Correlation Between Pleural Fluid GenXpert® and Histopathology Finding of Pleural Biopsy in Tuberculous Pleural Effusion

Backgrounds: Tuberculosis pleural effusion is the most common extrapulmonary TB after lymphadenitis TB, but a definite diagnosis is still a challenge. Pleural biopsy has historically been the gold standard procedure for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. GenXpert® is a computerize test based in nucleic acid amplification tahat automatically detect MTB and rifampicin resistance. This study aimed to prove the correlation between pleural fluid GenXpert® and histopathological findings of pleural biopsy in patients with pleural tuberculosis. Methods: This study used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional design conducted in Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya in March-June 2017. Statistic analysis was using chi square test and contingensi coofisient. The pleural GenXpert® was tested in 23 patients with pleural effusion and their biopsy speciments underwent histopathological analysis. Results: Histopathological findings of pleural biopsy was positive in 4 subjects and pleural fluid GenXpert® resulted positive in 6 subjects. There was significant correlation between pleural fluid GenXpert® and histopathological findings of specimen pleural biopsy in patients with pleural tuberculosis (P=0.040) with moderate strenght (P=0.014). Sensitivity and specificity of pleural fluid GenXpert® were 75.0% dan 84.2% respectively. Conclusions: There was significant correlation between pleural fluid GenXpert® and histopathological findings of pleural biopsy in patients with pleural tuberculosis. (J Respir Indo 2018; 38(1): 1-6)

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Role of Pleural Biopsy in the Etiological Diagnosis of Exudative Pleural Effusion

Bangladesh Critical Care Journal ◽

10.3329/bccj.v5i1.32540 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 33-36

Author(s):

Jamal Uddin Ahmed ◽

Mohammad Delwar Hossain ◽

Farhana Afroz ◽

Muhammad Abdur Rahim ◽

AKM Musa

Keyword(s):

Pleural Effusion ◽

Pleural Fluid ◽

Granulomatous Inflammation ◽

Mean Value ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Pleural Biopsy ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Etiological Diagnosis ◽

Almost All ◽

Exudative Pleural Effusion

Purpose: Exudative pleural effusion usually indicates an underlying pulmonary pathology. Sometimes etiological diagnosis of exudative pleural effusion is difficult despite cytological, biochemical and microbiological tests. Aim of present study was to make an etiological diagnosis of exudative pleural effusion by pleural biopsy.Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was performed from January 2012 to December 2014 in the Department of Internal Medicine & Pulmonology of BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 51 patients with exudative pleural effusion in whom the diagnosis was uncertain after routine biochemical, cytological and microbiological evaluation of pleural fluid were included in the study. These patients underwent pleural biopsy by Abrams needle and histopathology was done to determine the etiology of pleural effusion.Results: Majority (74.5%) of the patients were male. Mean age of the patients was 52.7±16.0 years. Most (52.9%) patients had right sided pleural effusion. Histopathology report of the pleural biopsy showed granulomatous inflammation compatible with tuberculosis (TB) in 15 (29.4%), metastatic malignancy in 10 (19.6%) and chronic inflammation in 9 (17.6%) cases. In 17 (33.3%) cases the histopathology did not reveal any abnormality. Among 10 cases of metastatic malignancy, most (7, 70%) were adenocarcinoma. Compared to malignancy cases, TB cases were younger in age (Mean age: TB - 45.0±17.9 vs malignancy - 61.8±13.0 years). Pleural fluid was straw color in all (100%) cases of TB and hemorrhagic in almost all (90%) cases of metastatic malignancy (p 0.000). Mean value of pleural fluid protein (59.1±4.8 vs 47.3±4.2 gm/L; p 0.003), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (917.3±219.3 vs 464.3±112.3 U/L; p 0.101), adenosine deaminase (ADA) (39.0±3.7 vs 15.615.6±2.3 U/L; p 0.016), total leukocyte count (1039.3±776.8 vs 439.2±138.2 cells/cmm; p 0.328) and lymphocyte percentage (94.4±4.3 vs 68.3±9.3; p 0.003) were all raised in TB compared to metastatic malignancyConclusions: Pleural biopsy was definitive diagnostic in almost half the patients with exudative pleural effusion. Tuberculosis was more common than malignancy particularly in young persons. Pleural fluid protein, LDH and ADA are significantly raised in TB compared to malignancy.Bangladesh Crit Care J March 2017; 5(1): 33-36

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Analisis Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Penerapan Surgical Safety Checklist Di Kamar Operasi Rumah Sakit Kota Batam

