BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF DRILLING WATER INTENDED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION IN FOUR PREFECTURES IN THE SAVANNAH REGION OF TOGO

According to the latest SDG recommendations, guidelines on access to safe drinking water have enabled the construction of boreholes in remote areas of developing countries. In Togo, particularly in the savannah region where access to drinking water remains a major problem for the population, many boreholes have been built for this purpose. The objective of this study is to evaluate the bacteriological quality of the waters of some boreholes built in four (04) prefectures of the savannah region in Togo. A total of 68 samples of drilling water intended for human consumption were collected between January and February 2019 for bacteriological analysis. These analyses were carried out according to the standardized routine methods of the French Association for Standardization (AFNOR). The parameters sought or counted in these samples are those retained by the 2007 European Union criteria for water intended for human consumption. The analysis reveal that the samples of borehole water are at 50% and 90% of unsatisfactory hygienic quality respectively compared to the Total Coliforms (CT) and the Total Aerobic Mesophilic Flora (FAMT) which are indicative germs of hygiene failure. The correlation of the germs sought made it possible to distinguish two groups of indicators of contamination: those responsible for hygiene failures and old fecal contamination (ASR) Conclusion: Since the majority of the borehole water analyzed is contaminated by germs indicating hygiene deficiencies, adequate treatment of these waters and monitoring of their quality are necessary in order to protect the population of the savannah region against probable diseases linked to faecal contamination germs.

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Assessment of bacteriological quality of drinking water from various sources in Amritsar district of northern India

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.6010 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (08) ◽

pp. 844-848 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sita Malhotra ◽

Shailpreet K Sidhu ◽

Pushpa Devi

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Human Right ◽

Safe Water ◽

Bacteriological Quality ◽

Northern India ◽

Quality Of Water ◽

The Government ◽

High Level

Introduction: Safe water is a precondition for health and development and is a basic human right, yet it is still denied to hundreds of millions of people throughout the developing world. Water-related diseases caused by insufficient safe water supplies, coupled with poor sanitation and hygiene, cause 3.4 million deaths a year, mostly in children. Methodology: The present study was conducted on 1,317 drinking water samples from various water sources in Amritsar district in northern India. All the samples were analyzed to assess bacteriological quality of water for presumptive coliform count by the multiple tube test. Results: A total of 42.9% (565/1,317) samples from various sources were found to be unfit for human consumption. Of the total 565 unsatisfactory samples, 253 were from submersible pumps, 197 were from taps of piped supply (domestic/public), 79 were from hand pumps, and 36 were from various other sources A significantly high level of contamination was observed in samples collected from submersible pumps (47.6%) and water tanks (47.3%), as these sources of water are more exposed and liable to contamination. Conclusions: Despite continuous efforts by the government, civil society, and the international community, over a billion people still do not have access to improved water resources. Bacteriological assessment of all sources of drinking should be planned and conducted on regular basis to prevent waterborne dissemination of diseases.

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Ascertaining the Bacteriological Quality of Water Drawn from Cast and Non-cast Wells in Zaria, Nigeria

International Journal of Pathogen Research ◽

10.9734/ijpr/2020/v4i130104 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 34-43

Author(s):

