmocomplexes in the modern application of liquid forms of fertilizers, in particular the carbamide-ammonium mixture of CAS and plant protection products, are theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed. The use of modern liquid forms of fertilizers KAS, 32 % and plant protection products for the cultivation of winter wheat and other cereals in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine remains at a relatively low level: imperfection of technology, adverse climatic conditions, various stresses do not allow realizing the potential of crop productivity. The rationale for the effectiveness of such mixtures for breeding and the number of pests in modern technologies for growing crops deserves special attention in terms of optimizing the phytosanitary state of grain crops in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. It has been established that the best conditions for the formation of the winter wheat seed crop are created by applying fertilizers at a dose of H90 P40 and integrated plant protection. With high soil moisture and protection of plants from the pest complex, the tank mixtures are crushed, including at low moisture reserves and without plant protection, single and fragmented application of mineral fertilizers provide practically the same yield of winter wheat seeds. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to improve the effectiveness of plant protection products in mixtures of rare forms of fertilizers with the determination of their effect on the dynamics of numbers and reproduction of pests of grain crops in modern crop rotation of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

CREATION OF THE INDUCED APPLE-THREE TETRAPLOIDS

1970 ◽  
pp. 23-25
Author(s):  
L. V. Tashmatova ◽  
О. V. Mantseva ◽  
N. V. Gorbacheva
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Cytological Analysis ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Apple Breeding ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Diploid Gametes ◽  
Resistance To Diseases

The basic moments of a process of obtaining apple tetraploids as donors of diploid gametes for apple breeding with polyploidy using are demonstrated. In industrial terms, triploids are of the greatest importance. The manifested effect of heterosis leads to the improvement of many characteristics - higher resistance to diseases, pests and adverse environmental conditions, greater autogamy than in diploids, less pronounced periodicity of fruiting, larger fruits and a convenient crown for harvesting. Triploids are developed as a result of crosses 2n × 3n or 2n × 4n. Tetraploids are necessary for more successful apple breeding with polyploidy using. For industry they are not of great importance but they are of interest as donors of diploid non-reduced gametes and allow to make the selection process more directional. One of the methods of experimental polyploidy is the induction of polyploids using mutagenes. The germs were treated with colchicines at concentrations 0.1% - 0.4% during 24 and 48 hours. According to the morphology the obtained plants were divided into five groups. Colchicine concentrations 0.3% and 0.4% during 48 hours of the treatment had a disastrous impact on the development of germs. As a result of the cytological analysis, tetraploids and chimeras were revealed, which were obtained from the seeds from the open pollination of Orlik and Svezhest (treatment variants – 0,1% colchicines solution and 24 and 48 hours of exposition), as well as from the seeds obtained as a result of the Svezhest × Bolotovskoye crossing. Tetraploids had a normal growth but they differed in large leaves, while chimeras were of low size with normal leaves and internodes.

Potential of water balance and remote sensing-based evapotranspiration models to predict yields of spring barley and winter wheat in the Czech Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 256 ◽  
pp. 107064
Author(s):  
František Jurečka ◽  
Milan Fischer ◽  
Petr Hlavinka ◽  
Jan Balek ◽  
Daniela Semerádová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
The Czech Republic
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