Jurnal Endurance ◽

10.22216/jen.v4i3.4501 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 456

Author(s):

Endang Yuliati ◽

Hema Malini ◽

Sri Muharni

Keyword(s):

Patient Safety ◽

Operating Room ◽

Work Experience ◽

Improve Patient Safety ◽

Standard Procedure ◽

City Hospital ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Surgical Safety Checklist ◽

Surgical Safety

The use of the Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) is associated with improving patient care according to nursing process standards includes the quality of work of the operating room nurse team. The form of professionalism in the operating room is how the application of a surgical safety checklist as the standard procedure for patient safety in the operating room. This study aims to determine the relationship of characteristics, knowledge, and motivation of nurses in the application of the surgical safety checklist in the operating room of a Batam city hospital. This research is quantitative using an observational analytic research design. This study was conducted on 67 nurses who were taken by total sampling. This research was conducted in three Batam City Hospitals, with hospital accreditation at the same level. Data were analysed by univariate and bivariate using the chi-square test. The results of the study found that most nurses had education at diploma level, with a working period experiences of > 6 months (82%); good knowledge (53.7%) with low motivation (57.7%). There is a relationship between education (p = 0.042); length of work experience (p = 0.010); knowledge (p = 0.002); and motivation (p = 0.05) with the application of SSC. It is expected that health services carry out SSC following the applicable SOPs in the Hospital so that it can reduce work accident rates and improve patient safety. Penerapan Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) berhubungan langsung dengan kualitas asuhan keperawatan yang termasuk adalah bagaimana perawat menerapkan fungsi sebagai bagian dari kamar operasi. Bentuk profesionalisme ini menjadi standar bagaimana kemampuan perawat menerapakan SSC. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui hubungan karakteristik perawat, pengetahuan dan motivasi dengan penerapan SSC di kamar operasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kuantitatif Cross Sectional dengan jumlah sampel 67 orang perawat kamar operasi. Data dianalisa dengan distribusi frekuensi dan uji hubungan bivariat. Didapatkan penerapan SSC perawat kota Batam masih kurang baik, dengan faktor yang mempunyai hubungan adalah Pendidikan, pelatihan dan pengetahuan. Diharapkan perawat mampu menerapkan SSC sesuai dengan Standar pelaksanaan fungsi perawat dikamar operasi.

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Bacteriological Safety of Blood Collected for Transfusion at University of Gondar Hospital Blood Bank, Northwest Ethiopia

ISRN Hematology ◽

10.1155/2013/308204 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hailegebriel Wondimu ◽

Zelalem Addis ◽

Feleke Moges ◽

Yitayal Shiferaw

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bacterial Contamination ◽

Standard Procedure ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Blood Bank ◽

Bacterial Isolation ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test

Background. Transfusion associated bacterial infection has remained more frequent with a sever risk of morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the bacteriological safety of blood collected for transfusion. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted at University of Gondar hospital blood bank from December 2011 to June 2012. Bacterial isolation, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done as per the standard procedure. Chi-square test and P value were used to assess associations between risk factors and the bacterial isolation rate. Results. Twenty-one (15.33%) blood units were found contaminated with bacteria, and 95.24% contamination was due to external sources. The commonly isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Streptococci species, Enterobacter species, and Citrobacter species. All of the bacteria isolated were 100% sensitive to Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin, and Doxycycline. Multiple antimicrobial resistances were observed in 66.7% of the isolates. Not using glove by phlebotomist, touching disinfected phlebotomy site and double puncture at the same hand or both hands of a donor were found to be risk factors for bacterial contamination. Conclusion. Bacterial contamination of blood to be transfused is a common problem in the hospital. So attention should be given to activities performed at the blood bank for safe transfusion practices.

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Diagnostic Value of Flexible Thoracoscopy in Undiagnosed Cases of Exudative Pleural Effusion

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2020/571 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (47) ◽

pp. 2783-2786

Author(s):

Vengada Krishnaraj S.P. ◽

Gayathri S. Mohan ◽

Vinod Kumar V ◽

Sridhar R

Keyword(s):

Pleural Effusion ◽

Pleural Fluid ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Diagnostic Yield ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Parietal Pleura ◽