Danjuma, Florence Yachim ◽

Onaji, Ajegba Innocent ◽

Ocheme Julius Okojokwu ◽

Danladi Yakubu Papi

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Dry Season ◽

Safe Drinking Water ◽

Internal Wall ◽

Bacterial Counts ◽

E Coli ◽

Bacteriological Quality

Lack of access to safe drinking water is a threat to public health and wellbeing of the people as it exposes them to risk of waterborne diseases. This study assessed the bacteriological quality of well water samples obtained from Zaria communities and compared the level of contamination between wells with internal wall casting (cast wells) and wells without internal wall casting (non-cast wells). Water samples from 142 wells were collected for a period of six months encompassing both rainy and dry seasons (July to September for rainy season and November to January for dry season). The water samples were collected and analysed for faecal contamination using membrane filtration technique. The water samples contained high density of bacterial counts ranging from 1.73x103±2.73x102 – 2.02x102±1.85x102cfu/100ml during the raining season and 4.17x102±3.07x101 – 1.39x103±3.27x102cfu/100ml during the dry season. Coliforms and E. coli were present in all the samples with total coliform counts ranging from 1.06 x 103 – 2.12 x 104 cfu/100 ml and E. coli counts ranging from 5.10 X 102 – 5.0 X 104 cfu/100 ml Counts were higher during the raining season in all the locations compared to the dry season. Faecal coliform counts were higher in wells without casting (91.9%) compare to wells with casting (91.2%) while E. coli counts were higher in wells with casting (77.9%) compared to wells without casting (66.2%). There was no significant difference in the bacterial counts between cast and non-cast wells (p-values were all greater than 0.05).A total of 168 organisms were isolated from this study and they include; E. coli(48.3%), Klebsiella pnuemonaie(11.8%), Klebsiella ozanae(13.2%), Enterobacter agglomerans(11.8%), Enterobacter gergoviae(14.7%), Enterobacter aerogenes (8.8%), Citrobacter freundii(8.8%), Proteus mirabilis (5.9%), Serratia liquefaciens(10.3%) and Acinetobacter lwoffii (2.9%). E. coliwas isolated more frequently (48.3%) compared to other species and was more frequent in non-cast wells (50.0%) compared to cast wells (47.1%). Other species were more frequent in cast wells. The bacteria isolated from this study are mostly of enteric origin; these organisms acquire public health significance under certain conditions, therefore, their removal in drinking water should be given moderate priority. The wells in this study fail to meet the minimum standard for safe drinking water and are therefore not safe for domestic purposes especially for drinking purpose without adequate treatment.

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Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water and Associated Factors at the Internally Displaced People Sites, Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-sectional Study

Environmental Health Insights ◽

10.1177/11786302211026469 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 117863022110264

Author(s):

Zemachu Ashuro ◽

Mekonnen Birhanie Aregu ◽

Girum Gebremeskel Kanno ◽

Belay Negassa ◽

Negasa Eshete Soboksa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Water Sources ◽

Faecal Coliforms ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Internally Displaced ◽

Faecal Contamination ◽

Bacteriological Quality ◽

Sources Of Pollution

Background: Providing safe and adequate Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services in response to emergencies is a major problem. Globally, few studies have investigated the bacteriological quality of drinking water at the IDP sites. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the bacteriological quality of drinking water and associated factors at the IDP sites of Gedeo zone. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 213 water samples collected from November to December 2018. The membrane filter technique was used to retain bacteria and lauryl sulphate broth media was used to detect faecal coliforms. After incubation of 14 hours at 44°C, faecal coliforms with yellow colonies were counted and expressed in terms of CFU/100 ml of water. The data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis with 95%CI and P ⩽ .05 was used to identify factors associated with an outcome variable. Results: Out of 213 water samples collected, 107 (50.2%) samples were tested positive for faecal coliforms. The presence of latrines in uphill (AOR: 6.7, 95%CI: 1.0-42.9), other sources of pollution (AOR: 5.0, 95%CI: 1.1-22.3), inadequate fencing (AOR: 7.1, 95%CI: 1.3-40.2) and lack of diversion ditch (AOR: 6.3, 95%CI: 1.0-37.6) were factors significantly associated with faecal contamination of springs. Dug wells that had a latrine within 10 m (AOR: 11.4, 95%CI: 1.8-72.1), other pollution sources within 10 m (AOR: 7.9, 95%CI: 1.9-32.4), inadequate fencing (AOR: 2.8, 95%CI: 1.0-7.9), drawing water using a bucket with rope (AOR: 7.3, 95%CI: 1.6-33.4) and unsanitary well cover (AOR: 3.4, 95%CI: 1.1-10.4) were factors significantly associated with faecal contamination of wells. Conclusions: The majority of the water sources in internally displaced people sites were tested positive for faecal coliforms. The presence of latrine in uphill, other sources of pollution, inadequate fencing, lack of diversion ditch, drawing water using a bucket with rope and unsanitary well cover were factors associated with the presence of faecal coliforms. Therefore, adequate fencing, proper diversion ditch construction and hygiene promotion should be done to protect water sources from faecal contamination. Furthermore, latrines and other point sources of contamination should be located at least 10 m away or at a lower elevation from water sources.

