Konwergencja beta, sigma i gamma krajów postsocjalistycznych do Europy Zachodniej

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-243
Author(s):  
Mariusz Próchniak
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Γ Convergence ◽  
Over Time

The study aims to verify the existence of convergence of 28 European Union (EU) members and 16 non-EU post-socialist countries. The analysis covers the 1995–2018 period. The research has also been conducted for shorter subperiods: 1995–2004, 2004–2018, and 2010–2018. Three types of convergence are taken into account: beta (less developed countries exhibit a faster rate of economic growth than more developed ones), sigma (income differentiation decreases over time), and gamma (countries change their ranks in the GDP per capita ranking). The study confirms the existence of β-, σ-, and γ-convergence in both groups of countries. Convergence, however, is not an automatic phenomenon and there are years in which σ-divergence and γ-divergence were observed.

scholarly journals THE CONTRIBUTION OF MIGRATION TO ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF ZAGREB

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinko Miličević ◽  
Danijel Knežević ◽  
Zoran Bubaš
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The problems in this paper belong to the field of migration and economy. The connection between migration and the economy has been proven on a global level, and as far as the Republic of Croatia is concerned, it is especially important to observe it through the City of Zagreb, which is the most important migration and economic center in the Republic of Croatia. Also, the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union emphasized the observation and research of this connection because it created the preconditions for freer movement and employment of the population of the Republic of Croatia and the City of Zagreb within the European Union. The aim of this paper is to determine the contribution of migration to the economic growth of the City of Zagreb. The hypothesis presented in the paper is that there is a significant contribution of migration to the economic growth of the City of Zagreb. The disposition of the paper consists of six parts. The introduction explains the relevance of the topic, states the aim of the paper and hypotheses, explains the empirical part, the contribution of the paper and the disposition. The second part of the paper refers to the theoretical framework of the impact of migration on economic growth. The third part of the paper presents the migration processes of the City of Zagreb in the period from 2011 to 2018. The fourth part deals with economic activity in the City of Zagreb in the period from 2011 to 2017. The observed indicators of economic activity in the City of Zagreb are GDP and GDP per capita, and the graph in this part of the paper shows that GDP and GDP per capita in the observed period are higher at the end of the period than at the beginning. The fifth part of the paper refers to the empirical research of the contribution of migration to the economic growth of the City of Zagreb. The empirical part of the paper is based on correlations and regression analyses. This paper proves the hypothesis because the results indicate a significant impact of the variables of total and external migration on the GDP of the City of Zagreb and GDP per capita of the City of Zagreb. Decision-makers in the City of Zagreb can use the results of the research as a basis for maximizing the economic benefits they can get from migration. The conclusion provides an overview of the aim of the work, the results of the research, the limitations, the implications and the recommendations for future research.

The Environmental Kuznets Curve

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is a hypothesized relationship between environmental degradation and GDP per capita. In the early stages of economic growth, pollution emissions and other human impacts on the environment increase, but beyond some level of GDP per capita (which varies for different indicators), the trend reverses, so that at high income levels, economic growth leads to environmental improvement. This implies that environmental impacts or emissions per capita are an inverted U-shaped function of GDP per capita. The EKC has been the dominant approach among economists to modeling ambient pollution concentrations and aggregate emissions since Grossman and Krueger introduced it in 1991 and is even found in introductory economics textbooks. Despite this, the EKC was criticized almost from the start on statistical and policy grounds, and debate continues. While concentrations and also emissions of some local pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, have clearly declined in developed countries in recent decades, evidence for other pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, is much weaker. Initially, many understood the EKC to imply that environmental problems might be due to a lack of sufficient economic development, rather than the reverse, as was conventionally thought. This alarmed others because a simplistic policy prescription based on this idea, while perhaps addressing some issues like deforestation or local air pollution, could exacerbate environmental problems like climate change. Additionally, many of the econometric studies that supported the EKC were found to be statistically fragile. Some more recent research integrates the EKC with alternative approaches and finds that the relation between environmental impacts and development is subtler than the simple picture painted by the EKC. This research shows that usually, growth in the scale of the economy increases environmental impacts, all else held constant. However, the impact of growth might decline as countries get richer, and richer countries are likely to make more rapid progress in reducing environmental impacts. Finally, there is often convergence among countries, so that countries that have relatively high levels of impacts reduce them more quickly or increase them more slowly, all else held constant.