Pleural Biopsy ◽

Cardiac Evaluation ◽

Exudative Pleural Effusion ◽

Fluid Cytology

BACKGROUND The diagnostic yield of thoracoscopy is 95 %, of pleural fluid cytology it is 62 % and of closed pleural biopsy is 44 %, in malignant effusion. We wanted to study the diagnostic utility of flexible thoracoscopy in undiagnosed exudative pleural effusion and compare the thoracoscopy findings with the histopathology results. METHODS The study was conducted in the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai, from January 2019 to January 2020. 40 patients were enrolled in this longitudinal observational study with moderate to massive effusion and were evaluated with pleural fluid aspiration and sent for cytology, protein sugar analysis, total count, and ADA. Those cases which are exudative pleural effusions, with ADA value of less than 40 IU / L were subjected to thoracoscopy after being evaluated for fitness for thoracoscopy with complete blood count, bleeding time, clotting time, sputum for AFB, ECG, pulse oximetry, cardiac evaluation and CT chest. RESULTS Thoracoscopy was done in 40 enrolled patients. In this study, biopsy was taken from the parietal pleura in all the cases. Of these 40 cases, 30 were male and 10 were female, that is 75 % males and 25 % females. The mean age of the study population was 43 ± 14.9. Patient with the lowest age in this study group was 18 years and highest was 71 years. 16 cases (40 %) presented with left sided pleural effusion. 24 cases (60 %) presented with right sided pleural effusion. 30 cases presented with massive effusion, and 10 cases with moderate effusion. Of the 40 cases, 27 cases presented with straw coloured pleural effusion. 13 cases were haemorrhagic effusion. Histopathologic examination showed 11 cases as malignant and 29 cases as non-malignant out of which 18 cases were of tuberculosis aetiology. Thoracoscopy revealed adhesions in 13 cases and mass lesion in 4 cases. Of the 4 mass lesions 3 came as malignant, normal pleura in 11 cases, 10 were non-malignant and 1 was malignant. Nodules were seen in 12 cases of which 7 came as malignant. Straw coloured effusion was seen in 27 cases, of which 2 were malignant. CONCLUSIONS The most important indication for thoracoscopy is exudative undiagnosed pleural effusion. The overall diagnostic yield in pleural fluid cytology is 62 % and blind pleural biopsy is 44 %. The diagnostic yield of thoracoscopy varies from 60 % to 97 % in various studies, whereas, in our study, it is 72.5 %. Visualization of the visceral and parietal pleura is another advantage, so that we can take biopsy from the abnormal areas. KEYWORDS Flexible Thoracoscopy, Undiagnosed Exudative Pleural Effusion

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Use of C-reactive protein level in diagnosis of tubercular pleural effusion

Journal of Kathmandu Medical College ◽

10.3126/jkmc.v8i1.25264 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 20-23

Author(s):

Subash Pant ◽

Sanjeet Krishna Shrestha ◽

Lucky Sharma ◽

Bibechana Shrestha

Keyword(s):

Pleural Effusion ◽

Pleural Fluid ◽

Protein Level ◽

College Teaching ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Reactive Protein

Background: C-reactive protein in both pleural fluid and serum has been found to be higher in tubercular pleural effusion than in other causes of pleural effusion. Objectives: The main aim of this study was to find out the diagnostic value of C-reactive protein in patients withlymphocytic pleural effusion. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 90 patients with pleural effusion who underwent thoracocentesis at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. The complete biochemical tests of pleural fluid and serum were performed. The C-reactive protein concentrations of both pleural fluid and serum were then measured from samples from patients with lymphocytic exudative pleural effusion. Results: Ninety patients with exudative lymphocytic pleural effusion were included. Male patients were 56 (62.2%) and female were 34 (37.8%) with the male to female ratio of 1.64. Mean age of the patients was 51±21.54 (Mean ± Standard Deviation). The pleural fluid C-reactive protein levels in tubercular pleural effusion were higher (48.87±24.19 mg/dl) compared to non-tubercular group (38.30±17 mg/dl; p<0.001). Similarly, the serum fluid C-reactive protein levels in tubercular pleural effusion were higher (29.60±13mg/dl) compared to non-tubercular group (18.14±9.2mg/dl; p< 0.001). The sensitivity of pleural fluid C-reactive protein level in diagnosing tubercular pleural effusion was 86%. Conclusion: Simple and inexpensive test like C-reactive protein is useful in the diagnostic workup of lymphocytic pleural effusions. High C-reactive protein levels are very suggestive of tubercular pleural effusion.