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H2S papers as presumptive tests for Salmonella contamination in tropical drinking water

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1996.0621 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 34 (7-8) ◽

pp. 187-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tanya Gawthorne ◽

Robyn A. Gibbs ◽

Kuruvilla Mathew ◽

Goen E. Ho

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Hydrogen Sulphide ◽

Incubation Temperature ◽

Indicator Bacteria ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Faecal Contamination ◽

Tropical Waters ◽

Remote Areas ◽

Traditional Indicator

Coliform bacteria may not be adequate as sole indicators of recent faecal contamination in tropical waters. Salmonella spp. in particular have been found in tropical waters in the absence of traditional indicator bacteria. Remote areas without access to a laboratory have no opportunity for salmonellae analysis as portable tests are currently not available. H2S papers indicate the presence of hydrogen sulphide producing bacteria, a characteristic shared by the majority of Salmonella spp.. The potential of H2S papers to act as a presumptive test for salmonellae in the absence of coliform bacteria was assessed. Salmonella spp. grew in the H2S medium, with an optimum incubation temperature of 37°C and a recommended length of incubation for a negative result of 48 hours. The presence of high numbers of the type of noncoliform bacteria commonly found in drinking water did not affect the performance of the H2S strips. H2S papers are recommended for use in conjunction with a coliform test as a presumptive test for the presence of Salmonella spp. in drinking water.

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Open Defaecation and Its Effects on the Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water Sources in Isiolo County, Kenya

Environmental Health Insights ◽

10.1177/1178630217735539 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 117863021773553 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Joab Odhiambo Okullo ◽

Wilkister Nyaora Moturi ◽

George Morara Ogendi

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Sources ◽

Drinking Water Sources ◽

Bacteriological Quality ◽

Isiolo County

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Bacteriological quality of drinking water originated from groundwater in Bni-Abbs area (South West Algeria)

African Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.5897/ajar2014.8741 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (53) ◽

pp. 4844-4849 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Benmerine BENGARNIA ◽

Miloud HADADJI ◽

Mohammed RAMDANI ◽

Mebrouk KIHAL

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Bacteriological Quality ◽

South West ◽

West Algeria

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KUALITAS BAKTERIOLOGI AIR MINUM ISI ULANG DITINJAU DARI METODE DISINFEKSI YANG DIGUNAKAN DI KABUPATEN NGAWI

Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Keperawatan ◽

10.26753/jikk.v13i3.231 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Suhadi Prayitno

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Reverse Osmosis ◽

Total Coliform ◽

Water Disinfection ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Bacteriological Quality ◽

Consumer Protection Act ◽

Key Word ◽

Reduction Percentage

Cases, concerns and complaints in public about refill drinking water, low businessmen DAMIU are checked routinely product processed as well as the mandate of the Consumer Protection Act, Kepmerindag RI and Permenkes RI on monitoring refill drinking water background for the author to conduct research. Purpose to describe the bacteriological quality of refill drinking water in terms of disinfection method used in District Ngawi. This method is descriptive study and cluster sampling to 49 samples DAMIU in District Ngawi with the results of the method used, namely ultraviolet disinfection, ozonation and reverse osmosis. The results bacteriological quality (total coliforms) of any disinfection method shows a different picture, which shows the method of disinfection reverse osmosis bacteriological quality with the percentage of 50.00%, followed by ozonation method of 46.15% and the latter by the ultraviolet method percentage value 44.12 %. The ability of any reduction in total coliform disinfection method shows a different picture, in which the reverse osmosis method of disinfection showed total coliform reduction percentage of 94.08%, followed by ozonation method of 91.46% and the latter by the ultraviolet method percentage value 86.09%. The conclusion willingness, support and cooperation of all stakeholders is needed to improve the supervision, guidance and inspection of the quality of refill drinking water in Ngawi. Key word : water, disinfection, coliform

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