The dynamics of CO2 emissions and economic growth: A comparative analysis using symbolic time series

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Gabriel Brida ◽  
David Matesanz Gómez ◽  
Verónica Segarra
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Nonparametric Clustering ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Over Time

The aim of this paper is to analyze the dynamic relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions for a set of 98 countries over the lengthy period from 1951 to 2014. We describe the topology and hierarchy of countries and introduce a different concept of economic performance based on the idea of dynamic regimes. These regimes are defined by the average levels of per-capita CO2 emissions and the growth rates of per-capita GDP. By presenting a nonparametric clustering technique, the paper identifies two main groups. One cluster can be identified as the group of developed countries, which presents a homogeneous structure and tends toward more similar dynamics over time. The other cluster, associated with developing countries, is homogeneous but the dynamics of the countries do not show convergence. The study also finds some, though little, mobility between the groups.

Foreign Trade, Aid and Economic Growth in Less-Developed Countries by Gunnar Floystad. Oslo: Scandinavian University Books, Universitetsforlaget, 1968.

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-308
Author(s):  
Mohammad Anisur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Capital Inflows ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Simple Exponential Function ◽  
Over Time

Gunnar Floystad's Foreign Trade, Aid and Economic Growth is concerned with the interrelations between foreign trade, foreign aid and economic growth of a group of less developed countries (LDC) comprising all of Latin America, Africa, the Middle East and Asia, excluding USSR, Japan and Mainland China. The book is divided into two parts: Part One uses a model of trade, aid and growth to deduce a relationship between GNP, exports and net capital inflows of the LDC. Assuming exports to be given exogenously and net capital inflows to grow at a constant rate over time, growth of GNP is projected corresponding to alternative postulates about growth of exports and growth of net capital inflows via the simple exponential function, E(t) = M0 [X(t) + B(t)]B, where E, X and B stand for GNP, exports and net capital inflows respectively, and M is a constant. Part Two analyses in some details the export prospects for a list of traditional products currently exported from LDC to developed countries.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE FOR TRANSPORT GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Nikola Petrović ◽  
Nebojša Bojović ◽  
Marijana Petrović ◽  
Vesna Jovanović
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

In view of the European Union as one of the main polluters in the word and the fact that GDP per capita in the European Union is equivalent to the 282 percent of the world`s average, it is interesting to study the relationship between transport GHG emissions and the economic activity within the European Union. In the paper, the authors check the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis for members of the EU over the period 2000-2014. The analysis results show that an inverse-U relationship exists between transport GHG emissions and GDP per capita. At the same time, the results indicate that the change of economic structure has influenced the transport GHG emissions in the developed countries, that is, in the countries that record a higher level of GDP per capita.

scholarly journals Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in the European Union Countries – Is there Evidence for the Environmental Kuznets Curve?

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Mazur ◽  
Zaur Phutkaradze ◽  
Jaba Phutkaradze
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract This research empirically explores the relation between carbon dioxide emission and economic growth during the period 1992-2010, using panel data on the European Union countries. Both fixed and random effect models are employed to test the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP per capita. While no U-shaped EKC was confirmed empirically for all 28 current EU member states, the graphical analysis demonstrates a justified turning point for CO2 emissions as GDP per capita reaches the level of 23,000 USD. Furthermore, there is a firm empirical ground for the EKC hypothesis based on data from 16 older, relatively high-income EU states. Thus, though not empirically confirmed, there is ample data verifying the existence of the EKC in EU economies.