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CORRELATION BETWEEN ADENOSINE DEAMINASE ACTIVITY IN PLEURAL FLUID AND SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH PLEURAL EFFUSION

INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY ◽

10.24293/ijcpml.v24i2.1321 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 180

Author(s):

Pande Putu Ayu Patria Dewi ◽

Aryati Aryati ◽

Leonita Anniwati ◽

Isnin Anang Marhana

Keyword(s):

Pleural Effusion ◽

Adenosine Deaminase ◽

Pleural Fluid ◽

Gastrointestinal Disease ◽

Pleural Space ◽

Systemic Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Adenosine Deaminase Activity ◽

Abnormal Accumulation ◽

Cross Sectional Design

Pleural effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space resulting from increased production of fluid or decreased resorption of fluid in the pleural space. Pleural effusion can be caused by infectious diseases, malignancies, collagen disease, gastrointestinal disease, heart disease and other causes such as medication. Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme involved in the catabolism of purines. This enzyme can be measured in pleural fluid, serum and other body fluids such as cerebrospinal and ascites fluid. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between adenosine deaminase activity in pleural fluid and serum in patients with pleural effusion. This research was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. Examination of ADA activity was performed in pleural fluid and serum. Adenosine deaminase activity was examined using photometric methods (Non-Giusti), using Diazyme reagent by TMS 24i Premium. Subjects were 46 patients with pleural effusion caused by malignancies, tuberculosis and systemic diseases. Mean±SD ADA activity for all pleural effusion samples in serum was 13.037± 8.365 (0.5-34.1) U//L and pleural fluid 30.843± 28.860 U//L (1.3-140.8). No correlation between ADA activity in serum and pleural fluid (r=0.173, p= 0.252) was found in all samples. No correlation between ADA activity in serum and pleural fluis was found in malignancies (r=0.109, p=0.630), tuberculosis (r= 0.366, p=0.123), systemic diseases (r =0.466, p=0.429) and non-tuberculosis group (r=0.126, p=0.532). There was no correlation between pleural fluid ADA activity and serum.

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Assessment of the diagnostic value of CEA, CA125, and CRP and their cut-off point for discrimination of exudative pleural effusions

Bionatura ◽

10.21931/rb/2021.06.03.10 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 1944-1947

Author(s):

Hanie Raji ◽

Seyed Hamid Borsi ◽

Mehrdad Dargahi MalAmir ◽

Ahmad Reza Asadollah Salmanpour

Keyword(s):

Pleural Effusion ◽

Tumor Marker ◽

Pleural Fluid ◽

Tumor Markers ◽

Low Cost ◽

High Specificity ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Pleural Effusions ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Mean

Pleural effusion is divided into exudative and transudative effusion, and the distinction between exudate and transudate requires multiple investigations of biochemical parameters and their comparison in pleural fluid and serum. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic value of CEA, CA125, and CRP and their cut-off point for discrimination of exudative pleural effusions. This epidemiological and cross-sectional study was performed on 50 patients aged between 18 to 90 years with the diagnosis of exudative pleural effusion referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz in 2018 and 2019. Demographic and clinical information of patients were collected. The pleural effusion was diagnosed based on physical examination and chest radiography. Pleural effusion was confirmed by thoracentesis. A pleural fluid sample was taken from all patients, and the levels of CEA, CA125, and CRP markers were measured in the pleural fluid. Differentiation of transudate and exudate pleural effusions was performed using Light criteria. The mean CEA and CA125 level of pleural fluid were significantly higher, and the mean CRP level of pleural fluid was significantly lower in patients with malignant diagnoses (P <0.05). Cut-off value with highest sensitivity and specificity in differentiating types of exudative pleural effusions was obtained for CEA tumor marker (greater than 49.8), CA125 tumor marker (greater than 814.02), and CRP marker (less than 7.56). Also, in differentiating types of exudative pleural effusions, CEA tumor marker had sensitivity (89.03%) and specificity (78.42%); CA125 tumor marker had sensitivity (53.18%) and specificity (62.44%), and CRP marker had sensitivity (82.16%), and specificity (89.05%) were. Although the tumor markers had high specificity in the present study, the low sensitivity of some of these tumor markers reduced their diagnostic value. On the other hand, given the numerous advantages of tumor markers, such as low cost and non-invasive, combining them with another can increase the diagnostic value and accuracy.