scholarly journals The Burden of Early Childhood Caries in Children under 5 Years Old in the European Union and Associated Risk Factors: An Ecological Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Zsuzsa Bencze ◽  
Nour Mahrouseh ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Soares Andrade ◽  
Nóra Kovács ◽  
Orsolya Varga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
European Union ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Children Under 5

The associations among early childhood caries (ECC), socioeconomic status, and sugar consumption are of the utmost importance, due to their potential policy implications. The purpose of this study was to identify trends in ECC burden in children under 5 years old among European Union (EU) member states over time and to evaluate the relationship with its risk factors. Global Burden of Disease 2019 data were analyzed to estimate the burden of ECC over time, specifically incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for children under 5 years old. Four ecological variables with a potential effect on YLDs for ECC were used to investigate the association between 2014 and 2017. The YLDs rate was consistently higher among Eastern EU countries over time. Univariate models showed a positive significant association between at-risk-of-poverty rate and YLDs rate, while GDP per capita and urbanization were inversely associated with YLDs rate. In the multivariate analysis, sugar consumption, GDP per capita and urbanization showed significant association with YLDs rate. After stratification by region, association remained significant only in the Eastern EU countries between GDP, urbanization, and YLDs rate, while sugar consumption and at-risk-of-poverty rate had no significant impact on YLDs rates. This study found increasing ECC burden in the EU. The complexity of the problem indicates the need for innovative and personalized policy approaches to tackle the disease.

PENGARUH TEKNOLOGI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-243
Author(s):  
Erni Setiawati ◽  
Wahyu Al Qoodir
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Academic Texts ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

The Effect of Technology on Economic Growth. The research objective was to qualitatively analyze the effect of technological progress on economic growth, as well as the positive and negative impacts of technological developments on the economy. The research model used is a qualitative research method, namely research based on theories contained in the literature, more in the nature of descriptive and narrative descriptions. The theoretical foundation is used as a guide. Data collection uses literature studies or library research (Library Research, which is a technique of gathering information through data collection by tracing important documents that are related and relevant to the object under study. Data and information are obtained from literature books, articles scientific research, theses, dissertations, encyclopedias, internet, and other sources Data and information obtained from library studies in the form of academic texts, photos, graphics, journals, policy briefs, or pamphlets, banners, and journalistic reports. data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions / verification The research results show that technology is very influential on the economy of a country. The economy is measured by Economic Growth or the value of GDP and GDP per capita. Developed countries (America, China, Japan, South Korea, Germany, Singapore) with their modern technology, their economic growth rate is always positive and stable, although it can experience negative growth, the growth gap is not too big. GDP per capita is very high. Likewise, poor and underdeveloped countries (African continent) have started to catch up by starting to make business innovations using modern technologies. The impact felt by their economy began to move up, marked by high economic growth (YoY GDP), GDP per capita also started to move up.   Keywords: technology, per capita income, economic growth, GDP

scholarly journals Economic Growth and Investment Activity as Basic Elements and Indicators of Economic Security and Their Relationship with National and International Security

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Elitsa Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic

Abstract The economic potential of a country is directly related to a policy of creating new jobs, increasing labour productivity, balancing energy and materials consumption, technological innovation, refurbishing the production base, and taking action to create an environment for attracting investment and stimulating domestic consumption, as well as increasing exports of goods and services. A key feature of the economic system, that determines its ability to maintain normal living and working conditions for the population, is to guarantee and protect the sustainable development of the economy and the realisation of national economic interests. This article is addressed to two main economic security indicators - economic growth and investment activity of the state. It presents a specific comparison of real GDP per capita and growth rate in the European Union, the Eurozone and the Republic of Bulgaria and GDP per capita in purchasing power standards in the European Union, the Eurozone and the Republic of Bulgaria. The flow of foreign direct investment by economic sectors in the Republic of Bulgaria is been considered, including annual data, foreign direct investment flows by countries and the international position of the Republic of Bulgaria in this process

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