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Factors Associated with the Nurse Implementation towards Eye Care among Comatose Patient in Intensive Care Unit

KnE Life Sciences ◽

10.18502/kls.v4i13.5320 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Susy Puspasari

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Standard Procedure ◽

Control Beliefs ◽

Comatose Patient ◽

Eye Care ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Collection Data ◽

Cross Sectional Design

Background: Comatosepatient’sexperiencesdeclineineyereﬂex.However,this issue receive less attention from the healthcare professional,particularly in the intensive care unit. Few studies exploring the associated factors of nurse implementation of eye care in intensive care unit. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been well-known as a framework to explore the behavior relation factors including nurse’s background, the certainty of behavior, normative, and control beliefs factors. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that inﬂuence nurses in the implementation of eye care towards coma patients in intensive care rooms. Methods: This study used cross-sectional design to the nurses who working in intensive care units. The number ofsamplesusedinthisstudywastotalsampling.Atotalof104nursesworkinintensive care units participate as a sample of this study. A set questionnaire designed by the researcher was used for data collection. Data analysis was use distribution frequency, mean, SD and Chi square. Results:Half of nurse (50.96%) had a favorable background, unfavorable on normative assurance and belief factors. In the background factors resulted that nurse have favorable with a value of 50.96%. Conclusions: It is suggested that nurses who work in the hospital to use the information from this study to enhance their knowledge about eye care for comatose patient routinely and continuously. As for the intensive care unit, it is recommended to enforce algorithm, standard procedure, and particular supervision on the conduction of eye care for comatose patients.

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A study to know the various causes of pleural effusion and role of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase enzyme in tuberculous pleural effusion

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20201099 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 1231

Author(s):

Avdhesh Kumar ◽

Brijesh Kumar ◽

Sanjay Kumar Verma ◽

Anand Kumar ◽

R. K. Mathur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pleural Effusion ◽

Pleural Fluid ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Common Cause ◽

Tuberculous Pleural Effusion ◽

Mdr Tb ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference

Background: India has the maximum burden of both non MDR tuberculosis (TB) and Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) TB, as per data reported in Global TB Report 2018 and tuberculosis is remains one of the most common cause of pleural effusions.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Department of Respiratory Diseases and a total of 110 patients with pleural effusion were included in the study, which were enrolled for treatment from July 2018 to June 2019.Results: One hundred and ten patients with pleural effusion were enrolled during the study period. There were 65 males (59%) and 45 (40.9%) females. The overall mean age for males and females were 44.4±18.84 years (35-87 years) and 38.28±17.66 years (35-87 years) respectively. Tuberculous Pleural Effusion group (TPE) seen in 82 patients. Right sided pleural effusion (69.5 %) were more common than left sided (30.4 %). In TPE group the mean pleural fluid ADA level were 86.41±38.08 IU/L (range: 14-195 IU/L). The Malignant Pleural Effusion (MPE) group included 21 patients. In MPE group the mean pleural fluid ADA level were 34.10±32.88 IU/L (range: 8-144 IU/L). The difference in pleural fluid ADA levels between TPE and MPE group was statistically highly significant.Conclusions: Tuberculous pleural effusion was the most common cause of pleural effusion in present study and observed in 74.5% cases.

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Chylothorax with Transudate: An Unusual Presentation of Tuberculosis

European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine ◽

10.12890/2020_001645 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Miguel Angel Zamora-López ◽

Iris Camelia Farias-Navarro ◽

Erick Joel Rendon-Ramirez

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Pleural Effusion ◽

Pleural Fluid ◽

Lung Nodule ◽

Cholesterol Content ◽

Tuberculosis Patients ◽

Fluid Analysis ◽

Pleural Tuberculosis ◽

Uncommon Presentation ◽

Low Cholesterol

Introduction: Twenty-five per cent of tuberculosis patients have pleural tuberculosis, which is the third most common form of presentation. Most cases present as an exudative pleural effusion with just few cases reported as chylothorax in the literature. All pleural effusions from confirmed cases, including tuberculous chylothorax, had exudate features. Aim: To describe a patient with Mycobacterium tuberculosis affecting the lungs and pleura, which laboratory testing demonstrated had features of transudate chylothorax. Patient and methods: A 70-year-old man presented with constitutional symptoms, progressive exertional dyspnoea and right pleural effusion with fibrocavitary changes on chest imaging. Thoracentesis and pleural fluid analysis revealed chylous fluid with transudate features, high triglycerides, low cholesterol content and mononuclear cell predominance. Acid-fast sputum stains and pleural fluid were negative for Mycobacterium tuberculosis as was an adenosine deaminase test for pleural effusion. Tomography-directed lung biopsy sampling of a lung nodule revealed a chronic granulomatous inflammatory process associated with the presence of acid-fast bacilli. Discussion: Tuberculosis-associated chylothorax is an uncommon presentation of the disease. A recent review found only 37 cases of confirmed tuberculous chylothorax had been reported in the literature. All cases had exudate characteristics. The diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis was made through culture or testing of sputum, pleural fluid or biopsy samples in 72.2% of cases, with the rest identified by histopathology.

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